Abstract: An industrial vehicle is provided comprising a drive mechanism, a steering mechanism, a vehicle controller, a camera, and a navigation module. The camera is communicatively coupled to the navigation module, the vehicle controller is responsive to commands from the navigation module, and the drive mechanism and the steering mechanism are responsive to commands from the vehicle controller. The camera is configured to capture an input image of a warehouse ceiling comprising elongated skylights characterized by different rates of image intensity change along longitudinal and transverse axial directions, and ceiling lights characterized by a circularly symmetric rate of image intensity change. The navigation module is configured to distinguish between the ceiling lights and the skylights and send commands to the vehicle controller for localization, or to navigate the industrial vehicle through the warehouse based upon valid ceiling light identification, valid skylight identification, or both.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a processor and memory including computer program code, the memory and computer program code configured to, with the processor, enable the apparatus at least to: for a defined road journey through a road network from a start location to an end location, assign respective sub-portions of the defined road journey to each of a group of mobile devices associated with one or more travellers for the road journey according to at least one predefined assignment criterion, wherein each of the group of mobile devices is configured for provision of live mapping data for live navigation of the respective sub-portion of the road journey.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses are described for providing fresh hybrid routing independent of map version and provider. A set of routing data is received in response to a routing request. The set of routing data includes road segments. An analysis may be performed of a local map and the set of routing data. At least one unmatched road segment between the local map and the set of routing data is identified based on the analysis. A request for update data for the at least one unmatched road segment is made. Using the local map, the set of routing data, and the update data for the at least one unmatched road segment a navigation action is generated.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for managing waste services by a service vehicle. The system may have a locating device configured to generate a location signal, a sensor configured to generate a service signal indicative of a waste service being performed, an input device, and a controller in communication with the locating device, the sensor, and the input device. The controller may be configured to make a determination that the service vehicle has made at least one service stop based on the location and service signals, and to make a comparison of characteristics of the at least one service stop with characteristics of at least one service stop of at least one known service route. Based on the comparison, the controller may be further configured to selectively transmit the recorded characteristics offboard the service vehicle.

Abstract: A plan through a space having a near field and a far field is determined. Using a sensor device, measurements of the far field are obtained and stored in an electronic memory. A processor uses the measurements to determine the viability of each far field plan among a plurality of candidate far field plans. The processor also determines a flexibility score for each of the candidate far field plans and selects a composite plan comprising the viable far field plan having a highest flexibility score among the viable candidate far field plans.

Abstract: Emergency response re-routing is provided. Event information is received, wherein the event information identifies a first location. Emergency resources available at the first location are determined. At least one entity in an area surrounding the first location is identified. A notification is issued to at least one entity in an area surrounding the first location, wherein the notification identifies one or more resources required at the first location.

Abstract: Systems and methods for handover of activities between a vehicle and a wearable device involve pairing the wearable device and a vehicle device with a wireless telephone. The proximity of the wearable device and the intention of a wearer of the device are determined and used to transfer information between the wireless telephone and the wearable device and/or the vehicle device in a seamless manner. Depending upon whether the wearer is in the vehicle or outside of the vehicle an activity, such as navigation, will be performed either by the vehicle device or the wearable device.

Abstract: A method controlling movement of an agent moving within an environment represented by a directed graph including vertices located at a border of an unknown portion of the environment, includes: guiding the moving agent via execution of at least one iteration of following successive operations: planning a path towards a destination vertex or border vertex, via a progressively increasing evaluation of a first heuristic of cost; controlling navigation of the agent towards the destination or border vertex returned by the planning; controlling an exploration in the unknown portion if the planning returns a border vertex as the destination. The planning includes, for each calculation of the first cost heuristic for a border vertex, calculation of a second heuristic of risk. The method provides, as the destination, the border vertex with lowest calculated heuristic risk evaluation as soon as the cost exceeds this heuristic risk evaluation before reaching the destination vertex.

Abstract: A method for generating route network data for movement includes calculating a movable area in a place for a target type of movement using a space model of the place and an object model for the target type. The method also includes building network structure for route network data of the place using the movable area for the target type, in which the network structure includes a plurality of nodes and a plurality of links representing routes within the place. The method further includes updating the network structure by shifting a node to orient a link connected to the node toward any one of predetermined directions under a condition relating to an initial position of the node.

Abstract: Identifications of areas of interest are received from trusted sources such as contacts in a social networking application. The areas of interest can include geographic boundaries that identify regions such as blocks or portions of streets. The areas of interest can be associated with constraints such as modes of transportation (e.g., car, bicycle, walk, etc.) or times (e.g., 9 am-5 pm, at night, in the morning, etc.), and can be positive or negative (e.g., go here or don't go here). When generating a route for a user, the map application considers the areas of interest based on the constraints associated with the areas of interest and other information such as what mode of transportation that the user is using and when the user is planning on traveling the route.

Abstract: A method for providing path attributes to controllers in a vehicle includes receiving drive history data for a future driving path of the vehicle, wherein the drive history data comprises a first data format. The method includes generating a message for a controller comprising path attributes from the drive history data according to a subscription list, wherein the message comprises a controller data format based on an indication by the subscription list. The method further includes providing one or more data packets comprising the message to the controller.

Abstract: According an aspect of the present invention there is provided a navigation system for a vehicle comprising: a communication module arranged to receive event information regarding a plurality of events, wherein the plurality of events are each associated with a location; a processor arranged to determine whether any of the plurality of events could affect a user of the navigation system; and an output arranged to inform the user of any determined events.

Abstract: A system for determining a road frustration index value includes a vehicle and a user computing device within the vehicle and a remote computing system, where a telematics system associated with the vehicle senses a speed of the vehicle. The computing device calculates, in near real-time and based on vehicle speed information and the road class of one or more route segments of a travel route, a first frustration level value associated with the driver of the vehicle and identify, based on whether the first frustration level value meets a criterion, an alternate route segment having second frustration level value predicted to be less than the first frustration level value. The remote computing system receives information associated with the first route segment and the alternate route segment and calculates insurance cost based on the road frustration index values associated with a route traveled in the vehicle.

Abstract: In a method for providing adaptive audio guidance, determining, by one or more processors, a route of a computing device, wherein the route is from an initial location of the computing device to a destination. Determining, by one or more processors, an estimated time of arrival at which the computing device would arrive at the destination. Prompting, by one or more processors, a user to input a desired arrival time. Determining, by one or more processors, whether to provide audio guidance based on a determination of whether the estimated time of arrival is within a pre-determined time period before the desired arrival time.

Abstract: An intelligent head-mounted apparatus, including: a head-mounted apparatus body; a communication element operable to receive navigation signals and a locating element operable to determine location information, both of which are disposed on the head-mounted apparatus body; and a controller disposed on the helmet apparatus body and operable to control at least one vibrating element based on the navigation signals and the location information; vibrating elements operable to vibrate under the control of the controller. The user of this apparatus can learn navigation information only by perceiving the vibration without being distracted by observing the navigation information, so that the safety of receiving navigation information during riding is improved. A control method of the intelligent head-mounted apparatus is further provided.

Abstract: A wearable tactile navigation device and method. The wearable tactile navigation device includes a tactile navigation actuator. The tactile navigation actuator includes a feedback contact and is configured to control the feedback contact based on a direction indication signal to generate a tactile signal having a direction indication. A direction indicated by the tactile signal substantially coincides with a suggested moving direction provided to a user of the wearable tactile navigation device.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for managing waste services by a service vehicle. The system may have a locating device configured to generate a location signal indicative of a location of the service vehicle, a sensor configured to generate a service signal indicative of a waste service being performed by the service vehicle, an input device, and a processing unit in communication with the locating device, the sensor, and the input device. The processing unit may be configured to make a determination that the service vehicle has made a plurality of service stops based on the location and service signals, and to automatically generate at least one service route including the plurality of service stops. The processing unit may also be configured to display the at least one service route and the plurality of service stops on a map in at least one graphical user interface on the input device.

Abstract: Systems and methods to provide a navigated-shopping service are discussed. In an example, a method for navigated-shopping can include receiving a destination location, accessing a route to the destination, displaying the route with indications of a plurality of items for purchase, receiving selection of a selected item, and purchasing the selected item. The plurality of items for purchase can be within a predefined distance of at least one point along the route. The selection of the selected item can include selection of a retail location of a plurality of retail locations along the route.

Abstract: A method for providing information concerning travel by public transportation to a user via a terminal device capable of acquiring a time and a position includes acquiring, from the terminal device, information indicating the user's alighting location, acquiring a departure time and a boarding location based on whether a traveling speed calculated from a first time and a first position and a second time and a second position acquired from the terminal device have exceeded a first threshold value, identifying a transportation service the user has boarded based on the departure time, the boarding location, and operation information, determining whether the identified transportation service stops at the alighting location acquired from the terminal device, and providing the user, via the terminal device, information indicating that this transportation service does not stop at the alighting location if it is determined that the transportation service does not stop at the alighting location.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide an electric meter assembly including a meter support platform or base able to reversibly electrically couple to a transformer providing inputs including an AC power supply, phase voltage, and/or a phase current. Output of the meter support platform or base can be DC power, AC phase voltage signals and/or AC phase current. Further, a removable or portable meter can couple to the meter support platform or base and to an electric meter system including a meter core coupled to a wireless transmitter, an antenna, an integrated power sensor, and data meter front end. The system includes a data manager configured for electric service analysis including energy usage, and/or interval temperature, phase voltage, current and phase angle in real time, electric energy kWh and kVARh values in a user-specified period, wrong meter base installation detection, physical location of the removable or portable meter, and tamper detection.

Abstract: A Hall effect sensor assembly includes a tubular sleeve having an external surface portion that is threaded to facilitate mounting. A circuit board assembly has a Hall effect sensor mounted thereon. The circuit board assembly is disposed within the tubular sleeve and includes a first portion and a second portion. The first portion extends substantially lengthwise along the tubular sleeve, and the second portion extends laterally from the first portion. The Hall effect sensor is mounted on the second portion such that a sensing face of the Hall effect sensor faces one end of the tubular sleeve.

Abstract: A sensor assembly is provided for determining an angular position of a rotor in relation to a stator, including two components, a magnet and a sensor, where the components are arranged in such a way that the components can be rotated in relation to each other about an axis of rotation, and the sensor includes a first and a second sensor pair, each having a first and a second sensor element. A straight line is associated with each sensor pair, along which straight line the two sensor elements lie and which straight line intersects with the axis of rotation, where the first sensor element has a smaller distance from the axis of rotation than the second sensor element, and the straight line associated with the first sensor pair is spaced apart from the straight line associated with the second sensor pair by a rotational angle about the axis of rotation.

Abstract: A position sensor to provide an absolute position of a movable portion with respect to a fixed portion of a mechanism comprises two elements to move with respect to one another. The first element comprises a component that is sensitive to a magnetic field. The second element comprises two pairs of magnets. In each of the pairs, the orientation of each of the magnets alternates. An air gap is formed between the two pairs of magnets, the air gap configured to allow the component to pass therethrough. Each magnet of one pair faces a magnet of the other pair and the magnets facing one another have the same orientation.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods have been developed to provide speed, location, and direction detection of a moving object or moving component using a single inductive sensor system. Direction detection, speed detection, and location detection may be provided by the same inductive sensor and used as feedback in a motion control systems. Control systems of tractors, draglines, power shovels, and cranes may be easily upgraded with added safety, precision control, and automation using the inductive sensor system described herein.

Abstract: A metrology system includes a timing estimator, a sensor, and a position estimator. The timing estimator receives a control signal transmitted at a first timing of a first control loop and estimates a second timing at which the control signal is transmitted in a second control loop subsequent to the first control loop. The sensor senses position information of a wafer. The position estimator estimates the position information of the wafer at the estimated second timing based on the sensed position information of the wafer and outputs the estimated position information of the wafer based on a position request signal.

Abstract: Provided are a light source device that can achieve higher accuracy while maintaining reliability by reducing stray light, and a photoelectric encoder including the same. A light source device 2 includes a translucent member 10 configured to accommodate a light emitting unit 5 thereinside, and to make light emitted from the light emitting unit 5, into parallel light. The translucent member 10 includes an optical axis plane 11, an orthogonal plane 12, a reflection portion configured to make light from the light emitting unit 5, into parallel light, and a connection portion 14 formed by the optical axis plane 11 and the orthogonal plane 12 connecting to each other, and having a curved surface. A central axis AX of the curved surface is in an outside region of the translucent member 10, and a region between the optical axis plane 11 and the orthogonal plane 12.

Abstract: The invention relates to measurement technology and is used to determine the absolute displacements of objects in metallurgy, automotive industry, warehouse and production logistics, and in the automation of production. The technical result is achieved when the following steps are performed: the displacement transducer is mounted on the object; signal sources are mounted along the trajectory of the object displacement; on each section of the trajectory, an arrangement of the signal sources is provided which is determined by changing the number of signal sources and/or the distance between any two signal sources; a signal is sent to the moving object with transducer; an output signal is received from the transducer regarding the location of the signal sources located within the measurement range; the object location is determined; furthermore, the displacement is measured at a distance exceeding the length of the active zone of the transducer.

Abstract: A subsea flow meter assembly includes a pipe section extending in an axial direction and providing a flow path for a medium. At least four measuring ports are provided at different locations in the pipe section. A first assembly measures at least a differential pressure between a first and second ports and an absolute pressure at one of the ports. A second assembly measures a differential pressure between a third and a fourth ports, and an absolute pressure at one of the ports. A first measuring unit is used to take measurements of the differential pressure and the absolute pressure via the first sensor assembly. A second measuring unit is used to take measurements of the differential pressure and the absolute pressure via the second sensor assembly. An evaluation unit of each determines a flow rate of a flow of medium through the pipe section based on the measurements.

Abstract: Sensor and/or power-harvesting apparatus are provided for sensing and/or harvesting energy across a relatively wide dynamic range of a driving rotational input. The apparatus may include a rotor magnet (10, 62) responsive to a driving rotational input (14, 64). Utilization of a togging effect or a magnetic spring effect results in certain rapid-rotation events where the rotor magnet can rapidly rotate regardless of a low rate of rotation of the driving rotational input. A coil assembly (28, 75) is magnetically coupled to the rotor magnet to generate a signal in response to rotation of the rotor magnet during the rapid-rotation events. This signal may be used to harvest electrical energy and/or may be processed to determine characteristics of the driving rotational input.

Abstract: A method evaluates a frequency spectrum representative of at least one time-dependent signal, the at least one time dependent signal being derived from an output from a measuring device under predetermined measuring device operating conditions. The time-dependent signal, includes a portion being representative of a wanted signal, and a portion being representative of noise. The method includes the steps of determining, based on the frequency spectrum of the signal, a value representative of the noise floor, identifying, based on the frequency spectrum of the signal derived under the predetermined operating condition, a peak component, and if the peak component satisfies a relative peak criterion determined on the basis of the determined value representative of the noise floor, determining the wanted signal by applying a predetermined algorithm. The invention further relates to a method for determining flow of a vortex measuring device, and a vortex sensor.

Abstract: Internal electrodes, a protective film, and protective films covering the top parts of internal electrode sides of lead wires are formed on a top surface of a substrate of a temperature sensor element, thereby making the overall shape a quadrangular prism and the transverse cross-section nearly a square even at any portion in the axial direction. A heating part of the temperature sensor element is provided near the center along the length, the height, and the width of the element, thereby preventing deviation of heat generation and stabilizing heat release to the lead wires. This allows the temperature sensor element to suppress fluctuation in detected temperatures due to mounting angle.

Abstract: A system for estimating fluid flow in a system including a pump and a fluid vessel operatively coupled to the pump via a conduit is described herein. The system comprises an accelerometer affixed to an exterior surface of the conduit, wherein the accelerometer is configured to generate signals representing physical movement of the conduit, and wherein the signals are suitable for estimating fluid flow in the conduit.

Abstract: A service network, and associated methods, for monitoring central vacuum assemblies at distinct sites that include one or more air flow meters at each distinct site, each air flow meter respectively positioned and adapted to measure an indicia of air flow in connection with a particular central vacuum assembly within the service network; interfaces at the distinct sites associated with each air flow meter to relay an abnormal result from the respective air flow meter; and an off-site service center in communication with the interfaces at the distinct sites to register the abnormal result and identify the site of the abnormal result.

Abstract: A vehicle control device for a vehicle includes a communication unit configured to communicate with a communication device located at a gas station, and a processor configured to control the vehicle to perform at least one of autonomous driving or autonomous fueling based on information received from the communication device. In addition, a control method for controlling a vehicle includes communicating with a communication device located at a gas station, and controlling a vehicle to perform an operation based on information received from the communication device.

Abstract: An electronic flowmeter includes a body defining an interior, an inlet port in communication with the interior, an outlet port in communication with the interior, and a valve selectively adjustable between open and closed positions for communication between the outlet port and the interior. A flow sensor is associated with the valve and sensing a flowrate therethrough, and a digital indicator displays the flowrate sensed by the flow sensor.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices relating to the determination of a volume of liquid in a container. A pressure sensor is located at a bottom of the container. The pressure sensor senses the pressure exerted on it by the liquid in the container. This pressure is communicated with a data processing device. The data processing device determines the volume of the liquid in the container based on the sensed pressure. This may be done by reference to a look up table containing pressure values and their corresponding volumes. Similarly, this may be done by calculating the volume of the liquid based on the dimensions of the container, the physical qualities of the liquid, and the sensed pressure. The volume of the liquid in the container is then transmitted from the data processing device to a user interface device for presentation to a user.

Abstract: Described herein are embodiments of a system for monitoring and detecting a level of a tank storing a material. The system may be used in making a determination of whether and/or when to provide additional material to the tank, to refill the tank partially or entirely. In some embodiments, the tank may be disposed at a premises such as a residence or commercial building and the system may be disposed in part at that premises to monitor the level of the material in the tank. In some embodiments, the material may be a fuel and the tank may be a fuel tank, to provide fuel to utilities equipment at the premises. In other embodiments, the tank may include other materials, such as other utilities materials. In some embodiments, the utilities material may be potable water.

Abstract: Mass flow controllers with on-tool diagnostic capabilities and methods for on-tool diagnostics are disclosed. A mass flow controller includes a differential voltage processing component to provide a first output that is indicative of a differential voltage between second and fourth nodes of a bridge circuit and a top voltage processing component provides a second output indicative of a top voltage between the first node and the third node of the bridge circuit. Top-and-differential voltage reference data stored in non-volatile memory defines a characteristic curve relating top voltage reference values to corresponding differential voltage reference values. A sensor analysis component obtains a top and differential voltage pair and assesses whether the top and differential voltage pair deviates from the characteristic curve to determine whether the sensing element circuit has changed since the top-and-differential voltage reference data was stored in the non-volatile memory.

Abstract: An automated volumetric measurement and verification system capable of measuring and verifying volumetric graduations on a container and methods of measuring and verifying volumetric graduations on a container using the disclosed volumetric measurement and verification system are disclosed herein. The volumetric measurement and verification system comprises a graduated container capable of containing a liquid, a camera, and one or more z-axis stages for positioning the camera. In embodiments of the disclosed system that are used to verify volumetric graduations, the system may further comprise a liquid dispenser and a balance, and the one or more z-axis stages may further position the liquid dispenser.

Abstract: A method of determining the mass of an object by scanning the object in a radiographic inspection system, specifically in an X-ray scanner with the capability to take scan images at a plural number J of energy levels, has three modes or parts, namely: an initial learning mode, a normal operating mode, and a learning improvement mode. An initial learning mode in which reference objects are scanned and their actual masses weighed and stored as reference values. A normal operating mode wherein sample objects with unknown mass m are scanned and analyzed for compatibility with the reference values, and if found incompatible, the method switches to the learning improvement mode. A learning improvement mode in which the actual mass of the sample object found incompatible is determined by weighing and updates the stored reference values.

Abstract: A weighing apparatus for a filling line for filling containers of pharmaceutical, medical, food products and the like includes a weighing unit and a suction unit designed to generate a suction air flow directed and adjusted in such a way as to affect in a controllable manner the value of a weight detected by the weighing unit.

Abstract: A pressure-sensitive device and a computing device are configured to register various steps of a meal lifecycle, including one or more of food purchasing, meal preparation, the serving and consumption of a meal, use of leftovers, management of food inventory, the transferring of a food item from one container to another, the transferring of a food item into a container, the transferring of a portion of a food item into a container. A food item may be automatically identified based on a weight and footprint of the food item. In some instances, a database associates a food item with multiple footprints such that a food item may be identified regardless of its orientation on the pressure-sensitive device.

Abstract: A pressure-sensitive device and a computing device are configured to register various steps of a meal lifecycle, including one or more of food purchasing, meal preparation, the serving and consumption of a meal, use of leftovers, management of food inventory, the transferring of a food item from one container to another, the transferring of a food item into a container, the transferring of a portion of a food item into a container. A food item may be automatically identified based on a weight and footprint of the food item. In some instances, a database associates a food item with multiple footprints such that a food item may be identified regardless of its orientation on the pressure-sensitive device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a smart diaper changing pad for weighing an infant or toddler and communicating the recorded information wirelessly to a mobile computer. The diaper changing pad incorporates force or mass sensors for measuring weight. The changing and cleaning pad and a separate computing system are wirelessly connected, either directly or through a network capable of both internal and external communication. An application installed on the mobile computer can track measurements from the diaper changing pad and keep a historical record, which may provide peace of mind and insight into a baby's health and development. The key components of the product are a soft pad, a rigid platform, one or more sensors capable of measuring force or weight, a power source, a memory, a processor, and a wireless communication method. The invention can optionally include a display and a number of user inputs such as buttons or switches.

Abstract: A weighing apparatus includes —a sample holder (20), —a protective housing (14, 16, 18) with an access port (181) and a closure element (26), —a reflection sensor (34) with a radiation emitter (37) emitting sensor radiation (38) reflected by a reflecting object (39) and with a radiation receiver (42) receiving a sensor radiation component (40), reflected by the object and —a control unit (32), connected to a motorized drive (30) of the closure element and to the reflection sensor, and which controls the motorized drive with a reflection sensor signal, for transferring the closure element between closed and open positions. A differentiating element subjects a sensor primary signal (52) of the reflection sensor to a differentiation. The primary signal depends on a reflection intensity of the reflected radiation component and generates a sensor secondary signal (60). The control unit controls the motorized drive based on the sign of the secondary signal.

Abstract: A first portion of electric potentials generated by a first detector and a second detector of a hydrophone can be isolated, wherein the first portion is indicative of particle motion. A second portion of the electric potentials generated by the first detector and the second detector of the hydrophone can be isolated, wherein the second portion is indicative of pressure.

Abstract: A semiconductor light reception module is provided with a stem, a cap covering the stem, a holder superimposed on the cap, and a receptacle inserted into the holder. The holder has a main body section covering the lens in the cap. An opening passing from the opposite side of the cap through the main body section and reaching the lens is provided in the main body section of the holder. A fixing screw is inserted into a screw hole provided in the holder and a screw tip of a screw main body section of the fixing screw abuts against a side surface of the receptacle.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a bijection photoelectric sensor and a target detection system. The bijection photoelectric sensor includes a light projector and a light receiver. The light projector includes: a light emitting device, emitting light; a first lens, converting the light emitted by the light emitting device into parallel light; and a first baffle, located between the light emitting device and the first lens. A first through hole is provided on the first baffle. A center of the first through hole is overlapped with a focal point of the first lens. In addition, a visual field formed by the light emitted by the light emitting device is controlled through the first through hole. According to the embodiments of the invention, a light spot with a sufficient amount of light and in a desired shape is able to be obtained.

Abstract: A compact high power laser calibration and testing system includes an active intracavity laser system that amplifies the laser power by recycling photons through a thin disk gain medium that is positioned between two or more highly reflective mirrors. The system is configured for calibration and testing of the high power lasers and optics that can be inserted into or positioned at the end of the intracavity. In another embodiment, the system is configured for characterization of high power laser beam propagation in operation-relevant atmospheres. The intracavity high power laser beam is configured to simulate high power laser beams with orders-of-magnitude reduced size, weight and operation power for calibrating laser powers and testing optical components.

Abstract: A transmission spectroscopy device can direct light into a sample, and determine properties of the sample based on how much light emerges from the sample. The device can use a cell to contain the sample, so that the size of the cell defines the optical path length traversed by light in the sample. To ensure accuracy in the measurements, it is beneficial to calibrate the device by measuring the size of the cell periodically or as needed. To measure the size of the cell, the device can perform a transmission spectroscopy measurement of a known substance, such as pure water, to produce a measured absorbance spectrum of the known substance. The device can subtract a known absorbance spectrum of the known substance from the measured absorbance spectrum to form an oscillatory fringe pattern. The device can determine the size of the cell from a period of the fringe pattern.