Abstract: Methods for diagnosing or predicting the risk of developing endometrial cancer in a subject in need of such diagnosis or risk prediction are provided, comprising measuring the expression level of at least two miRNAs disclosed herein in the sample of the subject, and compared the expression level of at least two of the miRNAs in the test sample with that of the endometrial cancer-free sample. Kits for diagnosing or predicting the risk of developing endometrial cancer, containing an agent for sequencing or measuring the expression level of at least two miRNAs disclosed herein.

Abstract: The subject invention pertains to biomarkers for identifying BC in a subject. The biomarkers presented herein include miRNAs, particularly, a combination of miRNAs. The invention demonstrates that the specific miRNAs are increased body fluid, particularly, urine, from a subject compared to that of a control. Accordingly, the levels of specific mRNAs, in a body fluid, particularly, urine, from a subject is used to diagnose BC in a subject. The invention also provides kits and reagents to conduct assays to quantify biomarkers described herein. The invention further provides methods of treating and/or managing BC in a subject.

Abstract: A method and kit to detect colon cancer in a human by detecting the presence or absence, or relative amount (abundance) of, certain bacteria in a sample, is provided.

Abstract: The present invention comprises novel methods, systems, devices, and kits to detect cancer in a patient using HOXC6. Methods and systems are presented herein to (1) determine differential gene expression in cancer tissue (e.g. human epithelial ovarian cancer) using Exon microarray analysis and confirm select gens using qPCR; (2) to correlate transcriptional expression from part 1 with potential protein using IHC; and (3) to confirm specific proteins in sera by ELISA process. In some embodiments, a ELISA kit is provided. More specifically, the inventors developed a cancer screen test based on significant changes in HOXC6 protein in blood serum of ovarian cancer human subjects. Industry available standard protocols and reagents for the detection of HOXC6 in patient blood serum provided highly variable results that would be unsatisfactory for clinical diagnostic testing and screening.

Abstract: The present invention relates to oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, as well as other genes, involved in prostate cancer and their expression products, as well as derivatives and analogs thereof. Provided are therapeutic compositions and methods of detecting and treating cancer, including prostate and other related cancers. Also provided are methods of diagnosing and/or prognosing prostate cancer by determining the expression level of at least one prostate cancer-cell-specific gene, including, for example, the ERG gene or the LTF gene alone, or in combination with at least one of the AMACR gene and the DD3 gene.

Abstract: Provided herein is technology relating to detecting neoplasia and particularly, but not exclusively, to methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting premalignant and malignant neoplasms such as pancreatic and colorectal cancer.

Abstract: A method determines a ratio of expression levels of genes in a patient with neuroglioma. A biological sample of RNA expressed from a PM gene group and an EM gene group is obtained from the patient. The PM gene group consists of 39 genes, and the EM gene group consists of 29 genes. An expression level of each the PM genes and each of the EM genes is detected and an average expression level for each of the PM gene group and the EM gene group is determined.

Abstract: The disclosure provides for methods, compositions, and kits for multiplex nucleic acid analysis of single cells. The methods, compositions and systems may be used for massively parallel single cell sequencing. The methods, compositions and systems may be used to analyze thousands of cells concurrently. The thousands of cells may comprise a mixed population of cells (e.g., cells of different types or subtypes, different sizes).

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for determination of primers for differentiation of at least two unspecified pathogens that belong to distinct pathogen (e.g., virus) families that comprise multiple distinct pathogen species and/or varieties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel subspecies of Bacillus. The novel subspecies can improve health and performance of production animals. In one embodiment the Bacillus subtilis subspecies has activity against Clostridium perfringens and/or E. coli. The invention further relates to compositions comprising one or more strains of the Bacillus subtilis subspecies and to use of the strain(s) of the Bacillus subtilis subspecies in an animal feed.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a blow lance assembly for metal manufacturing and refining, developed so as to control slag formation and oxidation, as well as the heat capacity of the reactor, and the conservation of the operational conditions during charging and blowing, having, in its lower part, two groups of gas outlets which determine two blowing conditions, the first group consisting of oxygen passage nozzles having a converging-diverging shape, main responsible for the oxidation reactions and for the conveyance of the basic solid material, mainly calcium oxide, for initial slag formation, and dephosphorization at the final stages during batch refining; the second group consisting of secondary jets with various functions during each blowing stage, the first function, at the beginning of the process as an afterburning agent, through the reaction of oxygen with carbon monoxide generated by the main jets, and the second function being that of accelerating the reaction with carbon by increasing oxygen jet

Abstract: In a method of producing a tool steel, in particular a hot-work tool steel, a steel of the following analysis: C: 0.25-0.6 weight-%, Si: max 0.15 weight-%, Mn: max. 0.3 weight-%, Mo: 2-5 weight-%, Cr: 0-2 weight-%, W: 1-3 weight-%, V: 0-2 weight-%, Ni: 0-3 weight-%, and a residue of iron and unavoidable impurities due to smelting is smelted and alloyed, wherein a workpiece of this steel is heated up and austenitized at temperatures >Ac3 and then cooled down, wherein the cooling is effected down to a temperature of 330° C. to 360° C. and the workpiece is held isothermally at this temperature, until the workpiece is completely bainitically transformed, followed by cooling down to room temperature, together with a hot-work tool steel for this purpose and its use.

Abstract: An austenitic stainless steel with improved strength, ductility and weldability is provided. An austenitic stainless steel has a chemical composition of, in mass %: 0.005 to 0.07% C; 0.1 to 1.2% Si; 3.2 to 6.5% Mn; 9 to 14% Ni; a total of not less than 0.005% and less than 3% of at least one of Cu and Co; 19 to 24% Cr; 1 to 4% Mo; 0.05 to 0.4% Nb; 0.15 to 0.50% N; up to 0.05% Al; up to 0.03% P; up to 0.002% S; up to 0.02% O; 0 to 0.5% V; 0 to 0.5% Ti; 0 to 0.01% B; 0 to 0.05% Ca; 0 to 0.05% Mg; 0 to 0.5% REM; and the balance being Fe and impurities, where the amount of Nb analyzed as residues after electrolytic extraction is 0.01 to 0.3 mass %.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heat treatment system, in particular a roller hearth furnace. The heat treatment system comprises a useful space having a first area with a width B1 and a second area with a width B2, wherein the rollers are arranged in the first area, and wherein width B2 is greater than width B1. In this context, “width” is understood to be the dimension that is transverse to the through-flow direction of the furnace. Width B1 is thereby measured such that the rollers have a length at which, even when there is a temperature in the furnace for the heat treatment of metal components, they still have such a mechanical stability, for example, that their bending remains within acceptable tolerances, even in the loaded state. The second area of the useful space extends above the first area of the useful space, with the greater width B2, such that components with a maximum width B2, greater than width B1, can also be heat treated.

Abstract: A steel plate having excellent resistance to fatigue crack growth and manufacturing method thereof, wherein the components of the steel plate in weight percentage are: 0.040-0.070% of C, 0.40-0.70% of Si, 1.30-1.60% of Mn, less than or equal to 0.013% of P, less than or equal to 0.003% of S, less than or equal to 0.30% of Cu, less than or equal to 0.30% of Ni, less than or equal to 0.10% of Mo, 0.008-0.018% of Ti, 0.015-0.030% of Nb, less than or equal to 0.0040% of N, 0.0010-0.0040% of Ca, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities. By controlling [% C]×[% Si] between 0.022-0.042, {([% C]+3.33[% Nb])×[% Si]}×Vcooling rate/Tcooling-stopping between 1.15×10?4˜2.2×10?3, carrying out a Ca treatment, and Ca/S=1.0-3.0 and (% Ca)×(% S) 0.28?1.0×10?3, the optimizing the TMCP process, the finished steel plate has a microstructure which a duplex-phase structure of ferrite+uniformly and dispersedly distributed bainite and has an improved resistance to fatigue crack growth.

Abstract: A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes: a chemical composition represented by, in mass %, Si: 2.0% to 5.0%, Mn: 0.03% to 0.12%, Cu: 0.10% to 1.00%, sb or Sn, or both thereof: 0.000% to 0.3% in total, Cr: 0% to 0.3%, P: 0% to 0.5%, Ni: 0% to 1%, and the balance: Fe and impurities, in which an L-direction average diameter of crystal grains observed on a surface of the steel sheet in an L direction parallel to a rolling direction is equal to or more than 3.0 times a C-direction average diameter in a C direction vertical to the rolling direction.

Abstract: A method for laser shock peening (LSP) to uniformly strengthen metallic components uses varied square-spot LSP with stagger multiple-layer. Each layer is subjected to square-spot LSP treatment, without overlapping. The length of square-spot in the first layer is larger than those in the second layer and third layers, and the length of square-spot in the second layer is equal to that in the third layer. The first layer treated by LSP is used to reduce deeper localized compressive residual stress, and the second and third layers imparted by square-spot LSP with staggered distance are used to eliminate of the boundary effect and decrease surface roughness.

Abstract: A process for reducing arsenic content from arsenic-bearing gold concentrate or other arsenic-bearing gold materials to produce the low arsenic-bearing gold concentrate.

Abstract: The present request describes a process to obtain metallic gold nanoparticles from an effluent containing sulfide, resulting from a bioremediation process of acid mine drainage (AMD) based on the use of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The disclosed process consists of the effluent addition to a gold solution in concentrations between 20-250 mg/L, in batch or continuous systems, allowing to obtain nanoparticles of Au(0) with a yield of 70-100%.

Abstract: A titanium-tantalum alloy having a titanium wt % ranging from 10% to 70% and wherein the titanium has a body centered cubic structure. A method of forming a titanium-tantalum alloy, the method comprising the steps of: (a) slicing a 3D CAD model of a part to be formed into a plurality of 2D image layers; (b) preparing a homogenous powder mixture of titanium powder and tantalum powder; (c) dispensing a layer of the powder mixture onto a processing bed; (d) performing powder bed fusion of the layer of the powder mixture according to one of the 2D image layers in one of: a vacuum environment and an inert gas environment; and performing steps (c) and (d) for each of the plurality of 2D image layers in succession.

Abstract: Provided is a plurality of flaky magnetic metal particles of the embodiments, each flaky magnetic metal particle having a flat surface provided with either or both of a plurality of concavities and a plurality of convexities arranged in a first direction, each concavity or convexity having a width of 0.1 ?m or more, a length of 1 ?m or more, and an aspect ratio of 2 or higher; and at least one first element selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), the flaky magnetic metal particles having an average thickness of between 10 nm and 100 ?m inclusive and an average aspect ratio of between 5 and 10,000 inclusive.

Abstract: Provided is a galvannealed steel sheet having high strength and excellent deep drawability, and being further excellent in slab cracking resistance and secondary working embrittlement resistance. A base metal steel sheet of the galvannealed steel sheet has a chemical composition containing, in mass %: C: 0.0080% or less; Si: 0.7% or less; Mn: 1.0 to 2.5%; P: more than 0.030 to 0.048%; S: 0.025% or less; Al: 0.005 to 0.20%; N: 0.010% or less; Ti: 0.005 to 0.040%; Nb: 0.005 to 0.060%; and B: 0.0005 to 0.0030%, with the balance being Fe and impurities, satisfying Formula (1) to (4). A galvannealed layer contains 7 to 15 mass % of Fe. 25×P+4×Si?3.6??(1) B?X1?0.0005??(2) C?(12/93)×Nb?X2??0.

Abstract: Improved steel compositions and methods of making the same are provided. The present disclosure provides advantageous wear resistant steel. More particularly, the present disclosure provides high manganese (Mn) steel having enhanced wear resistance, and methods for fabricating high manganese steel compositions having enhanced wear resistance. The advantageous steel compositions/components of the present disclosure improve one or more of the following properties: wear resistance, ductility, crack resistance, erosion resistance, fatigue life, surface hardness, stress corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and/or environmental cracking resistance. In general, the present disclosure provides high manganese steels tailored to resist wear and/or erosion.

Abstract: Ni—Cr—Nb—P—B alloys optionally bearing Si and metallic glasses formed from said alloys are disclosed, where the alloys have a critical rod diameter of at least 5 mm and the metallic glasses demonstrate a notch toughness of at least 96 MPa m1/2.

Abstract: The present application relates to armor components made of high strength aluminum, such as 7xxx series aluminum alloys, which may be employed in civil or military ballistic protection systems. It relates more particularly to armor components such as armor hull walls and add-on armor appliques in vehicles.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a component having active cooling with film holes and other exposed holes is provided. The method includes the step of providing a component including at least one aperture disposed on a surface of the component and fluidly connected to at least one fluid flow passage, the at least one aperture comprising a floor extending from the at least one fluid flow passage to the surface of the component, and a ceiling facing the floor. The method further includes the step of applying a thermal barrier coating over at least a portion of a substrate. The method further includes the step of removing a portion of the thermal barrier coating covering the at least one aperture. The method further includes the step of forming with an additive manufacturing method one or both of a sharp-edged hood of the at least one aperture and at least one feature disposed on the floor.

Abstract: An apparatus for vacuum deposition on a substrate is provided. The apparatus includes a vacuum chamber having a deposition area, one or more deposition sources in the deposition area and configured for vacuum deposition on the substrate while the substrate is transported along a transport direction past the one or more deposition sources, and a masking arrangement in the deposition area and configured for masking at least one of a first edge portion and a second edge portion of the substrate while the substrate passes the masking arrangement and the one or more deposition sources. The first edge portion and the second edge portion are opposite edge portions of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for producing a laser activated remote phosphor (LARP) sub-assembly, which may comprise: preparing a target composed of a material; activating the target such that the material is released from the target; directing the material released from the target in the direction of a wavelength converter and depositing the material released from the target onto a major surface of the wavelength converter creating a bonding film.

Abstract: To provide a vapor deposition source of which material usage efficiency is higher as compared with the related art. A vapor deposition source (10) includes a vapor deposition particles ejecting unit (30) configured to include multistage of nozzle units layered apart from each other in a vertical direction, each of the nozzle units including at least one vapor deposition nozzle (32, 52), and at least one space part (43) provided between the multistage of vapor deposition nozzles, and a vacuum exhaust unit (14) connected with the at least one space part (43).

Abstract: An evaporation source cover, an evaporation source and an evaporation apparatus are disclosed. The evaporation source cover comprises a cover body and an elastic dredging member which is arranged on the cover body. The elastic dredging member comprises a bottom part and a top part. The elastic dredging member is fixed to a surface of the cover body at the bottom part. The elastic dredging member is configured to extend and contract in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the cover body.

Abstract: A coated article includes a low emissivity (low-E) coating having at least one infrared (IR) reflecting layer of a material such as silver, gold, or the like, and at least one hafnium (Hf) inclusive high index nitrided dielectric layer. In certain example embodiments, the hafnium inclusive high index nitrided dielectric layer(s) may be of or include one or more of HfSiAlN, HfZrSiAlN, HfSiN, HfAlN, and/or HfAlZrN. The high index layer may be a transparent dielectric high index layer, with a high refractive index (n) and/or low k value. In example embodiments, the low-E coating may be used in applications such as monolithic or insulating glass (IG) window units, vehicle windows, or the like.

Abstract: A coated article includes a low emissivity (low-E) coating having at least one infrared (IR) reflecting layer of a material such as silver, gold, or the like, and at least one yttrium (Y) inclusive high index nitrided dielectric layer. In certain example embodiments, the yttrium inclusive high index nitrided dielectric layer(s) may be of or include one or more of YZrSiAlN, YZrSiN, YSiN, and/or YSiAlN. The high index layer may be a transparent dielectric high index layer, with a high refractive index (n) and low k value, in preferred embodiments and may be provided for antireflection purposes and/or visible transmission purposes, and/or for improving thermal stability. In certain example embodiments, the low-E coating may be used in applications such as monolithic or insulating glass (IG) window units, vehicle windows, or the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hard coating including an MT-TiCN layer and an ?-alumina layer which are formed by using a chemical vapor deposition method. A hard coating for cutting tools, which is a coating formed on a base material of a cutting tool formed of a hard material, the coating comprising: a TiCN layer; and an ?-alumina layer formed on the TiCN layer, wherein: the ?-alumina layer has a main peak (maximal strength peak) of (006) plane located between 20-40 degrees during a psi rocking analysis by an XRD; a residual stress in the ?-Al2O3 layer is ?0.9-0.4 GPa; the TiCN layer is composed of TiCxNyOz (x+y+z?1, x>0, y>0, z?0); a composition ratio of C/(C+N) is greater than or equal to 0.4 and smaller than 0.5; the ratio of TC(220)/TC(422) is smaller than 0.45; and the ratio of TC(220)/TC(422) is less than 0.45.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical vapor deposition raw material for producing a ruthenium thin film or a ruthenium compound thin film by a chemical deposition method, including an organoruthenium compound in which two diazadiene ligands and two alkyl ligands are coordinated to ruthenium, the organoruthenium being represented by the following formula. The organoruthenium compound to be applied in the present invention can be used for low-temperature deposition, and capable of forming a ruthenium thin film or a ruthenium compound thin film without use of an oxygen gas.

Abstract: A film forming apparatus includes first and second processing gas supply parts for respectively supplying first and second processing gases to the substrate, and a separation region formed between first and second processing regions to separate an atmosphere of the first processing region to which the first processing gas is supplied and an atmosphere of the second processing region to which the second processing gas is supplied. The separation region includes: a separation region forming member including edge portions radially extending from a rotation center to a peripheral edge of a rotary table and for forming a narrow space between the edge portions and the rotary table, and a concave portion provided in a region sandwiched between adjacent edge portions and for forming a buffer space; and a separation gas supply part for supplying a separation gas into the buffer space.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes an inner tube configured to accommodate a plurality of substrates and having a first opening portion; an outer tube surrounding the inner tube; a movable wall movably provided in the inner tube or between the inner tube and the outer tube and having a second opening portion; a gas supply part configured to supply a processing gas into the inner tube; an exhaust part provided outside the movable wall and configured to exhaust the processing gas supplied into the inner tube through the first opening portion and the second opening portion; and a pressure detection part configured to detect a pressure inside the inner tube.

Abstract: Thermal chemical vapor deposition coated articles and thermal chemical vapor deposition processes are disclosed. The thermal chemical vapor deposition coated article includes a substrate and a coating on the substrate, the coating having multiple layers and being positioned on regions of the thermal chemical vapor deposition coated article that are unable to be concurrently coated through line-of-sight techniques. The coating has a concentration of particulate from gas phase nucleation, per 100 square micrometers, of fewer than 6 particles having a dimension of greater than 0.5 micrometers. The thermal chemical vapor deposition process includes introducing a multiple aliquot of a silicon-containing precursor to the enclosed vessel with intermediate gaseous soaking to produce the coated article.

Abstract: The present invention makes it easy to control the amount of material gas led out of a tank. Accordingly, carrier gas is introduced into a tank containing a material and together with the carrier gas, from the tank, material gas produced by vaporization of the material is led out. A control part controls the flow rate of the carrier gas so that a concentration index value obtained by measuring mixed gas led out of the tank and indicating the concentration of the material gas in the mixed gas comes close to a predetermined target concentration index value. In addition, the control part controls the flow rate of the carrier gas to change at a predetermined change rate, and then controls the flow rate of the carrier gas on the basis of the deviation between the concentration index value and the target concentration index value.

Abstract: Implementations described herein generally relate to an apparatus for forming flowable films. In one implementation, the apparatus is a diffuser including a body having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, a plurality of dome structures formed in the first surface, a central manifold formed in the second surface, and a plurality of tubular conduits coupled between the central manifold and a respective one of the plurality of dome structures, at least a portion of the plurality of tubular conduits being positioned diagonally relative to a plane of the first surface.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a shower plate includes a first member and a second member. The first member includes a first wall provided with a plurality of first openings and internally including a room with which the first openings communicate. The second member includes a second wall provided with a second opening and arranged in the room. The second member is arranged at a position spaced apart from the first member, and allows one of the first openings facing the second opening to be replaced with another of the first openings by changing a position of the second member with respect to the first member.

Abstract: A high-pressure processing system for processing a substrate includes a first chamber, a pedestal positioned within the first chamber to support the substrate, a second chamber adjacent the first chamber, a vacuum processing system configured to lower a pressure within the second chamber to near vacuum, a valve assembly between the first chamber and the second chamber to isolate the pressure within the first chamber from the pressure within the second chamber, and a gas delivery system configured to introduce a processing gas into the first chamber and to increase the pressure within the first chamber to at least 10 atmospheres while the processing gas is in the first chamber and while the first chamber is isolated from the second chamber.

Abstract: A gas spraying apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a spray part disposed and aligned on one side outside a substrate in the width direction of the substrate, and having a plurality of nozzles for spraying gas toward the substrate, and a spray control unit for automatically controlling whether or not each of a plurality of nozzles sprays gas such that a gas density distribution type in the width direction of the substrate becomes a targeted gas density distribution type by the gas sprayed through the plurality of nozzles. Therefore, according to the embodiment of the present invention, it is easy to carry out the process with a plurality of types of process types or a plurality of types of gas density distribution types, and a time for adjusting the open or close operation of the plurality of nozzles can be shortened.

Abstract: A method of processing a substrate according to a PECVD process is described. Temperature profile of the substrate is adjusted to change deposition rate profile across the substrate. Plasma density profile is adjusted to change deposition rate profile across the substrate. Chamber surfaces exposed to the plasma are heated to improve plasma density uniformity and reduce formation of low quality deposits on chamber surfaces. In situ metrology may be used to monitor progress of a deposition process and trigger control actions involving substrate temperature profile, plasma density profile, pressure, temperature, and flow of reactants.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for processing a surface of a substrate by atomic layer deposition and to a method for operating the apparatus. The apparatus includes a deposition chamber and one or more lead-through connections provided between one or more side chambers and the deposition chamber. The one or more lead through connections includes one or more lead-through chambers and a secondary pressure device operatively connected to the one or more lead-through chambers.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compositions for electroless plating baths and their use, and more particularly to different solutions each usable to both make up an original bath and to replenishment of the original bath.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compositions for electroless plating baths and their use, and more particularly to different solutions or concentrates each usable to both make up an original bath and to replenishment of the original bath.

Abstract: Cold gas spray coating methods, compositions and articles. A cold gas spray method is described including spraying a composition containing at least one nickel or iron based material blended with a softer, shear-deformable, secondary phase metal and/or metal alloy, onto a surface to deposit a dense, porous coating. The compositions used in and articles produced by such methods are also described.

Abstract: Novel acid-based chemistries that can be used in various cleaning, de-scaling, rust-removal, brightening, etching and other similar applications, including, but not limited to, those based upon hexafluorozirconic acid and other additives, such as urea in some applications, which are effective for a wide range of applications, while avoiding the health, safety and environmental issues that are often associated with the use of hydrochloric acid and other toxic chemistries.

Abstract: To prevent over-pickling during pickling pause, shorten the time required to switch between pickling operation and pickling pause, and heat acid solution efficiently, a pickling device includes: a pickling tank for storing acid solution and for pickling a steel strip by allowing the steel strip to travel therethrough while the steel strip is immersed in the acid solution; a heat exchanger for heating the acid solution in the pickling tank; a circulation tank for storing the acid solution, provided separately from the pickling tank; an acid-solution circulation device configured to circulate the acid solution between the pickling tank and the circulation tank; a control device configured to withdraw the steel strip from the acid solution; and a guide plate disposed in the pickling tank and configured to guide the acid solution circulated in the pickling tank by the acid-solution circulation device to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: In an artificial photosynthesis module, a plurality of first electrode portions of a hydrogen generation electrode are disposed side by side with a gap, and each of a plurality of second electrode portions of an oxygen generation electrode is disposed at a gap between the first electrode portions of the hydrogen generation electrode as seen from the hydrogen generation electrode side with respect to the diaphragm. A first photocatalyst layer of at least one first electrode portion of the hydrogen generation electrode or a second photocatalyst layer of at least one of the second electrode portions of the oxygen generation electrode is tilted with respect to a flow direction of an electrolytic aqueous solution, or a projecting part is provided on a surface of the first photocatalyst layer of at least one first electrode portion of the hydrogen generation electrode or a surface of the second photocatalyst layer of at least one second electrode portion of the oxygen generation electrode.