Abstract: A dispensing device for dispensing a powder includes a container body for storing a powder and a rotatable disc shaped member arranged at a bottom side of the container body. The disc shaped member includes an axial side surface configured for engagement with the powder and wherein the axial side surface is provided with one or more radially extending storage slots each terminating at a corresponding radial side opening in a radial side surface of the disc shaped member. The dispensing device further comprises a rake member movably arranged along the axial side surface and configured for raking a predetermined amount of powder from one of the one or more storage slots through the corresponding radial side opening in a dispensing configuration of the dispensing device.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a system for measuring the capacity of a container. The system includes a variable scale disposed near or within the interior wall of the container with elongated body formed by an adjustable shaft including a number of visual indicators. The visual indicators are representative of a capacity of the container, and sliding the adjustable shaft adjusts an amount of space between each of the visual indicators. The system also includes a measuring arm extending from one end of the adjustable shaft and configured to rotate around an axis of rotation from a locked position, in which adjustment of the adjustable shaft is prevented, to a movable position, in which adjustment of the adjustable shaft is permitted. The measuring arm can be used to expand or compress the adjustable shaft, along with the spaces between the visual indicators.

Abstract: Fluid introduction into the patient during surgery can be tracked more accurately. For example, saline is often introduced to a patient to clean an operating site. The saline is taken from a sterile bucket and introduced to the patient. In one described approach, the system senses the volume or weight of fluid in the sterile bucket and determines any decrease in the volume or weight to be an introduction of fluid to the patient. If, however, additional saline is added to the bucket, that addition is not counted in the fluid tracking and the further decrements from that new fluid amount is what is used to track fluid addition to the patient.

Abstract: A method for determining an air volume in a combustion chamber of a fuel-injection internal combustion engine, especially during a load change condition, including synchronizing a throttle valve setpoint signal to an operating state criterion (tn); determining a curve dynamics of the throttle valve position taking into account the synchronized throttle valve setpoint signal; determining an actual air volume quantity at an ACTUAL time point (t0); determining a desired time point (t0+?t); predicting a further air volume quantity for the desired time point (t0+?t) and determining a total air volume quantity from the ACTUAL air volume quantity and the further air volume quantity for the desired time point (t0+?t).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the level of a liquid. The apparatus comprises an elongated, thermally conductive probe with an upper region to be disposed above the surface of the liquid, a lower region to be disposed below the surface of the liquid, and a middle region. A heater adds heat to the probe, and temperature sensors may measure the temperature of the probe in the upper and lower regions. An actuator may introduce a vibration into the probe at a first location, and a vibration sensor senses the arrival of the vibration at a second location. Electrical circuitry controls may be used to receive signals and make measurements. The liquid level may be computed by electrical circuitry controls via an equation.

Abstract: Replaceable fluid containers for engines, such as those comprising at least one fluid port adapted to couple with a fluid circulation system of the engine when the replaceable container is coupled to a dock, a data provider configured to provide analog data characteristic of at least one of the fluid and the container, an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert analog data from the data provider into digitized data, and an interface configured to provide the digitized data unprocessed to an interface of the dock for supply to a processor configured to process the unprocessed digitized data to provide an indication of a property of at least one of the fluid and the container, related replaceable fluid containers for engines and associated methods of determining a property of a fluid in a replaceable fluid container for an engine.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a floating roof of a liquid storage tank and a method for use of the system are described. The system includes linear position measuring devices to determine the vertical location and orientation of the floating roof within the storage tank and one or more transmitters to relay such information to a monitoring, recording, or control device, or to a remote computer network location. Typically, three measuring devices are used, positioned at or near the top of the storage tank and generally equally spaced around the perimeter of the tank. The system and method are useful to monitor the position and inclination of a liquid storage tank floating roof, such as may be used in the petrochemical, chemical and other industries where such storage tanks are in use.

Abstract: Suspension for a weighing cell, where the suspension comprises a base structure and a moveable structure, and where a load cell is interposed and connected between said base structure and said moveable structure, where the suspension is generally shaped as a parallelogram, said parallelogram having two parallel primary elements, where one primary element is fastened to the base structure and the other primary element is fastened to the moveable structure, and where between the primary elements on respectively the base structure and the moveable structure, two in a rest position parallel secondary elements are arranged, where each secondary element is provided with at least one bendable section, said bendable sections having the same characteristics with respect to bending, and that the primary elements comprises a cylindrical section and a fastening land in either end of the cylindrical section for fastening an end of the secondary elements.

Abstract: A system for detecting vibrations from a surface is provided. The system includes a coherent light source for projecting a multi-beam pattern onto the surface and an imaging device for mapping a speckle field generated by each spot formed on the surface by the multi-beam pattern to a unique region of an imaging sensor. The system further includes a processor for processing speckle field information received by the imaging sensor and deriving surface vibration information.

Abstract: Disclosed are optical devices and methods of manufacturing optical devices. An optical device can include a substrate; an optical emitter chip affixed to the front surface of the substrate; and an optical sensor chip affixed to the front surface of the substrate. The optical sensor chip can include a main sensor and a reference sensor. The optical device can include an opaque dam separating the main optical sensor and the reference sensor. The optical device can include a first transparent encapsulation block encapsulating the optical emitter chip and the reference optical sensor and a second transparent encapsulation block encapsulating the main optical sensor. The optical device can include an opaque encapsulation material encapsulating the first transparent encapsulation block and the second transparent encapsulation block with a first opening above the main optical sensor and a second opening above the optical emitter chip.

Abstract: An embodiment of a method for compensating variations in an attenuation of light of an optical filter of a light sensor system comprises illuminating a clear sensor and a color sensor of the light sensor system with a test light having a test spectrum. Therein the color sensor comprises the optical filter and is designed to predominantly sense light with a wavelength within a pass band of the filter; and the test spectrum has components outside the pass band. A clear test signal generated by the clear sensor and a color test signal generated by the color sensor are received in particular in response to the illumination with the test light. Then a first transmission value T is determined based on the clear test signal and on the color test signal. Finally, a compensation factor Kr, Kg, Kb is calculated to compensate the variations in the attenuation of light based on the first transmission value T and a nominal transmission value Tn of the filter.

Abstract: Differing from conventional ambient light sensors at least having drawbacks of huge circuit area and high manufacturing cost, the present invention discloses an ambient light sensor showing advantages of small circuit area and low manufacturing cost. This ambient light sensor has functionality of photodiode leakage current compensation, and comprises: a temperature sensing unit, a microprocessor unit, a conversion unit, and a lookup table unit. The microprocessor unit is configured to find out a reference parameter for a first dark current from the lookup table unit according to a measured data of ambient temperature. Subsequently, the conversion unit is controlled to apply a current amplifying process to a second dark current. Therefore, after subtracting an output current of the first photodiode from the second dark current been treated with the current amplifying process, the output current been treated with a leakage current compensating process is produced and outputted.

Abstract: The present application discloses a UV radiation monitoring apparatus, method, and system. The monitoring apparatus includes a case, an authenticator disposed on the case and configured to identify a user, a controller in the case coupled to the authenticator to enable a first mode for an authenticated user, a detector on the case coupled to the controller and configured to measure an intensity of ultraviolet radiation and generate ultraviolet index (UVI) value at the present time, a memory coupled to the controller and configured to store the UVI values over an exposure time added into historical UVI data for the authenticated user, and a display unit to display the UVI value at the present time and the personal health instructions on UV protection for the authenticated user. The monitoring apparatus further is configured to be paired with a mobile terminal for providing updated personal health instructions.

Abstract: An photodetection device according to an embodiment includes: a pixel including at least one cell, the at least one cell including an avalanche photodiode and a resistor connected in series to the avalanche photodiode; a voltage source configured to apply voltage to the cell of the pixel; and a temperature detecting circuit including a temperature detecting element configured to detect a temperature of the pixel, wherein the temperature detecting element includes: a photodiode having the same structure as the avalanche photodiode; and a light shielding structure disposed on an upper surface of the photodiode.

Abstract: An embodiment of a ruggedized interferometer is described that comprises a light source that generates a beam of light; a fixed mirror; a moving mirror that travels along a linear path; a beam splitter that directs a first portion of the beam of light to the fixed mirror and a second portion of the beam of light to the moving mirror, wherein the beam splitter recombines the first portion reflected from the fixed mirror and the second portion reflected from the moving mirror; and a servo control that applies a substantial degree of force to the moving mirror at initiation of a turnaround period, wherein the substantial degree of force is sufficient to redirect the moving mirror traveling at a high velocity to an opposite direction of travel on the linear path.

Abstract: A spectrometer includes a light detection element having a substrate made of a semiconductor material, a light passing part provided in the substrate, and a light detection part put in the substrate, a support having a base wall part opposing the light detection element, and side wall parts integrally formed with the base wall part, the light detection element being fixed to the side wall parts, the support being provided with a wiring electrically connected to the light detection part, and a dispersive part provided on a surface of the base wall part on a side of a space. An end part of the wiring is connected to a terminal of the light detection element. An end part of the wiring is positioned on a surface in the base wall part on an opposite side from the side of the space.

Abstract: Increased sensitivity of spectrometers through reducing noise in independent voltage signals via a differential voltage analyzer utilizing a reference wavelength from a wavelength region in which the optical absorption of the sample is negligible. In an embodiment, a grating permits selection of a reference wavelength. In another embodiment, filters permit selection of a reference wavelength. In yet another embodiment, both a grating and a filter permit selection of a reference wavelength. In an aspect, the differential voltage analyzer reduces noise by minimizing a differential voltage between the independent voltage signals and the reference voltage signal by adjusting the value of a cancellation coefficient.

Abstract: This temperature measuring device includes: a case which has a bottomed tubular shape with a closed portion at one end and an opening at the other end, and in which a temperature sensing part is disposed on the side of the closed portion; an infrared temperature sensor unit in which an infrared temperature detection unit that has a light-receiving surface receiving an infrared ray and detects the received infrared ray and outputs the ray in the form of an electrical signal is disposed opposite the temperature sensing part while being spaced therefrom inside the case; and a connection terminal unit which has in the interior thereof a circuit unit that acquires the electrical signal and that generates temperature information so that the temperature information is outputted to an external device, wherein the connection terminal unit can be disposed at a position spaced from the heat source.

Abstract: Flight based infrared imaging systems and related techniques, and in particular UAS based thermal imaging systems, are provided to improve the monitoring capabilities of such systems over conventional infrared monitoring systems. An infrared imaging system is configured to compensate for various environmental effects (e.g., position and/or strength of the sun, atmospheric effects) to provide high resolution and accuracy radiometric measurements of targets imaged by the infrared imaging system. An infrared imaging system is alternatively configured to monitor regulatory limitations on operation of the infrared imaging system and adjust and/or disable operation of the infrared imaging systems accordingly.

Abstract: Flight based infrared imaging systems and related techniques, and in particular UAS based thermal imaging systems, are provided to improve the monitoring capabilities of such systems over conventional infrared monitoring systems. An infrared imaging system is configured to compensate for various environmental effects (e.g., position and/or strength of the sun, atmospheric effects) to provide high resolution and accuracy radiometric measurements of targets imaged by the infrared imaging system. An infrared imaging system is alternatively configured to monitor and determine environmental conditions, modify data received from infrared imaging systems and other systems, modify flight paths and other commands, and/or create a representation of the environment.

Abstract: Infrared (IR) temperature measurement and stabilization systems, and methods related thereto are provided. One or more embodiments passively stabilizes temperatures of objects in proximity and within the path between an infrared (IR) sensor and target object. An overmolded sensor assembly may include an IR sensor, which may include a sensing element or IR element and a circuit or signal processor. The IR element may be thermally bonded with a frame or conductive top hat.

Abstract: Various aspects of this disclosure provide a bolometer including a substrate and a ring resonator structure over the substrate. The bolometer may also include a silicon oxide layer in thermal contact with the ring resonator structure. The bolometer may further include a first waveguide over the substrate and coupled to the ring resonator structure, the first waveguide configured to couple an infrared light to the ring resonator structure so that the infrared light generates a temperature increase in the silicon oxide layer. The bolometer may additionally include a second waveguide over the substrate and coupled to the ring resonator structure, the second waveguide configured to couple a probe light input to the ring resonator structure so that a probe light output is generated from the probe light input, the probe light output having a change in a characteristic from the probe light input based on the temperature increase.

Abstract: An optical system comprising a randomizer that has a plurality of randomly positioned scatterers for scattering and thereby randomizing light to generate a speckle pattern and a detector for detecting the speckle pattern to determine at least one property of the light and/or change in at least one property of the light.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a apparatus and method for measuring a waveform of a light wave. A light wave measurement apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a pulse separation unit to separate an input light wave into a fundamental pulse and a signal pulse, a time delay adjustment unit to adjust a time delay between the fundamental pulse and the signal pulse, a focusing unit to focus the fundamental pulse and the signal pulse whose time delay is adjusted on an ionization material, and an ionization yield measurement unit to measure an ionization yield from electrons and/or ions generated by the focused fundamental pulse and signal pulse. The waveform of the input light wave is obtained by obtaining an ionization yield modulation changed by the signal pulse as a function of the time delay.

Abstract: A device for detecting and logging a temperature of a fluid while placed in the fluid is disclosed. The device comprises a microprocessor having an integrated temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is configured to detect the temperature of the fluid. The device also comprises a power source configured to power the microprocessor and a communication interface configured to be connected to an external read out device for enabling a read out of temperature data. A system and use of the device for detecting and logging a temperature of a fluid are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for measuring a temperature inside a kitchen appliance, in particular a temperature of an item to be cooked, inside a kitchen appliance, includes: transmitting an electromagnetic excitation signal using a transmission-receiving device, receiving the excitation signal by a temperature sensor, which is arranged in the kitchen appliance, in particular in the item to be cooked, transmitting a temperature-dependent response signal by the temperature sensor, receiving the response signal by the transmission-receiving device, determining the current temperature by comparing the response signal to temperature-dependent reference signals. To also provide for an interaction between a plurality of kitchen appliances, the transmission-receiving device transmits the response signal or partial information of the response signal and/or the value of a current temperature, which is determined by the transmission-receiving device, to a control device of a further kitchen appliance or to an external processor.

Abstract: An abnormal temperature detection circuit according to the present invention includes: a differential output detection circuit portion C1 having a detection thermistor and a compensation thermistor configured to detect a differential output between an output of the detection thermistor and an output of the compensation thermistor; a threshold setting circuit portion C2 that is an analog circuit configured to change a determination threshold for determining whether a temperature detected by the detection thermistor is an abnormal temperature in accordance with the output of the compensation thermistor and to output the changed determination threshold; and an abnormal temperature determination circuit portion C3 configured to output an abnormal temperature detection signal when the differential output is lower than the determination threshold that has been output.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed of a service cart for an aircraft or other vehicle, which includes a thermoelectric device capable of generating a current as a result of a temperature differential between a cold compartment of the cart and an ambient environment. The current can be either stored in a battery or other storage device, and used to power one or more electronic components associated with the cart.

Abstract: A temperature management apparatus comprising: an acquiring unit to acquire an image containing a portion coated with a first thermo-paint with its color changing based on a first cumulative temperature as a product of a temperature difference between a predetermined first temperature and an ambient temperature when the ambient temperature exceeds the first temperature and time for which the ambient temperature exceeds the first temperature; a storage unit to store first data exhibiting a correspondence relationship between the color of the first thermo-paint and the first cumulative temperature; and an arithmetic unit to compute the first cumulative temperature corresponding to the color of the first thermo-paint, based on the color of the first thermo-paint contained in the image and the first data, wherein the first thermo-paint is coated directly or indirectly over a measurement object.

Abstract: A force measurement device may include a first magnetic field generating unit configured to generate a magnetic field for being applied to a test object; a first magnetic field sensing unit configured to sense the generated magnetic field; and a flux concentrator having a first pole, a second pole and a third pole. The first pole, the second pole and the third pole extend in the same direction. The first magnetic field generating unit is arranged at the first pole. The first magnetic field sensing unit is arranged at the second pole. A line enveloping a first end face of the first pole, a second end face of the second pole and a third end face of the third pole is concave shaped. A cross section of the first pole is greater than a cross section of the second pole and greater than a cross section of the third pole.

Abstract: A pressure sensor including laterally arranged electrodes on a coplanar surface and a method of fabricating the pressure sensor are provided. The pressure sensor includes: a substrate whose top surface is formed in the form of a projection; a first electrode which is formed on one side of the top surface of the substrate; a second electrode which is formed on the other side of the top surface of the substrate and is spaced apart from the first electrode; and a dielectric material layer which is formed on the top surface of the substrate and fills a space between the first electrode and the second electrode. A pressure applied in a direction perpendicular to the top surface of the substrate causes a change in the dielectric constant of the dielectric material layer. The magnitude of the pressure is sensed by detecting a capacitance which changes according to the change in the dielectric constant.

Abstract: A pain sensing device includes a sensor array including a plurality of sensors that sense pressure generated due to a contact of an object and output electrical piezoelectric signals; and a signal processor configured to recognize the shape of the object based on the number of sensors that output the piezoelectric signals among the plurality of sensors, and to generate a pain signal according to the recognized shape of the object.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention relates to a pressure sensor formed in a sheet type and including conductive fibers, nonconductive fibers, and piezoresistive fibers, which are woven together, wherein the pressure sensor includes a first electrode layer including the conductive fibers and the nonconductive fibers, a second electrode layer including the conductive fibers and the nonconductive fibers, and a piezoresistive layer including the piezoresistive fibers and disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer.

Abstract: The potential difference between a piezo-resistive portion and a shield film is to be reduced. A semiconductor device is provided, including: a semiconductor substrate having provided therein a hollowed portion, a piezo-resistive portion provided in a region of the semiconductor substrate above the hollowed portion; an insulating film provided above the piezo-resistive portion; and a conductive shield film provided above the piezo-resistive portion with the insulating film intervening therebetween, wherein two different parts of the shield film are connected to different potentials. In this manner, the potential difference between a piezo-resistive portion and a shield film can be reduced.

Abstract: A system and method of delivering fiber optic communication service is provided. The method includes monitoring a strain signal generated by a strain-sensing optical fiber embedded in a roadway. The method includes comparing the strain signal to a predetermined allowable strain threshold of an optical communication cable associated with the strain-sensing optical fiber. The method includes relieving strain at a position along a length of the optical communications cable when the strain signal is determined to exceed the predetermined allowable strain threshold.

Abstract: Provided herein is technology relating to weather sensors and particularly, but not exclusively, to devices, methods, and systems related to collecting weather data by measuring bending and compression stresses in a weather sensor device.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes devices and method for measuring tension in a test object. An example device includes a probe configured to exert a force upon a test object at a particular location, a sensor that detects the force that the probe exerts upon the test object, and a switch that signals the sensor indicating the test object has been displaced a particular distance and/or angle, such that the sensor measures the force at a time when the test object has been displaced the particular distance and/or angle.

Abstract: A pressure sensor is provided, the sensor comprising an inlet for connecting to a body of gas; a diaphragm assembly comprising a first diaphragm and a second diaphragm, the first and second diaphragms defining a chamber therebetween, the chamber being connected to the inlet; a first transducer responsive to movement of the first diaphragm and operable to produce a first electrical signal in response to the same; and a second transducer responsive to movement of the second diaphragm and operable to produce a second electrical signal in response to the same; and an amplifier disposed in the chamber of the diaphragm assembly and connected to the first and second transducers to receive the first and second electrical signals therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a system for measuring pressure on a sail comprising: a) at least one pressure electronic scanner; b) at least one pressure sensor positioned on the sail; c) pneumatic means for connecting said at least one pressure scanner to said at least one pressure sensor positioned on the sail, wherein said connecting means is a pressure strip.

Abstract: A pressure sensor includes a substrate which includes a diaphragm that is flexurally deformed by receiving a pressure, a piezoresistive element which is provided in the diaphragm; and a protective film which is provided on one surface side of the diaphragm. The protective film includes a thin section and a thick section which is thicker than the thin section. Further, in a plan view of the substrate, the thin section overlaps with the piezoresistive element, and the thick section overlaps with at least a part of the diaphragm.

Abstract: A sensor sheet is manufactured by forming a conductive heat-sensitive material 5 over first wiring electrodes 3a and forming second wiring electrodes 4a over the conductive heat-sensitive material 5. For this reason, no adhesion surface (boundary surface), which is formed when adhesion is performed later, exists between the first wiring electrode 3a and the conductive heat-sensitive material 5 and between the conductive heat-sensitive material 5 and the second wiring electrodes 4a.

Abstract: A sensor carrier having a main plane of extension, a first side parallel to the main plane of extension, a second side parallel to the main plane of extension, which is situated opposite the first side, and at least one electrical contact surface situated on the second side. At least one stress-measuring structure is embedded in the sensor carrier. A sensor module having such a sensor carrier as well as to a component having a sensor module having such a sensor carrier, are also described. A method for calibrating a sensor module and a method for operating a sensor module are also described.

Abstract: A pressure sensor includes a substrate which has a diaphragm that is flexurally deformed by receiving a pressure, a side wall section which is placed on one surface side of the substrate and surrounds the diaphragm in a plan view, and a sealing layer which is placed so as to face the diaphragm through a space and seals the space, wherein the sealing layer includes a first silicon layer which has a through-hole facing the space, a silicon oxide layer which is located on the opposite side to the space with respect to the first silicon layer and seals the through-hole, and a second silicon layer which is located on the opposite side to the space with respect to the silicon oxide layer.

Abstract: A portable vacuum pressure graphing gauge device enabling users of vacuum systems the ability to see trends of vacuum systems through real time plotting of a pressure vs. time curve on a hand held instrument, enabling them to understand what is going on in their system, or the like. A device may include several graphical modes designed to even more easily interpret vacuum data, and packaging that is rugged and versatile including a magnet, kickstand, wireless connectivity, visual and audible set points, automatic sensor fault detection, and several vacuum pressure measurement units to choose from, or the like.

Abstract: A device and method for the visual inspection of the existence of pressure within a branch line of pipe is described. A mechanical tee includes a collar portion configured to extend around a pipe. The collar portion defines an axis and includes one or more fasteners to secure the tee to the pipe. A neck portion is coupled to the collar portion. The channel of the neck portion is in fluid communication with the interior of the pipe. A seal is used to prevent leakage between the pipe and the mechanical tee. A pressure indicating device is in fluid communication with the channel of the neck portion and configured to provide a visual indication of the pressure level in the channel. The pressure indicating device may optionally include electrical contacts to communicate with a monitoring system to discern and track the pressure levels in the channel.

Abstract: A glove inspection device (20) is provided for testing the integrity of a protective glove (10). The device (20) includes a base (22) having a glove mount feature (24) configured to sealingly receive a cuff (18) of a protective glove (10). A pressure sensor (26) is operably connected to the base (22) and is configured to monitor an internal pressure of a protective glove (10) mounted on the glove mount feature (24). A user interface (28) is operably connected to the pressure sensor (26) to provide a representation of the internal pressure monitored by the pressure sensor (26).

Abstract: A detector comprises an optical parametric oscillator having a non-linear material adapted to convert via a parametric process pump light into down converted light of two different wavelengths, the first wavelength being longer than the second wavelength. The non-linear material is provided in a down converted wave cavity arranged to resonate only one of the first or second wavelengths. The detector comprises means for modulating light in the down converted wave cavity to induce an acoustic or pressure wave caused by absorption of the resonant one of the first and second wavelengths. The detector further comprises means located in the down-converted wave cavity for detecting the acoustic or pressure wave. The detector may be used for detecting or sensing very low levels of a fluid, for example a gas such as ethane.

Abstract: A test bench for generating aerodynamic loads on an actuator to be tested includes a force actuator configured to generate at least one dynamic load, the test bench being configured to transmit the dynamic load produced by the force actuator to the actuator to be tested, and a controller for controlling the dynamic load generated by the force actuator depending on a pressure, measured by a pressure sensor, inside one of the chambers of the force actuator.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring thermo-mechanically induced reticle distortion or other distortion in a lithography device enables detecting distortion at the nanometer level in situ. The techniques described use relatively simple optical detectors and data acquisition electronics that are capable of monitoring the distortion in real time, during operation of the lithography equipment. Time-varying anisotropic distortion of a reticle can be measured by directing slit patterns of light having different orientations to the reticle and detecting reflected, transmitted or diffracted light from the reticle. In one example, corresponding segments of successive time measurements of secondary light signals are compared as the reticle scans a substrate at a reticle stage speed of about 1 m/s to detect temporal offsets and other features that correspond to spatial distortion.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a method including: coupling one or more optical spatial pilot signals into a first end of optical fiber, wherein the optical fiber is a multimode optical fiber; Reflecting and modifying each mode of the optical pilot signals at a second end of the optical fiber; receiving a reflected portion of the one or more optical spatial pilot signals at the first end of the of the optical fiber in response to the reflected portion having propagated through the optical fiber in both directions; processing the reflected spatial pilot to determine components of one of a round-trip transfer matrix of the optical fiber and a single-direction transfer matrix of the optical fiber.