Abstract: An exercise mat comprising a base layer, a top layer formed of an absorbent material for absorbing sweat, and a barrier layer bonded between the top and base layers for preventing sweat from seeping from the top layer into the base layer in use. Preferably, the barrier layer is formed of a breathable material.

Abstract: An exercise machine inclination device for providing variable exercise intensity on an exercise machine by inclining the exercise machine. The exercise machine inclination device generally includes a base adapted for being positioned upon a floor, a support structure adapted for supporting an exercise machine, a hinge pivotally connecting the base and the support structure and an actuator connected between the base and the support structure, wherein the actuator adjusts an angle of the support structure.

Abstract: An exercise machine includes a frame, a seat track of the frame, a seat movably attached to the seat of the frame, at least one resistance mechanism connected to the frame, a pull cable in communication with the resistance mechanism, a crank assembly in communication with the resistance mechanism, a first swing arm connected to the frame, and a second swing arm connected to the frame.

Abstract: A collapsible cycling exerciser is an apparatus that effectively exercises a user through full ranges of motion and varied resistance. The apparatus includes a first support post, a second support post, a left handlebar, a right handlebar, a left pedaling mechanism, a right pedaling mechanism, and a torsional resistance mechanism. The first support post and the second support post, together, upholds and positions the user. The left handlebar and the right handlebar guide the linear movement of the arms. The left pedaling mechanism and the right pedaling mechanism guide the rotary movement of the legs. The torsional resistance mechanism applies resistance to the left handlebar, the right handlebar, the left pedaling mechanism, and the right pedaling mechanism. In the preferred embodiment of the apparatus, a hinged connection secures the first support post and the second support post to each other so that the apparatus is collapsible.

Abstract: An exercise bench for use by a person on a support surface includes a base member having a distal end, a proximal end, a top surface, and a bottom surf ace. A pair of opposing foot restraints is fixed with, and disposed above and laterally away from, the base member. A riser projects upwardly from the proximal end of the base member and includes a calf restrain trolley slidably mounted thereon. Two opposing calf restraints each project laterally away from the riser. The calf restraint trolley has a height adjustment mechanism cooperative with the riser. A base plate can be fixed with the bottom surface of the base member, and a U-shaped base extension having two legs extending away from the proximal end of the base member can be attached to the proximal end of the base member to inhibit tipping of the exercise bench during use.

Abstract: A durable and impact-resistant exercise apparatus that is portable, modular, stackable, and weight-adjustable to allow a user to perform a variety of isolated lower body, core, and upper body resistance training exercises as well as full-body strength training exercises to improve the fitness of a user. The exercise apparatus is configured both as a platform for supporting the user during a first plurality of exercises as well as a weighted body for being lifted or moved by the user during a second plurality of exercises.

Abstract: A passive muscle training device includes a base having at least one first link and at least one second link. At least one first rod is pivotably connected to the at least one first link. At least one second rod is pivotably connected to the at least one second link. The at least one first rod and the at least one second rod each have a handle extending beyond the cover on the base. A power input end is pivotably connected to the first rod and drives an eccentric portion of a shaft to swing the at least first rod and the at least one second rod alternatively. The user holds the two handles and the user's muscles are trained by centripetal contraction and centrifugal contraction due to the movement of the handles.

Abstract: A variable-resistance exercise machine with wireless communication for smart device control and interactive software applications, comprising a wireless network interface that receives input from a user device and provides output to a user device; a plurality of moving surfaces that each provide an independent degree of resistance to movement based on received input and that detect movement and provide output to a user device based on the movement; and a plurality of rigid rails that provide a rigid support for a human user to grasp, and that provide attachment points for a user to affix a variety of devices.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and normally appears along it as a principal color. An impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by temporarily appearing along a closely matching print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. Object-tracking apparatus (808) tracks movement of the object over the surface and provides an image-causing tracking impact signal when the object impacts the zone according to the tracking. An image-generating system (802, 842, 1152, or 1182) responds to at least the impact signal by generating a print-area vicinity image consisting of an image of the print area and adjacent area of the surface.

Abstract: A system and method for using weather applied metrics for determining the impact of weather conditions on the flight of a ball at an outside sports venue. Historical and current data for weather parameters, including wind, air pressure, humidity, temperature, and rain, are obtained to calculate the influence of each parameter on the flight of a ball. The influences of each of the parameters are summed to model the flight of the ball based on the current weather conditions. Weather instruments, such as weather sensors, LiDAR and SODAR devices, weather consoles, meteobridges, and processors can be included in a system for using weather applied metrics to predict the flight of a ball based on current weather conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an exercise apparatus for allowing a user to perform an exercise. The user drives at least one moving member to rotate a flywheel. The flywheel must overcome a resistance generated by a magnetic field generating module during rotation. In a preferred embodiment, the magnetic field generating module is supported by a flexible support member and tends to restore to an initial position. The magnetic field generating module will be pushed by the flywheel in a rotational direction of the flywheel and to generate a corresponding displacement. The displacement or the deformation of the support member is measured by a first measuring device so as to appropriately calculate the output force of the user, and further obtains power, metabolic equivalent or calorie consumption rate if correlated with rotational speed of the flywheel or corresponding parameters measuring by a second measuring device.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112), normally appears along it as a principal color, and includes impact-sensitive and color-change components 182 and (184). A segment (192) of the impact-sensitive component responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by providing an impact effect if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. A segment (194) of the color-change component responds to the impact effect by causing an impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region to temporarily appear along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. The color-change capability helps, for instance, in making in/out calls in sports such as tennis.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112), normally appears along it as a principal color, and includes impact-sensitive color-change structure (132) and protective structure (242) lying at least partly between the zone and the impact-sensitive color-change structure. A segment (142) of the impact-sensitive color-change structure responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by causing an impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region to temporarily appear along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. The protective structure materially protects the impact-sensitive color-change structure from being damaged by matter impacting, situated on, and/or moving along the zone.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112), normally appears along it as a principal color, and includes impact-sensitive color-change structure (132) and duration-extension structure (242). A segment (142) of the impact-sensitive color-change structure responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by causing an impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region to temporarily appear along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. The duration-extension structure responds to the impact by causing the impact-sensitive color-change structure to deform along an internal deformation area (288).

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and normally appears along it as a principal color. An impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by temporarily emitting light suitable for forming color different from the principal color if the impact meets threshold impact criteria such that the impact-dependent portion temporarily appears along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. Use of light emission to produce the temporary color change is advantageous because the changed color can be virtually any possible visible color.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and contains multiple variable-color cells (404), each extending to a part (406) of the zone. The cells normally appear along their parts of the zone as a principal color. Each cell that meets cellular threshold impact criteria in response to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) temporarily becomes a criteria-meeting cell that temporarily appears along its part of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color. A group of less than all the cells usually constitute criteria-meeting cells. The surface parts of the criteria-meeting cells form a print area (118) that closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. The color-change capability helps in making in/out calls in sports such as tennis.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and normally appears along it as a principal color. An impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by temporarily appearing along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. The color-change time duration of the impact-dependent portion temporarily appearing as the changed color is in a duration range established prior to the impact. A controller (602) responds to both the impact and subsequent external instruction (608) by controlling the impact-dependent portion so as to adjust the color-change duration subsequent to the impact.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and normally appears along it as a principal color. An impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by temporarily appearing along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. An image-generating controller (806) responds to the impact by causing an image-generating structure (804) to generate an image of the print area and adjacent surface extending to at least a selected location of the exposed surface if the threshold impact criteria are met. The image assists in determining how close the impact occurred to the selected surface location.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and normally appears along it as a principal color. An object-tracking control apparatus (808) tracks movement of an object (104) over the surface. As the object impacts the zone at an object-contact area (116), an impact-dependent portion (138) of the VC region temporarily appears along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color if the impact meets threshold impact criteria and if the tracking indicates that the object is highly likely to impact the object-contact area. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. Impacts of bodies not tracked by the control apparatus substantially do not cause color change so that color change occurs substantially only for suitable impacts of the tracked object.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and normally appears along it as a principal color. An impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by temporarily appearing along a print area (118) of the zone as generic changed color materially different from the principal color. The print area closely matches the object-contact area in size, shape, and location. The threshold impact criteria consist of multiple sets of different threshold impact criteria respectively associated with multiple specific changed colors materially different from the principal color. If the impact meets the threshold impact criteria, the generic changed color is the specific changed color for the criteria set met by the impact.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of a tennis-playing structure of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112), normally appears along it as a principal color, and includes impact-sensitive and color-change components (182 and 184). A segment (192) of the impact-sensitive component responds to an object (104), typically a tennis ball, impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by providing an impact effect if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. A segment (194) of the color-change component responds to the impact effect by causing an impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region to temporarily appear along a closely matching print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color. The zone adjoins a serviceline (34), the centerline (36), a sideline (30), or a baseline (28) to help determine whether a tennis ball impacted the surface “in” or “out”.

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of a sports-playing structure of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112), normally appears along it as a principal color, and includes impact-sensitive and color-change components (182 and 184). A boundary line (1306/1308 or 1386/1388) extends along an in-bounds area (1302 or 1382) of the surface. A segment (192) of the impact-sensitive component responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by providing an impact effect if the impact meets threshold impact criteria. A segment (194) of the color-change component responds to the impact effect by causing an impact-dependent portion (138) of the region to temporarily appear along a print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color. The zone typically adjoins the boundary line or an internal line (1334 or 1396).

Abstract: A variable-color region (106) of a football-playing or baseball/softball-playing structure of an information-presentation structure extends to an exposed surface (102) at a surface zone (112) and normally appears along it as a principal color. An impact-dependent portion (138) of the variable-color region responds to an object (104) impacting the zone at an object-contact area (116) by temporarily appearing along a closely matching print area (118) of the zone as changed color materially different from the principal color. For football, the zone typically adjoins an end or side line (1446 or 1448) to help determine whether the object, typically a person's shoe, impacted the surface “in” or “out”. For baseball/softball, the zone typically adjoins a foul line (1506) to help determine whether the object, a baseball/softball, impacted the surface “fair” or “foul”.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a processing unit configured to discriminate, on the basis of position information obtained on the basis of a satellite signal transmitted from a position information satellite and a first position and a second position registered in advance, a plurality of states including a first exercise state in which a user is carrying out a first exercise event, a second exercise state in which the user is carrying out a second exercise event, and a first transition state halfway in transition from the first exercise state to the second exercise state.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes a processor that outputs information regarding a difference between left and right strokes in swimming on the basis of data which is output from a sensor mounted on the body of a user during swimming.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and apparatus for monitoring motion or other activity and using the successful completion of a goal to enable or disable functionality or features of an electronic device or applications running on a computing system. In particular, media devices and the features within can be disabled unless access availability has been determined for completion of a physical activity goal or other challenge and provided to the media device or a server controlling features of the media device.

Abstract: A more efficient exercise system can be facilitated by interactive components. A system can comprise receiving distance data, from a wireless network device, associated with a selection of a weight of an exercise machine. Based on the distance data, the system can generate resistance data representative of a resistance associated with the exercise machine. Additionally, in response to the generating the resistance data, the system can assign the resistance data to a user identity associated with a mobile device.

Abstract: A more efficient exercise system can be facilitated by interactive components. The interactive components can communication with mobile devices, users, server devices, weight lifting machines, etc. The interactive components can also generate exercise data and provide prompts to a user to facilitate a more efficient workout. Additionally, third-parties can receive user workout data and manipulate exercise equipment remotely to assist a user in attaining his or her goals.

Abstract: A treadmill includes an exercise deck. The exercise deck includes a platform, a first pulley incorporated into the platform at a front end, a second pulley incorporated into the platform at a rear end, a tread belt surrounding the first pulley and the second pulley, and multiple tilt actuators incorporated into the platform. The treadmill also includes an upright structure. The upright structure includes a console, a tilt controller incorporated into the console in communication with the multiple tilt actuators, and the tilt controller having a two dimensional input mechanism.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a golf ball having dimples with a cross-sectional profile comprising a conical top portion and a non-conical bottom portion. More particularly, the profiles of the present invention are defined by three independent parameters: dimple diameter (DD), edge angle (?EDGE), and saucer ratio (Sr). These parameters fully define the dimple shape and allow for greater flexibility in constructing a dimple profile versus conventional spherical dimples. Further, conical dimples provide a unique dimple cross-section which is visually distinct.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a golf ball having an excellent flight performance on driver shots. The present invention provides a golf ball comprising a spherical core and at least one cover covering the spherical core, wherein a hardness difference D1 (H75?H0) between a hardness H75 at a point radially located at a distance of 75% from a center of the spherical core and a center hardness H0 of the spherical core is 10 or more and 27 or less in Shore C hardness, and a hardness difference D2 (Hs?H75) between a surface hardness Hs of the spherical core and the hardness H75 at the point radially located at the distance of 75% from the center of the spherical core is 0 or more and 6.5 or less in Shore C hardness.

Abstract: In the process of making a hollow product, especially a deformable toy ball, two halves made from on elastomeric material, a thermoplastic material, rubber, a blend of rubbers, or a thermoplastic elastomer are formed by injection molding with mating edges that engage with each other when the halves are assembled to form the product. The edge of one of the two halves is advantageously formed with a recess centered in the edge, in which a flange formed on the edge of the other of the two halves engages to provide a form-fitting connection between the two halves. The opposing edges are then bonded with each other by fusion or melting or by an adhesive applied to at least one of the edges prior to assembling the halves together. A deformable ball produced by the process is also described.

Abstract: A golf club 100 includes a head 200 having a hosel part 202, a shaft 300, and a reverse-tapered engagement part RT. The reverse-tapered engagement part RT includes a sleeve 400 having a reverse-tapered shape and being fixed to a tip portion of the shaft 300, and a spacer fitted outside of the sleeve 400. The hosel part 202 includes a hosel hole 204 and a hosel slit 206 which is provided on a side of the hosel hole 204 and enables the shaft 300 to pass through the hosel slit. The hosel hole 204 has a reverse-tapered hole 205 having a shape corresponding to a shape of an outer surface of the reverse-tapered engagement part RT. The reverse-tapered engagement part RT is fitted to the reverse-tapered hole 205. A club length is changed by changing a wall thickness of the spacer.

Abstract: Embodiments of golf club face plates with internal cell lattices are presented herein. Other examples and related methods are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an iron-type golf club head comprising a body comprising a heel portion, a sole portion, a toe portion, and a topline portion. The topline portion has a mass per unit length of between 0.09 g/mm and 0.40 g/mm. The golf club head also comprises a strike plate coupled to the body at a front portion of the golf club head and a cavity defined between the topline portion, the sole portion, and the strike plate. The golf club head further comprises a bridge bar at a rear portion of the golf club head. The bridge bar spans the cavity, is spaced apart from the strike plate, and is rigidly fixed to and extends uprightly between the sole portion and the topline portion. The bridge bar has a mass per unit length of between 0.09 g/mm and 0.40 g/mm.

Abstract: Embodiments of golf club face plates with internal cell lattices are presented herein. Other examples and related methods are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a club head body and a weight member that is secured to the body. The weight member is constructed to utilize lateral forces to couple to the head body to minimize the structure required to retain the weight member, and the weight member is preferably constructed so that it has a low profile.

Abstract: A golf club head includes a club head body and a weight member that is secured to the body in a weight mount. The weight member is constructed to utilize lateral forces to couple to the head body to minimize the structure required to retain the weight member. The weight member includes a spring feature that is movably coupled to a weight body so that it is movable between a first configuration and a second configuration. In the second configuration a portion of the spring feature extends outward from a side wall of the weight body. The weight mount includes an undercut and the spring feature extends into the undercut and is partially flexed by the abutment of the spring feature and a perimeter wall of weight mount when the weight member is disposed in the weight mount.

Abstract: An apparatus having an elongate body made of a piece of fabric having a plurality of different colored segments. The device provides a golf training aid that assists users in developing distance control and strengthening their chipping and putting game. The apparatus for use as a golf training aid includes a piece of fabric; the piece of fabric may have an elongate body with a first end and a second end. A plurality of grommets may be included.

Abstract: One of the prerequisites for performing a good golf shot where the ball gets optimal spin is that the golf club is clean of debris, in friction grooves and striking face. The invention amounts to a brush apparatus to clean the friction grooves and the face of a golf club after the execution of a golf shot. There are requirements to cleaning task done: Effectively so that the desired effect occurs; quickly so the game is not slowed down; and quietly so players are not disturbed. The invention performs cleaning task in accordance with the requirements: The invention is best illustrated in FIG. 1 where the invention main parts contained: Brush 1, Brush housing 2, Electronic housing 3 and the golf club 9 default location in the brush housing, for cleaning.

Abstract: A golf club includes a golf club head, a shaft adapter secured within a hosel of the golf club head, and a shaft secured within the shaft adapter. The golf club shaft is formed from a fiber reinforced polymer and extends along a longitudinal axis between a tip end and a grip end. The golf club shaft includes a tip end section, a grip end section, and a tapered section between the tip end section and the grip end section. The tapered section of the shaft includes a reference portion within the upper half that has a frustoconical shape with a near-constant taper rate, and a narrowed portion within the lower half. The narrowed portion is recessed relative to a reference surface extrapolated from the frustoconical shape.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining an optimal grip position on a golf club are disclosed. A method includes: obtaining, by a computer device, ball lie data; determining, by the computer device, an optimal grip position for a golf club based on the ball lie data and historical shot data of a user; and transmitting, by the computer device, data defining the optimal grip position to a smart grip attached to a shaft of the golf club.

Abstract: A hand held projectile launcher comprises an elongated handle having a gripping portion at a first end and a projectile holding unit at a second end. The projectile holding unit is sized and shaped to releasably receive a projectile. A light source is provided on a surface of the projectile holding unit that contacts or is exposed to the projectile, and a light switch is optionally provided on the gripping portion and is capable of controlling operation of the light source. When the light switch is activated, the light source directs light onto a projectile held in the projectile holding unit. The projectile may include a phosphorescent or similar component so that it becomes luminescent when charged by the light source.

Abstract: A bumper golf game system, and related methods, are disclosed. The system includes a flexible putting mat including inner and outer surfaces, first and second goal recesses extending at least partially through the mat, an array of a plurality of central obstacle recesses extending at least partially through the mat positioned generally between the first and second goal recesses, a pair of first goal obstacle recesses extending at least partially through the mat flanking the first goal recess, and a pair of second goal obstacle recesses extending at least partially through the mat flanking the second goal recess. The system also includes a plurality of obstacles configured to mount within the obstacle recesses and extend past the inner surface of the mat. The system further includes a plurality of rails configured to interconnect and extend over the inner surface of the mat to bound a portion thereof.

Abstract: A system is provided comprising a first and second semi-cylindrical open column, one column each configured to couple with forearms of a user and a first and second elbow coupling extension attached at approximately ninety-degree angles to the first and second column, respectively. The system also comprises a first and second raised bracket plate positioned lengthwise along the first and second column, respectively, each bracket plate containing three apertures and a bracket configured to connect the bracket plates, the bracket containing apertures for attachment to apertures on the bracket plates. The system also comprises a neck strap about thirty-six inches in length, each of two ends of the neck strap attached to the bracket. Attachment of the strap to the bracket and of the bracket to the bracket plates restrict arm motion during athletic training.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the motion of a sport ball that has been impacted by an individual during the course of an athletic activity includes the steps of a portable electronic device wirelessly receiving motion data from the sport ball, and the portable electronic device determining a point of impact based on the motion data, wherein the point of impact includes a location on a surface of the sport ball where the impact occurred.

Abstract: The present application discloses a swimming stroke adjusting device, a swimming stroke information processing system and a swimming stroke information processing method. The swimming stroke adjusting device includes an acquiring device configured to acquire swimming stroke information of limb positions to be detected of a user; and a prompt information. determination processor configured to determine, according to the swimming stroke information, prompt information for prompting the user to adjust swimming strokes.

Abstract: A system that wirelessly integrates actual golf equipment with a computer and the internet to allow players remotely located from one another to play a competitive real or simulated game of golf. An individual player may opt to play solo or practice to improve basic golfing techniques. The system includes smart golf clubs, a golf ball receptacle and a golf club motion sensing devices, all containing circuits and contact and or noncontact motion sensors coupled with signal processing and radio frequency transmitter circuitry to wirelessly communicate game performance information to a remote receiver-computer. The computer displays player information and visually simulates and controls a golf game between one or more local players or via the internet having similar equipment and remotely located from each other. Standard golf clubs may be retrofitted with the sensors and associated circuitry to convert such clubs into “smart dubs” for use with the system.

Abstract: A multi-surface golf swing training mat is provided for use at practice ranges and the like. The mat includes four surfaces (e.g., quads or squares) that simulate surfaces actually found on a golf course: the drive or tee-box, the fairway, the sand, and the 3-inch rough. The multi-surface golf swing training mat enables practicing golfers to work not only on their swing, but also on hitting shots from surfaces similar to those on which they will be playing. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the golfer stands beside the multi-surface golf swing training mat to hit balls from the two nearest hitting squares, and stands on the mat to hit balls from the other two squares. In another aspect, the multi-surface golf swing training mat rotates to present each playing square or surface to a golfer from a single standing position.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed provide a solution to detect a rally in a sports game. One or more stroke actions or non-stroke actions are detected based on motion data detected by a sensor attached to a sports instrument of a user. Using a trained stroke classification model, each detected stroke action is classified into a plurality of classes. Additionally, a determination is made whether each detected non-stroke action is an intentional special user action. The determination whether a non-stroke action is an intentional special user action is made based on a customized set of definitions defining one or more special user actions. One or more rallies are then detected based on the classified stroke actions and intentional special user actions.