Abstract: the present disclosure relates to photoelectrochemical cells and methods for using such for reduction of carbon dioxide and oxidation of water. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide in an electrochemical cell, comprising contacting the carbon dioxide with at least one transition metal dichalcogenide in the electrochemical cell and at least one helper catalyst and applying a potential to the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to CoMoS2 catlaysts, methods of making and using, as well as electrodes and systems incorporating such. Synthesis of CoMoS2 catalysts using ATM treated with different amines and ammonium bromide salts including 1-dodecylamine, diethylenetriamine, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, to form different alky containing ATM precursors. These materials are amorphous with porous surfaces that show reasonably big surfaces area due to the number of exposed edge sites, and increased catalytic activity as electrocatalysts for hydrogen generation.

Abstract: A diaphragm includes a porous supporting body and a polymer porous membrane. When one of surfaces of the porous membrane is defined as a surface A, the other surface opposite to the surface A is defined as a surface B, a section of the porous membrane parallel to the surfaces A and B is defined as a section C, an average pore diameter on the surface A is defined as an average pore diameter DA, an average pore diameter on the surface B is defined as an average pore diameter DB, and an average pore diameter on the section C is defined as an average pore diameter DC, the average pore diameters DA and DB are substantially equal to each other, and the average pore diameter DC is larger than each of the average pore diameters DA and DB.

Abstract: An anion-conducting polymeric membrane comprises vinylbenzyl-Rs and a substituted ethene. Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group. The total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Rs groups is greater than 15% of the total weight of the membrane. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is a Helper Membrane that increases the faradaic efficiency of an electrochemical cell into which the membrane is incorporated, and also allows product formation at lower voltages than in cells without the Helper Membrane.

Abstract: A side stream subsystem can be used to remove impurity species from the recirculating alkali metal chloride solution in certain electrolysis systems. Silicon and/or aluminum species can be removed via precipitation after introducing an alkali metal hydroxide and magnesium chloride in a side stream line in the subsystem. The invention can allow for a substantial reduction in raw material and capital costs.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a structure for strengthening strength and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a structure for strengthening strength in which a coating layer made of material containing tungsten is formed on the surface of a base of a base metal or a bass of a metal base. According to the present invention, it is possible to substitute synthetic resins and metal products which are currently manufactured and used, exhibit excellent physical properties and mechanical properties as compared with those of synthetic resins and metal products. And also if necessary, the surface of the metal plating of the structure according to the present invention may be plated with various precious metals such as gold and silver to meet the demand of the customer.

Abstract: Leveling additives, their use in electrodeposition, and regeneration are described. In one embodiment, an electrodeposition bath may include a non-aqueous liquid and an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon. The optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon may be protonated.

Abstract: A method of galvanoplastic deposition of a gold alloy on an electrode dipped into a bath including metal gold in alkaline aurocyanide form, organometallic compounds, a wetting agent, a sequestering agent and free cyanide, where the alloy metals are copper, in double copper and potassium cyanide form, and silver in cyanide form, allowing a mirror bright yellow gold alloy to be deposited on the electrode.

Abstract: An electroplating system includes an enclosure with an interior, an anode lead extending through the enclosure and into the interior, and a porous body. The porous body is supported within the interior of the enclosure for coupling an electroplating solution within the interior with a workpiece. A conduit extends through the enclosure and into the interior of the enclosure to provide a flow of nitrogen enriched air to the interior of enclosure for drying and removing oxygen from the electroplating solution.

Abstract: There is provided a plating apparatus for performing plating treatment on a substrate having a resist pattern. The plating apparatus includes: a pretreatment unit for causing a surface of the substrate to be brought into contact with a pretreatment solution; and a plating bath in which the plating treatment is performed on the substrate having a surface to be treated which is brought into contact with the pretreatment solution. The pretreatment unit includes: a holding table for holding the substrate with the surface to be treated facing upward; a motor for rotating the holding table; a hydrophilizing treatment portion for irradiating ultraviolet rays to the surface to be treated; and a pretreatment solution supply portion for supplying the pretreatment solution to the surface to be treated which is hydrophilized by the hydrophilizing treatment portion.

Abstract: A method of electroplating on a workpiece having at least one sub-30 nm feature includes applying a first electrolyte chemistry to the workpiece, the chemistry including a metal cation solute species having a concentration in the range of about 50 mM to about 250 mM and a suppressor resulting in polarization greater than 0.75 V and reaching 0.75 V of polarization at a rate greater than 0.25 V/s, and applying an electric waveform, wherein the electric waveform includes a period of ramping up of current followed by a period of partial ramping down of current.

Abstract: According to the invention a method of removing electrolyte from an electrochemical deposition or polishing chamber comprising the steps of: providing an electrochemical deposition or polishing chamber comprising a support for a substrate, the support having an in-use position; a housing having an interior surface and a fluid outlet pathway for removing electrolyte from the chamber, wherein the fluid outlet pathway includes one or more slots which extend into the housing from at least one slotted opening formed in the interior surface; a seal for sealing the housing to a peripheral portion of a surface of a substrate position on the support in its in-use position; and a tilting mechanism for tilting the chamber in order to assist in removing electrolyte from the housing through the fluid outlet pathway; using an electrolyte to perform an electrochemical deposition or polishing processing on a substrate positioned on the support in its in-use position; and tilting the chamber using the tilting mechanism in ord

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed a process for the electrolytic polishing of a metallic substrate, including the steps of (i) providing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell having at least one electrode, (ii) disposing a metallic substrate as an anode in the electrolytic cell, (iii) applying a current at a voltage of 270 to 315 V from a power source between the at least one electrode and the metallic substrate, and (iv) immersing the metallic substrate in the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte includes at least one acid compound, at least one fluoride compound, and at least one complexing agent.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing zinc selenide crystals. The method includes forming an aqueous growth medium by combining a mineralizer solution of an alkali nutrient with a feedstock including zinc and selenium. A seed crystal is added to the growth medium. The aqueous growth medium and seed crystal are pressurized and a thermal gradient applied such that a temperature of a first portion of the aqueous growth medium is greater than a second portion of the aqueous growth medium. The zinc and selenium are dissolved into the mineralizer solution from the feedstock in the first portion of the aqueous growth medium and spontaneously forms at least one single crystal of zinc selenide on the seed crystal in the first portion of the aqueous growth medium.

Abstract: A seed crystal holder according to the present invention for growing a crystal by a solution method, and that includes a seed crystal made of silicon carbide; a holding member above the seed crystal; a bonding agent configured to fix the seed crystal and the holding member; and a sheet member made of carbon which is interposed in the bonding agent in a thickness direction, and which has an outer periphery smaller than an outer periphery of the seed crystal in a plan view.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention provides a diameter controlling system of the single crystal ingot for controlling a diameter deviation of a silicon ingot during the growth of silicon ingot by a Czochralski method, it may include a seed chuck for supporting a silicon ingot combined with a seed crystal and grown; a measuring part connected to an upper surface of the seed chuck with a cable and configured to measure a load applied to the seed chuck; a load adjusting part for moving a position of the seed chuck vertically while the seed chuck is connected to the cable to change a load applied to the silicon ingot; and a controlling part for controlling the load applied to the silicon ingot by driving the load adjusting part according to the load value measured from the measuring part. Therefore, shaking of the seed during the growth process of the single crystal ingot is prevented, and thus the diameter deviation of the growing single crystal ingot may be reduced.

Abstract: There is herein described a method of making a single crystal wavelength conversion element from a polycrystalline wavelength conversion element, a single crystal wavelength conversion element, and a light source containing same. By making the single crystal wavelength conversion element from a polycrystalline wavelength conversion element, the method provides greater flexibility in creating single crystal wavelength conversion elements as compared to melt grown methods for forming single crystals. Advantages may include higher activator contents, forming more complex shapes without machining, providing a wider range of possible activator gradients and higher growth rates at lower temperatures.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for the generation of highly accurate nucleic acid libraries encoding for predetermined variants of a nucleic acid sequence. The nucleic acid sequence may encode for all or part of a TCR or a TCR-binding antigen. The degree of variation may be complete, resulting in a saturated variant library, or less than complete, resulting in a non-saturating library of variants. The variant nucleic acid libraries described herein may designed for further processing by transcription or translation. The variant nucleic acid libraries described herein may be designed to generate variant RNA, DNA and/or protein populations. Further provided herein are method for identifying variant species with increased or decreased activities, with applications in regulating biological functions and the design of therapeutics for treatment or reduction of a disease, such as cancer.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses reinforced electrospun fibrous membranes and preparation methods therefor. The reinforced electrospun fibrous membranes can include an electrospun fibrous membrane body and a plurality of reinforcing thread sets fixed to the electrospun fibrous membrane body through holes thereon, wherein any two of the plurality of reinforcing thread sets are parallel to each other; each of the reinforcing thread sets comprises a starting end and a terminal end, both being connected to an edge of the electrospun fibrous membrane body; each of the reinforcing thread sets comprises at least one reinforcing fibrous thread consisting of a main thread and an auxiliary thread respectively arranged at a front side and a bottom side of the electrospun fibrous membrane body and configured to interlace each other at the through hole.

Abstract: The invention is directed to carbon fibers having high tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The invention also provides a method and apparatus for making the carbon fibers. The method comprises advancing a precursor fiber through an oxidation oven wherein the fiber is subjected to controlled stretching in an oxidizing atmosphere in which tension loads are distributed amongst a plurality of passes through the oxidation oven, which permits higher cumulative stretches to be achieved. The method also includes subjecting the fiber to controlled stretching in two or more of the passes that is sufficient to cause the fiber to undergo one or more transitions in each of the two or more passes. The invention is also directed to an oxidation oven having a plurality of cooperating drive rolls in series that can be driven independently of each other so that the amount of stretch applied to the oven in each of the plurality of passes can be independently controlled.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for fabricating nanofiber yarn at rates at of at least 30 m/min (1.8 kilometers (km)/hour (hr)) using a “false twist” nanofiber yarn spinner and a false twist spinning technique. In a false twist spinning technique, a twist is introduced to nanofibers in a strand by twisting the nanofibers at points between ends of the strand.

Abstract: A method for producing microfibers includes the steps of (a) providing a base material; (b) forming the base material in a ring; (c) gripping opposing ends of the ring; (d) flipping one of the opposing ends relative to the other of the opposing ends, forming an upper portion and a lower portion; (e) folding the upper portion onto the lower portion; (f) stretching the folded upper and lower portions; and repeating steps (d)-(f) as desired. Different apparatuses for performing the method are also provided.

Abstract: It is disclosed a woven textile fabric comprising a first and a second electrically conductive layer (20; 30) of interwoven conductive yarns (22, 24; 32, 34) and a first intermediate pseudo-layer (40) of structural and insulating yarns (45) comprised between the first and the second electrically conductive layer and a plurality of binding yarns (47) interlacing the first and second conductive layers (20; 30) and the intermediate layer (40). The structural yarns (45) and the binding yarns (47) have piezoelectric properties.

Abstract: A fabric with warp threads and weft threads. The warp threads are alternately formed by sections of multifilament yarn and sections of staple fiber yarn, and the staple fiber yarn has a larger diameter than the multifilament yarn such that surfaces of the sections of staple fiber yarn lie higher than surfaces of the sections of multifilament yarn in a cross section through the fabric.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to flame resistant fabrics containing fibers having at least one energy absorbing and/or reflecting additive incorporated into the fibers. Inclusion of such fibers into the fabric increases the arc rating/fabric weight ratio of the fabric while still complying with all requisite thermal protective requirements.

Abstract: A fabric, in particular carpet, having a shadow effect, comprises a backing fabric (BF) having binding warp yarns (B1, B2) repeatedly crossing each other for providing weft receiving openings (O) between crossings (C1, C2) thereof following each other in a warp direction (WA) and weft yarns (E1, E2) substantially extending in a weft direction through the weft receiving openings (O), and pile warp yarns (PY1, PY2, PY3, PY4) interlaced with weft yarns (E1, E2) of the backing fabric (BF) for providing piles (P) extending out of the backing fabric (BF) at a pile side (PS), wherein, through at least one weft receiving opening (O), preferably the majority of the weft receiving openings (O), most preferably each weft receiving opening (O), two weft yarns (E1, E2) extend, wherein in at least one weft receiving opening (O), preferably the majority of the weft receiving openings (O), one of the weft yarns (E1, E2) is positioned at a back side (BS) relative to at least one weft separating warp yarn (PY1, PY2, PY3, PY4,

Abstract: Disposable article that include fibers formed from compositions comprising thermoplastic polymers and waxes are disclosed, where the wax is dispersed throughout the thermoplastic polymer.

Abstract: A stitch-bonded tape or other directionally stabilized product wherein stitch-bonding is carried out by overstitching yarns stitched through a sheeting or other surface substrate in conjunction with the introduction of high tenacity lay-in yarn elements disposed longitudinally in the machine direction of formation to provide strength in the length direction. The overstitching yarns secure the lay-in yarns in place relative to the surface substrate. An adhesive or other coating is disposed in covering relation to the lay-in yarn elements.

Abstract: A device and method for in-line treatment of a thread are disclosed. The device comprises treatment and fixation units located downstream a thread feeding unit. A thread consuming system comprising a thread consuming device, such as an embroidery machine and/or a weaving machine and/or a sewing machine and the device is also disclosed.

Abstract: A textile rejuvenation and stain removal system and kit includes at least one stain removing solution, at least one stain removing tool for removing stain material; and at least one additive that when added to water cleans the textile while protecting fragile material thereof.

Abstract: A laundry treating apparatus includes a cabinet with first and second cabinet doors. A first washing apparatus processes laundry that is placed through the first cabinet door at the front. A second washing apparatus processes laundry that is placed through the second cabinet door at the top. The second washing apparatus includes: a tub that holds water and has an opening at a top that is accessible through the second opening of the cabinet; a tub cover that covers the top of the tub and defines an inlet through which the tub is accessible; a tub door on the tub cover that opens or closes the inlet of the tub cover separately from the second cabinet door opening or closing the second opening; a drum inside the tub configured to rotate about a vertical shaft; and a first sensor that generates a signal based on the tub door being open.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laundry treatment apparatus equipped with an exhaust type drying system, which is capable of not only enhancing drying efficiency while reducing consumption of energy and cooling water required to dry laundry, but also achieving smooth exhaust of air even when a water trap is formed in a drainage duct. The laundry treatment apparatus includes a casing, an outer tub, an inner tub, a drainage duct for guiding wash water stored in the outer tub to be discharged to the outside of the casing, a first exhaust duct connected, at one end thereof, to the drainage duct, to guide air present in the outer tub into the drainage duct, and a second exhaust duct upwardly branched from the drainage duct, to exhaust air present in the drainage duct to the outside of the outer tub or the outside of the cashing.

Abstract: A washing machine having separate washing arrangements, comprising a housing (1), and, arranged within said housing (1), a first automatic washing system (2) and a second automatic washing system (3). The housing (1) contains a first washing area (4) for accommodating the first automatic washing system (2) and a second washing area (5) for accommodating the second automatic washing system (3), said first washing area (4) and second washing area (5) being arranged one on the left and the other on the right. The axis of the first automatic washing system (2) and the axis of the second automatic washing system (3) are vertical.

Abstract: A washing machine having separate washing arrangements, comprising a housing (1), and, arranged within said housing (1), a first automatic washing system (2) and a second automatic washing system (3). The housing (1) contains a first washing area (4) for accommodating the first automatic washing system (2) and a second washing area (5) for accommodating the second automatic washing system (3), said first washing area (4) and second washing area (5) being arranged one on the left and the other on the right. The vertical plane upon which are located the axis of the first automatic washing system (2) and the axis of the second automatic washing system (3) and the vertical plane of the center line of the top of the present washing machine form an angle.

Abstract: A washing machine having a plurality of tubs includes a cabinet having a first tub disposed therein, a first door, having a second tub disposed therein, to open and close a laundry introduction opening formed at the cabinet, a second door to open and close a laundry introduction opening of the second tub, a first water supply part and a second water supply part to supply washing water to inside of the first tub and the second tub, respectively, and a first water discharge part and a second water discharge part to discharge washing water from the first tub and the second tub, respectively. This configuration allows a washing process to be performed at a plurality of spaces.

Abstract: Provided is a washing machine, which can save an installation space and can increase rigidity of a part for rotatably supporting a washing drum in a structure including the washing drum. The washing drum can rotate in a manner of crossing with a perpendicular direction. The washing machine includes: a washing drum capable of rotating in a manner of crossing with an up-down direction; a supporting member arranged on an outer side of the washing drum and rotatably supporting the washing drum; a bent part arranged on the supporting members and bent to a side of the washing drum; and an elastic supporting member mounted on the bent part and elastically supporting the supporting member.

Abstract: A washing machine with a steam washing function and a control method are provided. The washing machine includes an outer drum, wherein a heater is arranged inside the outer drum; the washing machine further includes a spray thrower used for spraying water to the heater, and the heater heats and vaporizes the water sprayed onto the surface to form high-temperature steam. When the heater is provided with a spray thrower which sprays water to the heater, the heater in a heating state can rapidly heat and vaporize the sprayed water to form a large amount of steam, then the steam generated in the outer drum can be utilized to heat and wet the clothes in the inner drum, such that the washing machine has the functions of steam washing, clothes drying, sterilization and disinfection, deodorization and ironing.

Abstract: A control method of a flocculation washing machine comprises: detecting an amount of washing water V and an amount of a detergent delivered m in a washing procedure to obtain a concentration of the detergent C=m/V; and determining a number of times N of flocculation circulation and a dose Mn of a flocculant corresponding to each flocculation circulation according to the concentration of the detergent C. The number of times N of flocculation circulation and the dose Mn of the flocculant corresponding to each flocculation circulation can be obtained accurately only based on one parameter. Besides, the flocculation treatment and the rinsing procedure of the washing machine are synchronously executed, and at an end node, the concentration of the detergent in the outer drum is lower than a set value, thereby achieving the purpose of removing detergent residual on clothes.

Abstract: A household cleaning appliance having a treating chamber and a non-bulk dispensing system coupled with the treating chamber and having a portion of material configured to be removable wherein the non-bulk dispensing system is configured to receive a bulk cartridge containing a treating chemistry when such material is removed

Abstract: A method of dosing detergent into a cleaning chamber of a washing machine using gravity. The method comprises providing an amount of detergent to be used in a washing machine, providing a detergent storage tank, providing a diverter valve comprising a detergent inlet, a detergent outlet, and an air vent, presenting a user interface at a location accessible to a user for a user to input load characteristics, relaying information via electrical signals from the user interface to a controller in electrical communication with the user interface, determining a dosage requirement and dispensing a fluid into the cleaning chamber.

Abstract: A comprehensive lint filtering device includes a filtering cover and a filter. The filter is installed on the filtering cover, the filter is provided with a first filtering cavity, a water inlet of the first filtering cavity is arranged at the rear part of the filter, and a water intake channel of the first filtering cavity is arranged between the rear part of the filter and the filtering cover. A second filtering cavity is formed between the upper part of the filter and the filtering cover, and water inlets of the second filtering cavity are arranged on two sides of the filtering cover. A filtering part is arranged at the front part of the filter, and the first filtering cavity and the second filtering cavity share the filtering part. The lint filtering device combines the two lint filtering ways, and a lint filtering effect is greatly enhanced.

Abstract: Provided are a washing machine in which an auxiliary door can be safely and conveniently used, and a method of controlling the same. The auxiliary door through which laundry can be additionally put into the washing machine, is provided, and the auxiliary door can be safely locked/unlocked. Because an open/closed state of the auxiliary door can be indirectly determined through a locking/unlocking operation of the auxiliary door, even when a door opening/closing detecting device has broken down, the auxiliary door can be safely used. In addition, the auxiliary door is unlocked by default and conditions on which the auxiliary door is locked for safety if necessary, are minimized during an operation of the washing machine so that use convenience of the auxiliary door can be enhanced, and a locked state of the auxiliary door is maintained according to the amount of laundry so that the laundry can be safely put into the washing machine.

Abstract: A laundry treating apparatus includes a cabinet with first and second cabinet doors. A first washing apparatus processes laundry that is placed through the first cabinet door at the front. A second washing apparatus processes laundry that is placed through the second cabinet door at the top. The second washing apparatus includes: a tub that holds water and has an opening at a top that is accessible through the second opening of the cabinet; a tub cover that covers the top of the tub and defines an inlet through which the tub is accessible; a tub door on the tub cover that opens or closes the inlet of the tub cover separately from the second cabinet door opening or closing the second opening; a drum inside the tub configured to rotate about a vertical shaft; and a first sensor that generates a signal based on the tub door being open.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a height adjustable clothesline assembly and to components thereof. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide a height adjustable portable clothesline assembly comprising a frame for hanging clothes, at least two legs supporting the frame, the at least two legs comprising a strut comprising an upper section and a lower section which are laterally displaced, the lower section comprising a first slide fixedly connected to the lower section and having a sleeve to allow slidable movement of the upper section through the sleeve, and the upper section comprising a second slide fixedly connected to the upper section and having a sleeve to allow slidable movement of the lower section through the sleeve, and wherein movement of the upper section through the first slide and/or movement of the lower section though the second slide allows adjustment of the height of the frame of the portable clothesline assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed is a control method of a laundry treatment apparatus including a drum for storing laundry, a duct provided outside the drum for guiding air discharged from the drum to the drum, a fan provided in the duct, a heat pump for performing heat exchange between air introduced into the duct and a refrigerant to dehumidify and heat the air, and a temperature sensing unit for measuring the temperature of the air introduced into the duct, the control method including operating the fan and the heat pump to supply heated air to the drum (a hot air supply step), measuring the temperature of the air discharged from the drum through the temperature sensing unit (a temperature measurement step), when the temperature of the air measured by the temperature sensing unit is equal to or higher than a predetermined reference temperature, measuring the amount of time for which the temperature of the air remains equal to or higher than the reference temperature (a time measurement step), and when the amount of time for whic

Abstract: A clothes treating apparatus having a drying function includes: a cabinet; a drum provided within the cabinet; a heat-exchanger heat-exchanged with air exhausted from the drum; a lint filter disposed on an upstream side of the heat-exchanger with respect to flow of air exhausted from the drum to collect lint in the air; a spray tube spraying water to the lint filter to separate lint collected in the lint filter from the lint filter; and a lint collecting part at least partially provided below the lint filter or below the heat-exchanger to collect falling lint. Lint in condensate water may be collected, and thus, generation of a bad influence when condensate water is re-used may be suppressed. Also, contact between lint in drying air and the heat-exchanger may be restrained.

Abstract: The present application relates to a hand-held steamer head for a fabric steamer. The hand-held steamer head has a body (2) with one or more steam vents (9) and a friction surface (23) for locating against a fabric to be steamed. The friction surface (23) is configured to act on the fabric to resist movement of the fabric relative to the body (2) as the body (2) is drawn over the fabric. The present invention also relates to a fabric steamer having a hand-held steamer head and a hand-held steamer head kit.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for decolorization of a dye-colored synthetic polymer, which includes the steps of treating a dye-colored synthetic polymer, such as polyester, with a treatment composition at pH 4 or less, the treatment composition comprising hydrogen peroxide, an iron catalyst, water, and a ketone. The resulting decolorized synthetic polymer is then separated from the treatment composition.

Abstract: A laser-treated fabric including a body side and a face side has a plurality of pores located on at least some fibers on at least the body side of the fabric and at least one chemical additive embedded within or anchored to the plurality of pores. The pores have a pore size of from about 1 nm to about 20 ?m. Garments including the laser-treated fabric are also described. The fabric in the garment may be laser-treated such that the plurality of pores are located in discrete regions of the fabric. Methods for treating a fabric are also described. The chemical additive in the laser-treated fabrics is more durable than in non-laser-treated fabrics have a chemical additive applied on only the surface of the fabric.

Abstract: A garment material having a substrate layer and a coagulated layer of polymeric foam material having an open pore structure bonded to the substrate layer, wherein a bonding agent and one or more dressing compounds is adhered to the surface of the substrate layer and/or the surface of the coagulated layer of polymeric material.