Abstract: An apparatus for laser materials processing including a laser (4) for generating a laser beam and a laser head (5) which is movable along at least one spatial direction and is connected to the laser via a light guide, and which emits a laser beam (7) capable of processing a material. The present invention also relates to an apparatus for selective laser melting or selective laser sintering having an apparatus for laser materials processing.

Abstract: A timepiece component includes a first silicon-based or ceramic-based part, and a second metal-based part. One surface of the first part is directly welded using laser-type electromagnetic radiation onto a surface of the second part in order to secure the parts without addition of material. A method for fabrication of a timepiece component for a timepiece includes forming a first silicon-based or ceramic-based part and a second metal-based part, mounting a surface of the first part on a surface of the second part, and welding, using laser-type electromagnetic radiation, the surface of the first part mounted directly on the surface of the second part, in order to secure the parts to each other without addition of material.

Abstract: A steel material for laser welding comprises a steel material selected from a group consisting of hot-rolled mild steel plates, sheets and strips specified in JIS G 3131 (2011), cold-reduced carbon steel sheets and strips specified in JIS G 3141 (2011), hot-rolled steel plates, sheets and strips for automobile structural uses specified in JIS G 3113 (2011), hot-rolled high strength steel plates, sheets and strips with improved formability for automobile structural uses specified in JIS G 3134 (2011), cold-reduced high strength steel sheets and strips with improved formability for automobile structural uses specified in JIS G 3135 (2011), and carbon steel tubes for machine structure specified in JIS G 3445 (2011); and 0.04 to 1% (% means mass percent, the same is applied hereinafter) of solid solution Al (“sol. Al”).

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a flux cored wire which has good high-temperature cracking resistance, and which enables the achievement of a welded part exhibiting excellent coating adhesion. The present invention relates to a metal flux cored wire for gas-shielded are welding, which contains, relative to the total mass of the wire, 0.02-0.30% by mass of C, 0.3-1.5% by mass of Si, 0.3-2.5% by mass of Mn, and oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Si, Cr and Ni in an amount of 0.01-0.30% by mass in total, 0.020% by mass or less of S, and 0.3% by mass or less of Al, Ca, Mg, K and Na in total in the form of metals or alloys, with the balance made up of Fe and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: The system includes a plasma strand cutter. The plasma strand cutter includes a plasma torch, the plasma torch including a pivot and an attachment point and an actuating device, the actuating device mounted on the plasma torch at the attachment point. The plasma strand cutter also includes a power supply, the power supply connected to the plasma torch and the actuating device. The system includes a strand puller, the strand puller paired with the plasma strand cutter and a platform, the platform positioned so as to provide a rest for or in close proximity to the strand.

Abstract: A method is provided for assembling an aircraft structure assembly composed of a plurality of sections, and doing so without use of any shimming, locating fixtures or final-hole-size drill jigs. The method includes supporting the first and second frame sections on respective adjustable supports, and positioning the interconnecting frame section therebetween. The method includes aligning first pre-drilled mating holes in the interconnecting frame section with first pre-drilled mating holes in the first and second frame sections, and installing fasteners through the aligned, first pre-drilled mating holes. The method includes positioning a structural mating section relative to the first and second frame sections and interconnecting frame section.

Abstract: A precision forming method of a high-efficiency and near-net hollow valve blank of an engine is provided, wherein the precision performing is realized by the cross wedge rolling mold, under the rolling the metal tubing for the valve deforms, with a middle part sunken and two ends elongating, the middle part forms a stem part of a hollow valve, the two ends form disk parts to be machined, and the connection sections between the disk parts and the stem part form neck parts having arced concave faces and a frustoconical lateral face in structure, achieving better consistency among the acquired hollow valve blanks. The disk part of each acquired hollow valve preformed blank is machined by the die-forging forming mold that is matched with the disk structure of the manufactured hollow valve, the hollow valve preformed blank is directly placed in the cavities of the die-forging forming mold for forging.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an assembly manufacturing device and an assembly manufacturing method capable of reducing error when the actual position of a long member is detected, and precisely setting a reference point and a coordinates system. The long member assembly apparatus provides a plurality of hand parts for gripping a long member, a touch plate for securing the first end of the long member and restricting the movement of the long member in the longitudinal direction, a laser tracker for detecting the installation position of the touch plate, and a reference determining part for determining reference coordinates or reference point to be used in for adjusting the position of the hand parts, based on the installation position of the touch plate detected by the laser tracker.

Abstract: A production facility is provided with: an AGV for transporting a plurality of fuselage panels of multiple types having different shapes in a mixed state on a previously determined transport path; a plurality of A/Rs for riveting the fuselage panels; work areas set so as to correspond to the respective A/Rs in which the A/Rs move to rivet the fuselage panels; and a buffer area, set beforehand in the transport path adjacent to the work area, to which the A/R corresponding to the adjacent work area moves so as to rivet the fuselage panel. When there is no fuselage panel to be riveted in the work area adjacent to the buffer area and the fuselage panel to be riveted is present in the buffer area, a control device moves the A/R corresponding to the work area adjacent to the buffer area to the buffer area to rivet the fuselage panel.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a single-drive rigid-flexible coupling precision motion platform, including a machine base, a linear guide rail, a rigid-flexible coupling motion platform, a linear driver and a displacement sensor, wherein the rigid-flexible coupling motion platform includes a rigid frame, flexible hinges and a core motion platform; and the core motion platform of the rigid-flexible coupling motion platform is connected with the rigid frame through the flexible hinges. In this arrangement, the single-drive rigid-flexible coupling precision motion platform disclosed by the present invention can realize high-accuracy continuous change displacements of the platform, thereby avoiding displacement “jitter” caused by sudden change of acceleration. The present invention further discloses a realization method and an application including the above platform.

Abstract: A motor control device for a machine tool having a plurality of axes includes a plurality of motor control units that control motors; an abnormality detection unit provided for at least one of the motor control units and configured to output an abnormality detection signal upon detecting an abnormality with respect to the axis driven by the motor controlled by the motor control unit provided with the abnormality detection unit; a safety operation control unit provided for a motor control unit that is not the motor control unit provided with the abnormality detection unit, the safety operation control unit configured to control the motor upon receiving the abnormality detection signal in such a way that the tool comes out of contact with the workpiece; and a communication unit that transmits the abnormality detection signal outputted by the abnormality detection unit to the safety operation control unit.

Abstract: In a workpiece loader device, a loader mechanism is configured to move a loader hand directly held by operator's hands to a desired position. A loader mechanism control part stores position coordinates as workpiece receiving position coordinates when the loader hand is moved by operator's hands to the workpiece receiving position and a completion of moving is confirmed.

Abstract: A core grasping apparatus according to the present disclosure grasps a core including a core main body and a core print provided at one end of the core main body. The core grasping apparatus includes: a first holding device and a second holding device respectively including expandable and contractible first and second holding parts; and a turning suppression part configured to suppress the core from turning upon the core print being grasped by the first holding device and the second holding device. The first holding device and the second holding device grasp the core print by respectively expanding the first holding part and the second holding part, and the turning suppression part applies a force that suppresses a turning moment acting on the core to the core print.

Abstract: An air balance mechanism includes a plate part, fixed shafts, and movable cylinders. A flange is provided at one end of each of the fixed shafts. The movable cylinders are movable relative to the fixed shafts. A space is formed below a lower surface of the flange. Further, the air balance mechanism includes fixing bolts and adjusting bolts. The fixing bolts fix the flange and a plate part at positions different from the space. The adjusting bolts are inserted into the plate part through the space for allowing the postures of the fixed shafts to be adjustable.

Abstract: A liquid drainage mechanism drains oil (liquid) from a Y-axis slider that moves along a predetermined path. The liquid drainage mechanism includes an outflow hole and a nozzle flow passage that are provided in a C-axis rotary mechanism and configured to flow the oil in a stator, a nozzle configured to move integrally with the Y-axis slider and discharge the oil, and a Y-axis guide member configured to guide the Y-axis slider. The nozzle is disposed at a position that is close to but not in contact with the Y-axis guide member, and the nozzle discharges the oil so that the oil reaches the Y-axis guide member.

Abstract: A device for mixing and supplying fluids comprises: a fixing unit provided with a first flow path through which a first fluid flows, a second flow path through which a second fluid flows, and a through-hole; and a rotating unit, which is rotatably provided on the through-hole so as to penetrate the fixing unit, and which is provided at the front end with a fixing hole into which a processing tool is inserted and fixed, and a communication part which communicates with the first flow path and the fixing hole, so as to mix the first fluid and the second fluid and supply the mixture to the processing tool.

Abstract: A device for simultaneously supplying fluids comprises: a fixing unit provided with a first flow path through which a first fluid flows, a second flow path through which a second fluid flows, and a through-hole; a rotation unit, which is rotatably provided on the through-hole, which is provided at the front end with a fixing hole into which a processing tool is inserted and fixed, and a communication part which communicates with the first flow path and the fixing hole; and a spray unit of which one side is connected to the second flow path and the other side is provided with a spray flow path having a nozzle for spraying the second fluid on an area to be processed by the processing tool, wherein the spray unit is provided on the fixing unit.

Abstract: A side stop device used to locate and relocate the left to right, or X direction, position of work material held by a machine vise is disclosed. The side stop device comprises an X direction shaft which fastens the side stop device to the vise, a rear block, a front block, and a Y direction shaft. The X direction shaft and Y direction shaft are fastened to the rear block. The Y direction shaft is fastened to the front block which clamps a small X shaft. The position of the small X shaft is used to locate the work material in the X direction.

Abstract: A method for aligning a laser projector for projecting a laser image onto a work surface is provided. The method includes providing a laser projector assembly with a laser source for projecting a laser image onto a work surface, a secondary light source for illuminating the work surface and a photogrammetry device for generating an image of the work surface. The method also includes affixing reflective targets onto the work surface and transmitting light from the secondary light source toward the work surface and reflecting light toward the photogrammetry device. The method further includes scanning the targets with a laser beam generated by the laser source for reflecting the laser beam toward a laser sensor and calculating a location for projecting the laser image onto the work surface from the reflected laser beam.

Abstract: A method for aligning a laser projector for projecting a laser image onto a work surface is provided. The method includes providing a laser projector assembly with a laser source for projecting a laser image onto a work surface, a secondary light source for illuminating the work surface and a photogrammetry device for generating an image of the work surface. The method also includes affixing reflective targets onto the work surface and transmitting light from the secondary light source toward the work surface and reflecting light toward the photogrammetry device. The method further includes scanning the targets with a laser beam generated by the laser source for reflecting the laser beam toward a laser sensor and calculating a location for projecting the laser image onto the work surface from the reflected laser beam.

Abstract: Systems and methods of providing run-time quality control and monitoring of a single or multiple sequencing runs are provided herein. In some embodiments, the run-time system includes or is in communication with a processor capable of determining various types of run-time information relating to the quality, progress, etc. of various sequencing runs. In some embodiments, the system can also be in communication with a user interface, for example, a GUI, capable of representing and communicating various types of information to a user regarding the quality of the individual or multiple runs, the functioning of the instrument, an error event, etc. Additionally, the system can capable of receiving actionable information from a user via the GUI thereby allowing the user to terminate or repeat various sequencing steps in a particular run, terminate a entire run, terminate all runs, allow a run to proceed, etc.

Abstract: The phase alignment device to be used with a phase alignment tool may include a body section; and a driving head section connected to the body section. The body section and the driving head section may include an aperture which extends through the body section and the driving head section.

Abstract: A chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method includes preparing a polishing pad, determining a first load to be applied to a conditioning disk during conditioning of the polishing pad and a first indentation depth at which tips of the conditioning disk are inserted into the polishing pad when the first load is applied to the conditioning disk, preparing a conditioning disk, and positioning the conditioning disk on the polishing pad and conditioning a surface of the polishing pad by using the conditioning disk while applying the first load to the conditioning disk.

Abstract: Methods of making vitreous bond abrasive articles and their precursors using powder bed jetting are disclosed. Vitreous bond abrasive articles prepared by the method include abrasive articles having arcuate or tortuous cooling channels, unitary structured abrasive discs, abrasive segments, shaped abrasive particles, and abrasive wheels.

Abstract: A grinding wheel includes an elastomerically deformable supporting layer, at least a first metallic surface fastened to the elastomerically deformable supporting layer, the metalic surface being an elastically deformable metal foil and includes abrasive particles attached to the at least one metalic surface. The particles may include at least one of: cubic boron nitride or diamonds. The metal foil may have a thickness of less than 1 mm. The abrasive particles may be bonded galvanically on the metallic surface. The abrasive particles may be bonded on the metalic surface in a plurality of areas having regions without abrasive particles therebetween. The metal foil may be adhesively bonded onto the elastomerically deformable supporting layer. The elastomerically deformable supporting layer may be plastic foam. The elastomerically deformable supporting layer may be adhesively bonded onto a metallic supporting body.

Abstract: An elastomeric sanding block conformable to curved or flat surfaces includes a Shore A hardness ranging from about 30 to about 90, and is made from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, low-density polyethylene or an admixture thereof. The polymer or admixture ranges from about 35 to about 70 percent of the sanding block composition by weight. A blowing agent is present in an amount that ranges from about 1.5 to about 4.5 percent of the composition by weight. The elastomeric sanding block may be formed by combining the polymer or admixture and other components under heat to yield a feedstock, thermoforming the feedstock in a mold to yield a foamed material sheet, and cutting the foamed material sheet.

Abstract: A knife sharpener may comprise a main body, and a suction cup formed on a lower surface thereof is operated by an operating handle. By cooperating the main body with the operating handle and the suction cup, the knife sharpener is configured to easily adhere to a flat surface, which avoids a damage formed on the flat surface during the sharpening process. Moreover, since the knife sharpener comprises various sharpening units, it can be used to sharp different kinds of knives, even a scissors comprising a pair of blades, which greatly enhances the practicability thereof.

Abstract: A cleanable reversible socket and driver for a hex head fastener having a driver shank with a hex shaped shaft, or otherwise splined, having a tool mounting end and a socket mounting end and a collar therebetween. A cleanable reversible socket is provided having a hex, or otherwise splined, passage therethrough rotationally lockable with the similarly shaped driver shank shaft. The socket is removably, nonrotatably mountable onto the driver shank shaft at the socket mounting end up to the collar having two different sized hex socket ends. A magnet on the socket mounting end of the driver shank is to be located at a bottom of one of the two hex socket ends when the socket is mounted on the driver shank to hold the hex head fastener in one of the socket ends.

Abstract: A pipe flange installation and removal device facilitates installation and removal of a pipe flange from a pipe. The device includes a plate and a connector extending outwardly from a first face of the plate. The connector is configured to be engaged by a tool to rotate the plate. Each of a pair of shafts extends outwardly from a second face of the plate. Each of the shafts is laterally spaced from the connector for insertion through holes extending through a pipe flange to impart rotation to the pipe flange when the plate is rotated.

Abstract: A uniquely designed torque wrench having a torque body, the torque body attached to a frictional squeezing clamp, and a lug socket which is rotationally connected to the frictional squeezing clamp. The frictional squeezing clamp entering a contracted stated during extension of a rod of a hydraulic cylinder, and entering an expanded state during the retraction of the rod of a hydraulic cylinder, the lug socket turning the wing nut of a hammer union.

Abstract: A magnetic tool adapter includes a connecting structure and a flange structure. The connecting structure extends longitudinally along an axis and includes a driving end and a connecting end disposed at opposite ends and along the axis. The driving end is adapted to connect to a wrenching tool and the connecting end is adapted to connect to a drive socket respectively. The flange structure protrudes radially from the axis and outwardly from an outer periphery of the connecting structure and defines at least one slot. The at least one slot defines an opening at a first side of the flange structure. A magnetic member is insertably mounted in the at least one slot and is spaced from the opening.

Abstract: A torque-limiting driver with a drive element configured to have a rounded protruding feature that comprises an embodied roller which maintains contact with a cam element under a preload by a biasing member and contained within a handle housing. When a predetermined torque value is reached, which exceeds the preload by the biasing member, the drive element moves about the surface profile of the cam element and linearly within the handle housing, preventing torque above the predetermined torque value from being delivered to the shaft assembly from the handle housing.

Abstract: An adapter for a power tool including a housing, a tool-side connector, and a battery-side connector in electrical communication with each other. The tool-side connector is configured to couple to a power tool, and the battery-side connector is configured to couple to a battery pack. The adapter also includes a communication interface configured to couple with an external device, and a controller. The controller is configured to determine a state of the power tool, operate in a data transmission mode when the power tool is in the idle state, operate in a pass-through mode when the power tool is in the active state, and switch between the data transmission mode and the pass-through mode based on the state of the power tool.

Abstract: A bicycle repair tool includes a base, a first tool assembly, a second tool assembly, and a third tool assembly. The base includes a connecting portion, a first plate portion, a second plate portion, and a protruded portion. The connecting portion includes a receiving space. The protruded portion is connected to the first plate portion and is received in the receiving space. The first tool assembly is pivotally connected to a first side of the base and is located between the first and second plate portions. The second tool assembly is pivotally connected to a second side of the base and is located between the first and second plate portions. The connecting portion is located between the first and second tool assemblies. The third tool assembly is receivable in the receiving space and includes a tool including a receiving hole removably connected to the protruded portion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the technical field of power-driven hammers, and more specifically, to an impact structure, which comprises a connecting shaft with two ends connected to first bearings and second bearings, wherein the shaft is sleeved around a control disc whose one end-face is connected to gears and the other end-face connected to a striking disc having keys along its circumference, a first stop ring around the shaft and a second stop ring around the shaft are provided respectively between the control disc and the first bearings and between the striking disc and the second bearings, and a spring is provided between the second stop ring and the striking disc; the present invention reciprocates by meshing between the control disc's driving teeth and the striking disc's driven teeth and under the spring's action in operation, effectively avoiding being stuck fast to ensure uninterrupted striking of nails.

Abstract: A staple gun system designed for efficiency in use, whereby a large number of staples are available to be dispensed from a cartridge mounted above the staple assembly during a single duration.

Abstract: A reversible bushing for a hydraulic hammer is provided. The reversible bushing includes a body having a first end, a second end, an inner surface, and an outer surface. The reversible bushing includes a first notch provided in relation to a center of symmetry. The reversible bushing includes a first channel provided on the first end of the body. The reversible bushing includes a second channel provided on the second end of the body. The reversible bushing also includes a first groove provided on the first end of the body. The reversible bushing further includes a second groove provided on the second end of the body. The first channel and the second channel are equidistant with respect to the center of symmetry. The first groove and the second groove are equidistant with respect to the center of symmetry.

Abstract: A tool assembly includes a first tool and a second tool. The first tool includes a first tool body, a ratchet mechanism defining a first hole, and a receiving space. The ratchet mechanism includes a ratchet having a plurality of teeth and a pair of pawls, and a first end of each of the pawls is received between two adjacent teeth. The second tool includes a first inner hexagonal wrench and a first outer hexagonal opener. The first outer hexagonal opener may be received in the first hole. When the first tool rotates relative to the ratchet mechanism along a first direction, the pawls rotates with the first tool and drives the ratchet together with the second tool rotates along the first direction; when the first tool rotates along a second direction opposite to the first direction, the ratchet together with the second tool is in a static state.

Abstract: A skateboard tool with enhanced portability and storage capacity to store a plurality of tools is provided. The skateboard tool includes a main body member having an upper portion, a lower portion and a side wall connecting the upper and lower portions together, the upper portion having an upper opening that extends to an internal cavity formed by the side wall and the lower portion, a lid detachably coupled to the upper portion of the main body member to enclose the internal cavity, and a driver coupled to the lower portion of the main body member. The plurality of tools is disposed within the internal cavity of the main body member and includes at least one socket designed to couple to the driver. The socket is designed to communicate with the skateboard to permit the user to perform a maintenance on the skateboard.

Abstract: According to examples, a modular power tool may include a motor housing including an electric motor, a drive member connected to the electric motor, the drive member being connected to a drive coupler, an extension pole including an input shaft having a first end connector and a second end connector, in which the first end connector is configured to mate with the drive coupler, and an attachment component having an attachment connector and a working implement, in which the attachment component is configured to mate with either of the drive coupler and the second end connector.

Abstract: A rotary power tool, such as an oil pulse driver, includes: a motor, a pinion rotated by the motor, planet gears that mesh with the pinion, an internal gear that meshes with the planet gears and a shaft that is rotationally driven by the planet gears and disposed frontward of the planet gears. The internal gear comprises an internal gear part and an internal gear retaining part for holding the internal gear part. An oil unit bearing is disposed frontward of the internal gear part, and the oil unit bearing is held at a front part of the internal gear retaining part.

Abstract: A hand-held power tool, in particular a hammer drill or combi-hammer, including a tool housing having an accommodating region designed for accommodating a rechargeable tool battery, wherein, in the accommodating region, a contact region for electrically contacting the rechargeable tool battery as well as a connection region that is electrically connected to the contact region is provided, wherein the connection region is designed to convey a supply current provided by the rechargeable tool battery to an electric drive motor of the hand-held power tool, wherein the hand-held power tool has a cooling fan arranged in the tool housing and operated by the electric drive motor, by which cooling air for cooling the accommodating region can be sucked through the accommodating region, wherein at least one partitioning element is provided in the accommodating region in such a way that the contact region remains substantially free from cooling air sucked through the accommodating region.

Abstract: A tool organizer module includes a base defining an opening to receive a magnet and a feature to receive a portion of a tool and a magnet disposed in the opening of the base.

Abstract: Exemplary methods, apparatuses, and systems receive, from a social media service, a notification of an event for a social media account of a user. An event type of the event for the social media account of the user is determined. An animatronic action mapped to the determined event type within a stored data structure is identified. An instruction is transmitted via a wireless connection to an animatronic device to cause the animatronic device to perform the identified animatronic action in response to the received notification.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a metering robot for dispensing liquid and/or pasty media having three degrees of freedom of movement oriented perpendicular to one another, having a base having two first linear guides spaced apart in parallel from one another; a portal bridge that is supported in a travelable manner on the two linear guides and that has a second linear guide oriented perpendicular to the two first linear guides; and a third linear guide for the movable guiding of a cart for receiving a metering unit that is oriented perpendicular to the first and second linear guides and that is travelable along the second linear guide. The metering robot has a work space that extends in a region that is located in the longitudinal direction of the two first linear guides in a prolongation of the region that extends directly between the two first linear guides.

Abstract: A robot system includes a primary robot frame including a computerized control module providing control commands for the robot system, the primary robot frame including an outer perimeter. The robot system further includes a plurality of submodules, each submodule capable of being selectively docked with the primary robot frame, the submodules each providing different functionality to the robot system. The submodules, when docked with the primary robot frame, fit within the outer perimeter, enabling the robot system to operate in a closed mode, wherein all movement of the robot system is based upon the outer perimeter.

Abstract: A robot device includes a detector and a controller. The detector detects a surrounding situation. If the robot device is unable to execute a solution for solving a problem in the surrounding situation by using a function of the robot device, the controller performs control so that the solution will be executed by using an element other than the robot device.

Abstract: A robot and method for controlling an industrial robot, which has a first robot arm, a second robot arm, a joint defining a kinematic pair between the first and second robot arms, an actuator for generating relative movement between the first and second robot arms, and a robot controller for controlling the movements of the actuator. The method includes the steps of: determining a presence of a first torque indication at the actuator to be interpreted as a first command to the robot controller; repeatedly obtaining an external torque value (?ext) to obtain an external torque behaviour; comparing the external torque behaviour with the first torque indication; and executing a robot function corresponding to the first command upon detecting that the external torque behaviour corresponds to the first torque indication.

Abstract: A system includes a set of automated arms. Each automated arm includes a holder configured to support a portion of a part, with the set including a quantity of automated arms and holders sufficient for verifying a complex geometry of the part. The automated arms are configured to move the holders into respective verification positions. The system also includes a computing device that includes memory that stores a plurality of predefined automated arm configurations. Each automated arm configuration includes holder verification positions to support portions of a part having a respective complex geometry. The computing device is configured to manipulate the set of automated arms to implement the holder verification positions of a selected one of the automated arm configurations.

Abstract: An improved method, system, and apparatus is provided to implement a general architecture for robot systems. A mode execution module is provided to universally execute execution modes on different robotic system. A system includes an execution module that receives software instructions in a normalized programming language. The system also includes an interface having a translation layer that converts the software instructions from the normalized language into robot-specific instructions that operate in a particular robotic system. The system further includes a controller that is communicatively coupled to the interface, wherein the controller receives the robot-specific instructions. Moreover, the system includes a robotic device that is operatively controlled by the controller by execution of the robot-specific instructions.