Abstract: A disc brake and a sensor device being applied in connection with such a disc brake. The sensor device includes a hollow shaft which cooperates with a rotary element, the rotary element is set into rotation during the adjustment movement of a corresponding adjustment device of an actuation mechanism of that disc brake, in which the rotary element includes a socket for the reception of a reset tool, which socket will always be freely accessible.

Abstract: Provided is an electric brake device that is able to achieve redundancy when an abnormality occurs in a load sensor, without increasing the size of the load sensor. The electric brake device includes a brake rotor, a friction pad, an electric motor, a transmission mechanism, braking force command section, braking force estimation section, motor rotation angle detector, and a controller. The braking force estimation section includes a load sensor configured to detect elastic deformation of a determined member forming the electric brake device. The controller includes sensor abnormality detector configured to store a sensor output of the load sensor at a motor rotation angle at which a braking force becomes zero, and infer the occurrence of plastic deformation in the load sensor from transition of the stored sensor output.

Abstract: A method for controlling a brake system in a vehicle includes providing a first non-friction braking torque for an axle of the vehicle when the vehicle has a first load. A second non-friction braking torque lower than the first non-friction braking torque is provided for the axle when the vehicle has a second load lower than the first load. Non-friction braking at the axle is limited by the first and second non-friction braking torques when the vehicle has the first and second loads, respectively.

Abstract: In a method for controlling a vehicle with a drive system comprising an output shaft in a combustion engine, a planetary gear and a first and second electrical machine connected to the planetary gear, the turning off of the combustion engine is achieved when the vehicle is driven with the combustion engine running, and a transition to operation of the vehicle with the electrical machines is achieved by ensuring that the second electrical machine's rotor is connected with the combustion engine's output shaft, that injection of fuel into the combustion engine is interrupted and that the second electrical machines rotational speed is controlled towards and until a standstill, whereupon the combustion engine's output shaft is disconnected from the second electrical machine and the planetary gear.

Abstract: A control system is provided to account for differences in engine response times and motor response times during an upshift in a transmission. A vehicle includes a driveline that has an engine, a traction motor, and a transmission selectively connected in series. A control area network (CAN) connects a plurality of controllers. At least one of the controllers is programmed to, during an upshift in the transmission, output signals over the CAN to reduce torque of the traction motor. The controller also reduces the engine torque based on signal delays in the CAN.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and a method for active vibration control of a hybrid electric vehicle.

Abstract: A system and a method for reducing exhaust gas of a hybrid electric vehicle are disclosed. A system for reducing exhaust gas of a hybrid electric vehicle according to an exemplary form of the present disclosure may include: a battery management system measuring a state of charge (SOC) of a high voltage battery of the hybrid electric vehicle; a motor control unit controlling a driving motor with power of the high voltage battery to generate motor driving force; an engine control unit controlling an engine to generate engine driving force; and a hybrid control unit checking an all electric range (AER) according to a driving in a charge depleting (CD) mode of the hybrid electric vehicle to perform a catalyst heating and warm up control by starting the engine in the CD mode in the case in which the checked AER exceeds a reference AER.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for improving surge control. When surge conditions are anticipated, motor torque usage is increased to discharge a battery to a lower state of charge. When surge conditions actually occur, engine torque output is limited to a higher level than the engine output required to meet the reduced torque demand, while the excess wheel torque is offset by charging the battery to a higher state of charge.

Abstract: A work vehicle is provided having a first pair of wheels mounted to a vehicle body via a fixed axle and a second pair of wheels mounted to the vehicle body via a pivotable axle. The work vehicle includes an anti-rollover system with at least two load sensors mounted at an axle housing near different ones of the first pair of wheels to measure a downward force borne by each respective wheel, the at least two load sensors being operationally connected to a processor. The processor is configured to send anti-rollover commands to the anti-rollover system based on signals received from the at least two load sensors.

Abstract: A parking assist system for a vehicle is provided that includes a proximity sensor configured to sense a distance to an obstacle, a parking controller configured to output a distance to target signal and a scheduler configured to process the distance to target signal and output a distance error signal to a control module configured to longitudinally control the vehicle. The scheduler is configured to process both a static and a dynamic distance to target signal.

Abstract: A system of computers configured to perform particular operations or actions by virtue of having software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of them on the system that in operation causes or cause the system to perform the actions. One general aspect includes a system, including a computer programmed to control each of an autonomous vehicle propulsion, steering, and braking, where the vehicle is subject to autonomous control. The system makes a first determination, based on data from a vehicle sensor, of availability of a vehicle parking area and makes a second determination, based on at least a geolocation of the vehicle, a system fault, a conditional boundary and availability of the parking area, to autonomously park in the parking area. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

Abstract: An autonomous driving vehicle system includes: a surrounding information detection unit that is configured to detect surrounding information on a vehicle; and at least one electronic control unit including: a travel plan generation unit configured to generate a travel plan along a pre-set target route based on the surrounding information and map information; a traveling control unit configured to autonomously control a traveling of the vehicle based on the travel plan; and a warning light control unit configured to turn on a warning light earlier than a start time of a braking of the vehicle in the travel plan, the warning light informing a following vehicle about the braking.

Abstract: Provided is a driving assist device 10 that recognizes an object in the vicinity of a moving body, and assists a driver in driving the moving body, the apparatus including: an object detecting unit 12 that detects the object in the vicinity of the moving body; a three dimensional object detecting unit 13 that detects a three dimensional object in the vicinity of the moving body; and an object recognition unit 18 that recognizes the object at a predetermined detection position as a non-obstacle when the object information storing unit 16 stores the position of the object, and the three dimensional object information storing unit 17 does not store the position of the three dimensional object at the predetermined position in which detection is performed by both of the object detecting unit 12 and the three dimensional object detecting unit 13.

Abstract: Operating a host vehicle is described as including identifying remote vehicle information indicating at least a geospatial state for a remote vehicle and identifying host vehicle information indicating at least a geospatial state for the host vehicle. For a sequence of sampling points, a distance between the remote vehicle and the host vehicle within a transportation network is determined based on the remote vehicle information and the host vehicle information, an angle from a centerline extending from the host vehicle for the distance is calculated, the angle varying as a function of the distance, and a conically-shaped zone is determined using the angle. Responsive to the remote vehicle being located within the conically-shaped zone, the host vehicle is operated based on the remote vehicle being in a lane in which the host vehicle is traveling. The host vehicle is behind the remote vehicle in a direction of travel. A method, vehicle, and apparatus are described.

Abstract: A saddled vehicle can comprise a handlebar on tip ends of which are provided a grasping grip to be grasped by a driver and a throttle grip for an accelerator operation, a first brake device and a second brake device for performing a braking operations. The vehicle can also include a gradient detector for detecting a road gradient during travel of the vehicle, and a deceleration adjustment device for automatically adjusting the deceleration of the vehicle in accordance with the road gradient detected by the gradient detection device and operation conditions of the first brake device and the second brake device.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a speed detector detecting a vehicle speed, a brake system and a control system implementing a control mode including determining a threshold speed. The control system further derives an initial brake torque demand proportional to an error between the threshold speed and a vehicle speed exceeding the threshold speed and outputs to the brake system a rate-limited brake torque demand by applying a rate-limit operator based on the error to the initial brake torque demand.

Abstract: A control device for a vehicle includes: a coasting control unit configured to, during normal traveling at a low speed within a predetermined range, cause a vehicle to travel through inertia by blocking power transmission between an engine and driving wheels by disengaging a power transmitting/blocking device that includes a first engaging portion connected to the engine and a second engaging portion connected to the driving wheels, and by stopping the engine; and a return control unit configured not to full-engage the power transmitting/blocking device while the engine is cranking by a motor in a case of returning from coasting traveling to normal traveling and to full-engage the power transmitting/blocking device after the motor stops.

Abstract: A control device includes a controller configured to perform control to increase a rotational speed of a power source when a brake is stepped on and accelerator opening becomes a predetermined value or larger while a vehicle stops, and thereafter, when the brake is stepped off, engage a plurality of engaging units to transmit a power, and start the vehicle. The controller includes: a parameter obtaining unit configured to obtain a parameter indicating requested acceleration when the vehicle starts; and a slip control unit configured to perform slip control on at least one of the plurality of engaging units such that difference in rotational speed occurs between frictionally engaging elements and set number of engaging units on which the slip control is performed according to a value of the obtained parameter when the vehicle starts.

Abstract: A power train arrangement for a work vehicle with an engine may include an infinitely variable power source (“IVP”). An energy storage device may be configured to receive energy from the IVP for storage and to provide stored energy from the energy storage device to power one or more components of the IVP. A transmission may be configured to relay power from the engine and from the one or more components of the IVP to other components of the vehicle. A transient power event may be identified, during which a present operating state of the engine does not provide sufficient power for operations of the work vehicle. The energy storage device may be caused to provide stored energy to power the one or more components of the IVP source and thereby to provide power to the transmission.

Abstract: A controller for a vehicle is provided. The vehicle includes an engine, a rotary machine, at least one driving wheel, a first clutch disposed between a power transmission member and the rotary machine, the power transmission member being disposed between the engine and the driving wheel, the first clutch being configured to be switched to an engaged state or a disengaged state, and a second clutch disposed in parallel with the first clutch, the second clutch being a one-way clutch. The controller includes an electronic control unit. The electronic control unit is configured to control at least one of the rotary machine or the first clutch so as to reduce inertia of the power transmission member based on a torsional load acting on the power transmission member.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the ground speed of a vehicle comprising, two or more vehicle-mounted sensors including at least one radar sensor and at least one acoustic sensor, wherein the or each of the vehicle-mounted sensors is associated with a respective vehicle subsystem, a controller for calculating the ground speed of the vehicle, wherein the controller is configured to receive a data input from the or each vehicle-mounted sensor, to calculate a ground speed value based on the received data input and to provide ground speed output data signal to one or more client systems of the vehicle. The invention also resides in a method for determining the ground speed of a vehicle and a computer program product that embodies said method.

Abstract: At least one operator control element which can be moved by an operator is included in an operator control device. Furthermore, the operator control device includes an actuator with which activation of the operator control element can be communicated to the operator. The actuator includes a coil element and an armature which can move relative to the coil element. The armature is secured to the operator control element. The operator control device also includes an evaluation device with which a position of the armature relative to the coil element can be detected.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method, system, and/or computer program product controls a driving mode of a self-driving vehicle (SDV) when a driver receives a telecommunication message on a telecommunication device. An SDV on-board computer within the SDV detects that the SDV is currently being operated in manual mode by a human driver. The SDV on-board computer detects that a telecommunication device located within the SDV is receiving a telecommunication message. In response to detecting that the telecommunication device within the SDV is receiving the telecommunication message, the SDV on-board computer transfers control of the SDV to the SDV on-board computer in order to place the SDV in autonomous mode, where the SDV is in the autonomous mode when steering, braking, throttle control, and obstacle avoidance by the SDV are all controlled by the SDV on-board computer.

Abstract: A gangway arrangement can be laid out between two bodies of a public transport jointed vehicle, such as a railway vehicle. The gangway arrangement includes at least one seat for at least one passenger. The gangway arrangement can be connected through a pivot connection to the end portion of one of the bodies. The end portion includes an access corridor delimited by two opposite edges. The seat has an end extending to one of the edges when the gangway arrangement is connected to the body. An angular spacing is provided between the end of the seat and the edge, when the longitudinal direction is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the corresponding body. This angular spacing is relative to the pivot connection, and corresponds to the angle formed between the longitudinal axis of the body and the longitudinal direction when the tilt between both bodies is maximum.

Abstract: A railway inspection system for monitoring defects of a rail, including an inspection vehicle configured for traversing the rail, a sensor disposed on the vehicle configured for obtaining rail condition data, a memory disposed on the vehicle and storing previous rail condition data from a previous traversal of the rail, a display device disposed on the vehicle, a processor disposed on the vehicle and a non-transitory computer-readable medium disposed on the vehicle and containing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause performance of the following steps in real-time as the vehicle traverses the rail, namely obtaining current rail condition data from the sensor, displaying on the display device representative images of the current rail condition data, retrieving the previous rail condition data from the memory, and displaying on the display device representative images of the previous rail condition data.

Abstract: The invention relates to a self-propelled vehicle (10) provided only with rail-engaging rolling means (18) comprising: a chassis (14); a working surface (16) connected thereto for supporting equipment, materials (20) and personnel; and positioning means (22, 24) connected to the chassis for lifting the vehicle and moving it laterally with respect to a direction of rail travel between a trackside location and an on-track location (12). A lifting apparatus (28) is mountable on the chassis and moveable along the length of the working surface (16). By providing only rail-engaging rolling means (18), the height of the vehicle's overlying working surface (16) above the track (12) and surrounding ground is significantly reduced as compared to existing dual purpose road-rail vehicles. The vehicle is capable of working safely below live overhead lines and alongside tracks open to traffic thus avoiding the need to for full closure of tracks during maintenance and inspection works.

Abstract: A system for monitoring operation of a railcar having one or more sensing units, mounted on the railcar, for monitoring operating parameters and or conditions of the railcar, and a communication management unit, in wireless communication with the sensing units, wherein the system can make a determination of an alarm condition based on data collected the sensing units. A temperature sensor device for use in such a system is also provided.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a rail vehicle event analysis system configured to facilitate analysis of rail vehicle event records that correspond to rail vehicle events. The system may be configured to visually present a user with information related to operation of a rail vehicle. The user may review the information related to operation of the rail vehicle in real time, responsive to the rail vehicle being involved in a rail vehicle event, and/or at other times. The system may be configured to visually present information based on output signals generated by one or more sensors associated with the rail vehicle. The system may synchronize the presented information such that information from individual sensors may be compared and/or viewed at the same time by the user. The system may be configured to receive observations made by the user based on the user's review of the presented visual information.

Abstract: An inspection system for use with a vehicle includes a database containing vehicle route data and at least one location of a route to be inspected. The database may be accessed by vehicles with on-board inspection systems so that they may inspect the location of route to be inspected.

Abstract: A derail alarm system for notifying a tamping machine operator that a tamping projector buggy is in a derailed condition. A rail sensor with an ultrasonic beam attaches to a tamping projector buggy to sense alignment with a metal rail. When the ultrasonic sensor detects an out-of-tolerance condition, aural and red-LED light visual indications are electronically provided to the tamping machine operator. The tamping machine operator may disable the aural indication and change the red-LED indication to an amber-LED indication until the ultrasonic sensor detects an in-tolerance condition. A limit switch deactivates the cradle sensor when the tamping projector buggy is raised and stored in the travel position for a higher speed transport condition.

Abstract: The present invention provides disposable mobile storage units and supply carts, their methods of assembly and use. More particularly, the invention relates to carts that are lightweight, reusable, collapsible, recyclable, and suitable for use in a wide variety of industries.

Abstract: A foldable stroller includes a main frame, a support unit, two fixed side units, two movable side units, and a guardrail. The main frame includes two joints, two upper connectors, a handlebar, two lower connectors, a lower bar and two front wheels. Each of the two fixed side units includes a leg, a first locking member, a first spring, a fixed block, a release member, a ramp, a pull handle, a second spring, a wheel support and a rear wheel. Each of the two movable side units includes a movable block, a press knob, an extension, a second locking member, a third spring and two braces. Thus, the first locking member and the second locking member construct a two-stage locking mechanism, to lock the stroller steadily, thereby preventing the stroller from being folded accidentally.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a foldable tricycle, operable between a first mode of operation steerable by a tricycle rider, and a second mode of operation steerable by an attendant pushing the tricycle. The tricycle comprising: a pair of rear wheels, each rotatably supported by a rear support; a foldable seat comprising a chair and a back support, for accommodating said tricycle rider; a foldable arm rest, connected to said foldable seat; a parental handle, for steering said tricycle by said attendant pushing the tricycle; a main frame, configured to rotatably hold said rear support, to support said foldable seat, to rotatably support said rider handle, to rotatably support said fork; and a latching mechanism, capable of locking and unlocking the rotatable movement, of the rear support, in relations to the main frame.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicle support structure and a steering linkage. The vehicle support structure includes a dash wall. The dash wall separates an engine compartment and a passenger compartment. The dash wall has an energy absorption member supported by the support structure on an engine compartment side of the dash wall. The steering linkage extends through an opening of the dash wall between the engine compartment and the passenger compartment. The steering linkage includes a steering column in the passenger compartment. The steering linkage further includes an abutment. The abutment is positioned and configured to contact the energy absorption member upon a frontal impact of the vehicle to transfer energy from the steering linkage to the energy absorption member and to limit a rearward displacement of the steering linkage.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for assembling a modular cradle (1) for a vehicle steering axle, said method comprising a prefabrication step (a), which involves separately producing a base (3), a first module (10) that comprises a first section (2A) of a steering housing (2) for guiding a rack, and a first bearing (11) for receiving a stabilizer bar (13), a second module (20), separate from the base (3) and from the first module (10), which comprises a second section (2B) of the steering housing (2) for guiding the rack and a second bearing (21) for receiving the stabilizer bar (13), followed by an assembly step (b), which involves mounting and securing the first module (10) on a left-hand receiving area (7) of the base (3), and the second module (20) on a right-hand receiving area (8) of said base (3).

Abstract: [Problem] An object of the present invention is to provide an electric power steering apparatus that performs a judgment of a manual input during an automatic steering control by an accurate and precise method based on the mechanical equation, and have a steering performance which a driver and a fellow passenger do not feel uncomfortable.

Abstract: A device for controlling restoration of a motor driven power steering (MDPS) system may include a controller configured to control an MDPS system model to output a target steering column speed command corresponding to a restoration control torque command based on a received error between a target steering column speed and an actual steering column speed, and a disturbance observer configured to compensate for a disturbance included in an output of the MDPS system model to provide the disturbance to an output of the controller, in which the output of the MDPS system model may be fed back to an input of the controller.

Abstract: A vehicle steering control apparatus includes a power-supply supply portion 101 supplying a power supply to a micro-controller 102, an inverter 104 supplying power to drive a motor 5, a gate driver 103 controlling the inverter 104, a motor relay 105 opening and closing a current-passing path between the inverter 104 and the motor 5, a motor relay driver 106 controlling the motor relay 105, and a monitoring control portion A 108a and a monitoring control portion B 108b monitoring a power-supply voltage of the power-supply supply portion 101. Because multiple monitoring control portions are included, even in the event of an inconvenience in either one of the monitoring control portions A 108a and B 108b, the motor 5 can be stopped quickly in a reliable manner when the power-supply voltage goes out of a normal operation range.

Abstract: A steering control device can restrain a steering from being operated to cause a steered angle and a steering angle to exceed their upper limit values. A first limiting reaction force setting circuit increases a first reaction force rapidly if the steering angle becomes no smaller than a steering angle threshold. A second limiting reaction force setting circuit increases a second reaction force rapidly if the steered angle becomes no smaller than a steered angle threshold. A target steering angle setting circuit sets a target steering angle based on steering torque applied to the steering minus the first reaction force, the second reaction force, etc. A steering angle control circuit sets reaction torque as a manipulated variable for feedback controlling the steering angle to the target steering angle. An operation signal generation circuit outputs an operation signal to a reaction force motor so as to achieve reaction torque.

Abstract: Controlling a vehicle steering system includes determining a rack position of a rack needed to execute a maneuver. A minimum velocity allowing the desired steering angle to be reached is determined. The velocity of the vehicle is increased to the determined minimum velocity. The rack is moved to the rack position needed.

Abstract: An axle assembly includes an axle, an axle mount configured to be attached to the axle, a positional locater that projects from an outer surface of the axle and is configured to locate an initial position of the axle relative to the axle mount, and an axle adjustment device comprising an inclined surface that contacts the positional locater. A compressive force is exerted between the axle mount and the axle adjustment device when the axle adjustment device is placed in contact with the positional locater to maintain the initial position of the axle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a steering system and an independent suspension wheel-type heavy vehicle. The steering system comprises a steering mechanism for providing a steering force to wheels and a steering hydraulic assisting system for providing a steering assisting force overcoming a steering resistance moment from the ground to the wheels. According to the invention, by providing the steering mechanism for providing a steering force to wheels and by providing the steering hydraulic assisting system for providing a steering assisting force overcoming a steering resistance moment from the ground to the wheels, the steering resistance moment from the ground can be effectively overcome, and the vehicle is offered the steering capability for various places, as compared with a steering system only depending on the torque output by a steering gear or only depending on the torque output by the steering gear and a steering assisting follower.

Abstract: A self-steering bogie for an elongate road vehicle having at least a first axle assembly at the front end of the vehicle and at least one trailing axle assembly disposed on the vehicle behind said first axle assembly. The trailing axle assembly is a set of tandem axles with associated wheels disposed below a structural frame of the vehicle, the bogie comprising a rotatable sub-frame borne on the set of tandem axles which supports the vehicle by means of a load bearing turntable. A rotational restraint assembly is mounted on the turntable and which in part interconnects the sub-frame, the structural frame and an upper portion of the turntable, the rotational restraint assembly having a plurality of compression air springs. The elongate road vehicle could be a truck and semitrailer where the trailing axle assembly is on the semitrailer, or a vehicle such as a bus.

Abstract: A backup assist system for a vehicle and trailer combination includes a vehicle steering system, a camera generating images of the trailer, and a controller. The controller processes sequential images the trailer, selects a baseline image, and determines a collision angle based on a location of a feature of the trailer in the baseline image. The controller further controls the steering system to maintain a hitch angle below a lesser of a maximum controllable angle and the collision angle.

Abstract: A vehicle steering control apparatus having high robustness while ensuring the accuracy of automatic parking. The steering control apparatus includes a target parking position computing module to calculate a target parking position, a target line computing module to calculate a target parking line, an own vehicle position target attitude angle computing module to calculate an own vehicle position target attitude angle, an own vehicle attitude angle, and the target parking line, an own vehicle position target curvature computing module to calculate an own vehicle position target curvature, and a steering controller for calculating a target steering angle based on the own vehicle position target curvature and performing control such that the actual steering angle matches the target steering angle.

Abstract: An impact absorbing assembly comprises a CFRP part including a first portion and a second portion that are connected by a metal bending hinge connector. The metal bending hinge connector bends in response to an impact force being applied to the assembly to inhibit the CFRP part from cracking. The metal bending hinge connector may be a tubular member that defines an opening extending from a first end to a second end of the tubular member. The tubular member receives the first CFRP part in the first end and the second CFRP part in the second end. The impact absorbing assembly may be, for example, a longitudinally extending rail or a sub-frame arm.

Abstract: A fuel cell vehicle comprises a front room; a vehicle interior; a fuel cell in the front room; a center tunnel; a tank that is at least partly placed in the center tunnel and stores a gas to be supplied to the fuel cell; and a dashboard that separates the front room from the vehicle interior, wherein the fuel cell is placed above the tank such that a profile of the fuel cell does not overlap with a center axis of the tank, the dashboard has an overlapping portion arranged to overlap with a rear portion of the fuel cell and that is located behind a front end of the tank, at least part of a remaining portion of the dashboard other than the overlapping portion is placed flush with the front end of the tank in a vehicle longitudinal direction or is placed in front of the front end of the tank, and in a normal state, a receiving space is provided between a rear end of the fuel cell and the overlapping portion and is configured to allow at least part of the rear portion of the fuel cell to be moved to behind the fr

Abstract: A vehicle front structure includes a first bending portion, a second bending portion, and a third bending portion in a left front side frame. An outer panel of the first bending portion includes a first concave portion. An inner panel of the second bending portion includes a second concave portion. The third bending portion is formed to be concave toward an interior. An inner central wall of the inner panel extends flat to the rear side of the vehicle body toward the second bending portion. A left branch gusset extends to tilt from the inner central wall, and the outer panel is joined to a rear surface of the left branch gusset.

Abstract: A vehicle lower-body structure includes a front pillar, including a front-pillar outer panel and a front-pillar inner panel, and a side sill, including a side-sill outer panel and a side-sill inner panel and joined to a lower portion of the front pillar. The front-pillar outer panel is joined to an outer surface of the side-sill outer panel. The front-pillar inner panel is held between the side-sill outer panel and the side-sill inner panel. The side-sill outer panel and the side-sill inner panel respectively include vertical beads in front of a reinforcement member disposed at a front portion of the side sill and below the front pillar, the vertical beads extending vertically.

Abstract: A pillar for a motor vehicle bodywork is disclosed having a main element with an upper coupling section for attaching to a roof frame, and a secondary element composed of metallic alloy. The secondary element is connected in a planar fashion at least over certain sections of the main element, and the main element has a middle layer composed of a hardened steel alloy, and at least one outer layer which bounds the middle layer toward the outside.