Abstract: A sensing and treatment device includes an array of metal nanorod electrodes formed on a substrate, the array including first electrodes for sensing, and second electrodes for electrical pulsation. A data processing system is configured to monitor a parameter using the first electrodes and to activate the electrical pulsation in the second electrodes in accordance with a reading of the parameter.

Abstract: A catheter may include an outer layer defining a plurality of apertures therethrough, and a body defining at least one longitudinal lumen therein. The body may be within the outer layer, and the apertures may be radially outward of the lumen. The catheter may also include a plurality of electrodes positioned in or on the catheter, with each electrode being electrically exposed through an aperture of the plurality of apertures. A ribbon cable may extend through the lumen and include a plurality of leads, with the plurality of leads being electrically connected to the plurality of electrodes. The plurality of leads and electrodes may be formed by the deposition of conductive inks or paints, or by the electrodeposition of copper or other conductive metals or materials.

Abstract: A portable one-piece therapeutical apparatus with dual heating and low-frequency treatment functions includes a main unit having an accommodating space and a patch portion; a control means installed in the accommodating space and including a printed circuit board assembly with an operating component for controlling low-frequency pulses and a heating operation, an electrical connector installed at the front of the printed circuit board assembly for charging a battery and reading, writing and transmitting data; at least one heating means installed at the main unit and electrically coupled to the printed circuit board assembly for producing a heating effect; at least one low-frequency electrode layer disposed under the patch portion and electrically coupled to the printed circuit board assembly for transmitting low-frequency pulses; and a battery installed in the accommodating space and directly and electrically coupled to the printed circuit board assembly for supplying power to the patch therapeutical apparatu

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer program products for closed loop control of a lighting system. A plurality of system nodes are in communication with a database management system. Each node includes a supervisory controller, a fixture, communication modules, and sensor modules. The node adjusts the output of the fixture in accordance with data from the database management system and/or data from a mobile device. The node senses environmental conditions near the node, such as characteristics of the light, temperature, humidity, occupancy, and movement in an area near the node, and transmits data indicative of these conditions to the database management system. The database management system analyzes the data and makes further adjustments to the output of the nodes based thereon. These adjustments to the output of the fixture may include adjustments configured to stimulate a biological response in visual receptors of a person near the node.

Abstract: Intermittent delivery of ventricular pacing pulses synchronized to occur during an atrial diastole time period can be used to provide atrial stretch therapy and augment the production and release of atrial natriuretic hormone.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are implantable medical devices (IMDs) including a receiver and a battery, and methods for use therewith. The receiver includes first and second differential amplifiers, each of which monitors for a predetermined signal within a frequency range and drains power from the battery while enabled, and while not enabled drains substantially no power from the battery. To remove undesirable input offset voltages, each of the differential amplifiers, while enabled, is selectively put into an offset correction phase during which time the predetermined signal is not detectable by the differential amplifier. At any given time at least one of the first and second differential amplifiers is enabled without being in the offset correction phase so that at least one of the differential amplifiers is always monitoring for the predetermined signal. In this manner, the receiver is never blind to signals, including the predetermined signals, sent by another IMD.

Abstract: An extra-cardiovascular implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is configured to induce a tachyarrhythmia by charging a high voltage capacitor to a voltage amplitude and delivering a series of pulses to a patient's heart by discharging the capacitor via an extra-cardiovascular electrode vector. Delivering the series of pulses includes recharging the high-voltage capacitor during an inter-pulse interval between consecutive pulses of the series of pulses.

Abstract: An external defibrillator system is configured with at least two different algorithms for determining the duration of a shock administered to a patient being treated and selects the algorithm based on one or more patient parameters such as, for example, the patient's TTI. The patient's TTI can be measured prior to or while the shock is being administered to the patient. The shock can be, for example, a multiphasic defibrillation or a multiphasic cardioversion shock. The charge voltage of the system's energy storage device can additionally be varied depending on the one or more patient parameters. For example, the system may charge the energy storage device so that the charge voltage is higher or lower than a nominal charge voltage responsive to the patient's TTI is higher or lower compared to an average TTI, respectively.

Abstract: An implantable medical device system includes a pacemaker and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The pacemaker is configured to confirm a hemodynamically unstable rhythm based on an activity metric determined from an activity sensor signal after detecting a ventricular tachyarrhythmia and withhold anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) pulses in response to confirming the hemodynamically unstable rhythm. The pacemaker may deliver ATP when a hemodynamically unstable rhythm is not confirmed based on the activity metric. The ICD is configured to detect the ATP and withhold a shock therapy in response to detecting the ATP in some examples.

Abstract: An implantable medical device system capable of sensing cardiac electrical signals includes a sensing circuit, a therapy delivery circuit and a control circuit. The sensing circuit is configured to receive a cardiac electrical signal and sense a cardiac event in response to the signal crossing a cardiac event sensing threshold. The therapy delivery circuit is configured to deliver an electrical stimulation therapy to a patient's heart via the electrodes coupled to the implantable medical device. The control circuit is configured to control the sensing circuit to set a starting value of the cardiac event sensing threshold and hold the starting value constant for a sense delay interval. The control circuit is further configured to detect an arrhythmia based on cardiac events sensed by the sensing circuit and control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver the electrical stimulation therapy in response to detecting the arrhythmia.

Abstract: The invention pertains to advances in real-time methods in nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging, and non-invasive medical ablation by offering: a new real-time processing method for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum acquisition without external resonator(s), which remains stable despite magnetic field fluctuations, a new processing method for nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum acquisition, which remains stable despite magnetic field fluctuations and resonator stability, a new method of constructing predetermined magnets from appropriate magnetic material that allows for focusing the magnetic field in a target region, a new dual frequency dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) generator that polarizes the spin of electrons and acts as an NMR transmitter, a new real-time processing method for visualizing, targeting, and guiding surgical and other non-invasive processes, and a new method of non-invasive ablation, heat generation, and chemical reaction activation inside the human body to

Abstract: The invention relates generally to intradermal, transdermal, and/or transmembrane delivery of biologically active substances in the epidermis and/or through the skin, sub-dermal tissues, blood vessels and cellular membranes without causing damage to the cellular surface, tissue or membrane. The biologically active substances may have a molecular weight no less than about 5.8 kDa to about 2,500 kDa, such as Hyaluronic Acid (HA). The biologically active substances may be deposited in a dermal patch containing a red algae polysaccharide-based matrix, wherein the red algae polysaccharide is an extract of Chondrus crispus at 2% by weight of the dermal patch. The invention provides systems and methods for enhanced intradermal, transdermal, and/or transmembrane delivery of such biologically active substances using pulsed incoherent light. The invention further provides a device for the application of the pulsed incoherent light to cellular surfaces and membranes using those compositions and methods.

Abstract: A process for heat treating biological tissue includes providing a plurality of energy emitters formed into an array. Treatment energy is generated from the plurality of emitters and applied to target tissue. The treatment energy has energy and application parameters selected so as to raise the target tissue temperature sufficiently to create a therapeutic effect while maintaining an average temperature of the target tissue over several minutes at or below a predetermined temperature so as not to destroy or permanently damage the target tissue.

Abstract: A lipolysis radiation paddle (2) comprises a plurality of lipolysis radiation transducers (14) mounted in a base (20). The base (20) has a lower portion (21), and a pair of side portions (26) extending upwardly from respective sides of the lower portion (21). The lower portion (21) is shaped to fit under the jaw (51) of a user (50) of the paddle (2), and has a front end (22) shaped to receive the chin (52) of the user (50). The side portions (26) are each shaped to extend to and along respective sides of the jawline (53) of the user (50). The transducers (14) are directed inwardly towards the skin in proximity to the paddle (2).

Abstract: A phototherapy device for applying light from a plurality of low-level light sources, such as LEDs or laser diodes, to male genitalia. The plurality of light sources are located on the interior of a tube, cup or helical band or ribbon, which is then applied to some or all portions of the male genitalia. One or more straps or arms may be used to position the device and hold it in place. A control unit may be wired or wirelessly connected to the device to power and control the frequency and timing of the light therapy application.

Abstract: A process for heat treating biological tissue includes generating treatment radiation having a predetermined wavelength and average power. The treatment radiation is applied to biological tissue, such as retinal tissue, such that at least one treatment spot is formed on the biological tissue and the biological tissue is heat stimulated sufficiently to create a therapeutic effect without destroying the tissue.

Abstract: Methods and devices for minimally-invasive delivery of radiation to the posterior portion of the eye including a cannula comprising a distal portion connected to a proximal portion and a means for advancing a radionuclide brachytherapy source (RBS) toward the tip of the distal portion; a method of introducing radiation to the human eye comprising inserting a cannula between the Tenon's capsule and the sclera of the human eye and emitting the radiation from the cannula.

Abstract: A method and system for using in a two-modality apparatus. The two-modality apparatus comprises a couch with a table top, a first modality unit and a second modality unit. A second image of a target portion of an object when the table top is at a second working position of the second modality unit may be acquired. A second sag of the table top at a second measurement point of the table top according to the second image may be determined based on the image. A difference between a first sag of the table top at a first measurement point of the table top and the second sag may be estimated based on the second sag and standard data. The standard data provides a relationship relating to a sag of the table top positioned between the first modality unit and second modality unit.

Abstract: A method is described, including acquiring, using a camera, an image of a radiation beam incident on a phantom, the radiation beam being emitted by a radiation source. The method further includes determining a beam pointing offset based on the image and calibrating a position of the radiation source based on the beam pointing offset. A calibration system is described including the phantom, the camera, and a processing device. A phantom having an X-ray luminescent material is also described.

Abstract: A phantom is described. The phantom having a spherical phantom body and an X-ray luminescent material, wherein at least a portion of the X-ray luminescent material is on a surface of the phantom.

Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to hair-treatment compositions that include a unique combination of components that function to impart desirable cosmetic properties to the hair, especially chemically treated hair. The hair-treatment compositions typically include: at least 0.5 wt. % of at least one non-polymeric mono, di, or tricarboxylic acid, and/or a salt thereof; one or more amines; one or more alkoxysilanes; one or more cationic polymers; and water. Hair treated with the hair-treatment compositions is strengthened and exhibits improved sensorial properties such as smoothness, softness, and suppleness.

Abstract: The present invention provides core-stabilized microcapsules, wherein said core comprises at least one active agent encapsulated within an inorganic oxide shell, processes for their preparations, comparisons comprising them and uses thereof.

Abstract: Embodiments relate generally to connectors for use with harness and backplate systems in an SCBA. An SCBA may comprise a backplate for holding a cylinder of air and a harness with straps operable to attach to the backplate. Applicants have developed a backplate connector that provides a reliable quick connection and disconnection for straps attached to a backplate. The connector may fit into a slot on the backplate. In some embodiments, a plurality of connectors may be used to connect a plurality of straps to the backplate. Additionally, the connector may comprise a clip or other attachment operable to secure one or more hoses of the SCBA. This design may prevent the air hoses being hooked accidently, and the attachment of the hoses may help to secure the connector into the slot of the backplate, reducing the change of the connector disconnecting during normal usage.

Abstract: A respiratory protection composite facepiece is disclosed and includes a polymeric rigid facepiece body portion having a first surface and a second surface and a silicone sealing facepiece element chemically bonded at least one of the first surface or the second surface. The first and second surfaces can be opposing major surfaces. A second silicone element is chemically bonded to at least one of the first surface or the second surface. Methods of making the same are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention utilizes a backpack body to define an openable accommodation chamber. The accommodation chamber further has an opening on the top end thereof for the communication of the inside and outside thereof. The accommodation chamber utilizes a restricting structure to position an energy absorption band. The energy absorption band is formed of at least a first layer and a second layer that are coincidingly bound. The top ends of the first layer and the second layer extend a first connecting portion and a second connecting portion respectively. The first connecting portion and the second connecting portion divergently protrude from the backpack body via the opening. The first connecting portion is for coupling with a safety harness, while the second connecting portion is for coupling with an anti-falling device.

Abstract: A wildfire suppression system is shown that includes a detector that can identify a wildfire threat from an approaching wildfire. When a wildfire is detected, a fire suppression system is activated to pump a fire retardant product, such as water or foam, through a fire retardant distribution system to supply the fire retardant to a series of water dispersion devices that are positioned to protect a structure and a set of landscape elements such as trees, flowers, bushes, and shrubs. Various embodiments can include a fixed based non mobile wildfire suppression system having automatic notification to local fire and police authorities of the presence of the wildfire, and can also include local electrical power generating units that can provide the electrical power needed to operate and control the wildfire suppression system.

Abstract: An exercise chair includes a chair frame, and a base fixed with the chair frame that is adapted to support the exercise chair on a floor surface. The base and chair frame have a plurality of anchors projecting away therefrom. A cushion may cover at least a portion of the frame. Multiple resistance bands each have multiple longitudinal slots therethrough, each adapted for selective fixing with any of the anchor knobs or several attachable exercise devices. In use, with the person seated in the chair and the chair resting on the support surface, one or two of the resistance bands can be fixed with any of the anchor knobs, so that the person can exercise by pushing and/or pulling the at least one resistance band. Different types of attachments are included for exercising varying muscle groups.

Abstract: An exercise device and methods for using the exercise device. The exercise device is a spherical structure having a rigid surface and an opening therein for the user's hand to grasp a handle affixed in the center of the spherical structure. A series of exercises may be performed with the exercise device, including push-ups, rows and swings.

Abstract: A weight collar for retaining a weight on a bar, comprising a bar engaging section having an opening for receiving the bar therethrough and a weight engaging section having proximal and distal ends, the weight engaging section extending from the bar engaging section so as to extend at least partially toward the weight when the bar engaging section receives the bar through the opening, the bar engaging section being configured to engage the bar with a gripping force as the weight exerts a rotational force on the distal end of the weight engaging section so as to prevent the weight from sliding off the bar, the distal end of the weight engaging section being orthogonally spaced at least 1 inch from a central axis of the opening, a center of gravity of the collar being orthogonally spaced at least 0.1 inches from the central axis toward the distal end.

Abstract: A system and a method of treatment using a universal cage creating a coordinate method of exercise. Physical therapy or fitness exercises are provided to a patient through a system of cords, blocks and belts disposed on a plurality of grid panels through a plurality of mounting devices. Placement of the mounting devices on the grid panel is determined by which muscle groups are receiving therapy and the type of movement required. Once the placement for each movement is determined, the coordinates of the mounting device are captured so that the mounting devices can be preset consistently for each therapy session.

Abstract: An athletic training table has a main body with a padded weather resistant platform attached to a frame with a handle and wheels. The frame further has first legs and second legs rotatably connected thereto. The first legs and the second legs each have a first leg portion and a second leg portion. The first leg portion and the second leg portion, on both the first legs and the second legs, are connected by a cross-support member and a base support member. The first legs and the second legs are attached to a central telescopic member that expands and contracts as the first legs and the second legs are rotated between a folded position and an unfolded position.

Abstract: An exercise device with a pair of upper links coupled to the frame and a pair of lower links pivotally coupled to the upper links is provided. A pair of pedals is received on a distal end of each of the lower links. A transfer system between the pair of upper links may include a first and a second pushrod, each with a first end pivotally coupled to each upper link and a second end opposite to the first end. A first and a second pivot arm, each pivotally coupled to the frame, may be included, each pivot arm receiving a respective pushrod. A pliable connector may be coupled to the first pivot arm and the second pivot arm, thus providing compliant reciprocating movement of the upper links.

Abstract: A treadmill which utilizes provides for a connection between the floor stand and the treadbase which is toward the front end of the treadbase and provides for generally improved support of the front end of the treadbase at higher angles by providing that the lift mechanism is attached to the treadbase at two fixed points a fixed distance from each other. The lift mechanism then utilizes two different motions, the extension of an extension arm and the rotation of a rigid arm, to produce lift. The rotation of the rigid arm generally utilizes a wheel in an enclosed raceway attached to the floor stand.

Abstract: An exercise apparatus comprising a foot support movable by the user on the frame back and forth through any one of a plurality of complete, reproducible and different arc segments of a master arcuate path, the foot support being interconnected to an arc segment selection device that is manually actuatable to enable the user to manually select any one of the plurality of different arc segments, the foot support being interconnected to an arm having a handle manually graspable by the user to reduce or increase power or energy required by the user to move the foot support.

Abstract: A stationary exercise machine may include reciprocating hand members, such as handles, and/or reciprocating foot members, such as foot pedals. The reciprocating hand members may be operative to apply a first moment to a crankshaft, and the reciprocating foot members may be operative to apply a second moment to the crankshaft. The second moment may be different than the first moment. The reciprocating foot members may cause a user's feet to move along a closed loop path that is substantially inclined, such that the user's foot motion simulates a climbing motion more than a flat walking or running motion. The reciprocating hand members may be configured to move in coordination with the foot members via a linkage operatively coupling the hand members with the foot members. A resistance mechanism may apply resistance to crankshaft rotation, and the resistance mechanism may be adjustable while the user is using the machine.

Abstract: A stabilizing device for a freestanding exercise device having a frame configured to at least partially support said freestanding exercise device and comprising at least one crossbar member. The stabilizing device comprises a recess configured to receive a wheel or leg of a chair, and at least one friction pad coupled to an outer region of the crossbar member. In one embodiment, the friction pad comprises a support wall and a ramp. Further, the recess may extend laterally from the support wall to the first end of the friction pad.

Abstract: A rhythm fitness step apparatus includes a body and two leg bases. The body has an upper surface and a lower surface, wherein the upper surface is installed with a platform thereon; both sides of the lower surface are formed with an installation space separately. The installation space has a plurality of slots and a plurality of dodge slots concavely and alternately installed therein, wherein the concave depth of the slot and the concave depth of the dodge slot are different so that the depth of the dodge slot is greater than the depth of the slot in design. The leg base has a plate body. The lower surface of the plate body is installed with a cushion pad; the upper surface of the plate body has a plurality of first supporting blocks and a plurality of second supporting blocks protruding therefrom alternately and corresponding to the configuration layout of the slots and the dodge slots of the body.

Abstract: A leg exercise assembly includes a panel that is laid on a horizontal support surface. The panel has a prominence extending upwardly therefrom and the prominence is selectively stood upon with toes thereby facilitating calf raises to be performed. The prominence is selectively stood upon with a heel thereby facilitating toe raises to be performed. A plurality of hooks is coupled to and extends upwardly from the panel. A pair of plates is provided and each of the plates is selectively positioned on the prominence to adjust a height of the prominence. A pair of straps is coupled to the panel and each of the straps engages the toes when the prominence is stood upon with the heel. Each of the straps is comprised of a resiliently stretchable material to exercise shin muscles when the toe raises are performed.

Abstract: A grip strength trainer with an integrated stapler uses a finger grip and a grip-engagement mechanism to enable a user to selectively staple documents or train grip strength. The stapler has a base and a top cover that are hingedly, and terminally, connected about a pin. So that the stapler can perform stapling and strength training operations by pivoting the top cover toward the base. The finger grip is mounted onto the base, opposite to the top cover so that the user is able to establish a stable grip. The grip-engagement mechanism is a spring-loaded actuation system that enables the user to select between performing stapling and strength training operations. The grip-engagement mechanism has a mode-switching slot that passes through the finger grip and forms the track along which a mode-control lever travels. The mode control lever enables the user to selectively perform stapling or strength training operations.

Abstract: A method is provided. The method comprises a first step of acquiring wrist exercise information including at least one of orientation information and motion information of a wrist of a user, a second step of acquiring upper body exercise information including at least one of orientation information and motion information of a torso of the user, a third step of calculating, using reference wrist exercise information and reference upper body exercise information corresponding to each of a plurality of exercise types, a first similarity degree between the reference wrist exercise information and the wrist exercise information and a second similarity degree between the reference upper body exercise information and the upper body exercise information for each of the exercise types, and a fourth step of determining an actual exercise type performed by the user, among the exercise types, based on the first similarity degree and the second similarity degree.

Abstract: A system and method for providing exercise instruction through a multi-video simultaneous streaming device. The system includes an exercise machine; a processor connected to the exercise machine; a memory, at least one camera, and a display screen connected to the processor; and software instructions to receive multiple video feeds and display the video feeds simultaneously. The method includes capturing a video feed of a user operating the exercise machine, communicating the video feed of the user to a first user device connected to the exercise machine, capturing a video feed of an instructor operating another exercise machine, communicating the video feed of the instructor to the first user device, and displaying the video feeds simultaneously on a display screen of the first user device.

Abstract: An exercise system includes a motor, a chain having a first end connected to the motor, and a handle or seat connected to a second end of the chain, and a control system to obtain variable mechanical resistance with continuous variation. The system may enable unrestricted type of resistance, including adjustable ratios of concentric/eccentric power.

Abstract: A swimming goggle structure comprises a left frame, a right frame and a connection element formed therebetween. The left frame and the right frame respectively have an inner peripheral face, an outer peripheral face, a lens, a protection pad and a head strap base. The protection pad has a connecting circumference and a face contact circumference, and the connecting circumference is secured to the inner peripheral face of the left (right) frame, characterized in that: the left frame and the right frame are respectively arranged with a first buffer member. The first buffer member is located between the inner peripheral face and the outer peripheral face and close to a lower side of the connection element, and comprises a plurality of compartments. Each of the plurality of compartments has an opening which provides a flexible support to absorb the impact that acts on the wearer's nose bridge from several directions.

Abstract: Provided is a bismuth golf ball with improved carry distance and fracture strength by adding a nano bismuth reformed by using plasma or a nano bismuth alloy manufactured by using the nano bismuth to a resin composition as a base material as compared with a bismuth golf ball in the related art. Since the nano bismuth golf ball has a more densified internal structure due to a higher content of bismuth as compared with the bismuth golf ball, the resilient elasticity is improved, and thus, the carry distance is increased.

Abstract: A golf ball with a core comprising polybutadiene and graphene is disclosed herein. The golf ball has a single core comprising polybutadiene and graphene. Alternatively, the golf ball has a dual core with an inner core comprising polybutadiene and graphene. Alternatively, the golf ball has a dual core with an outer core comprising polybutadiene and graphene.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are heterogeneous golf ball compositions comprising a matrix formed from a thermosetting polymer composition and discrete particles of crosslinked rubber dispersed within the matrix.

Abstract: A multi-piece solid golf ball having a two-layer core with an inner core layer and an outer core layer and having a cover of one or more layer with numerous dimples on the surface is characterized in that the hardest cover layer has a specific material hardness and the ball has a specific value obtained by subtracting the surface hardness of the overall core from the surface hardness of the hardest cover layer, a specific deflection, and a specific value obtained by subtracting the initial velocity of the inner core layer from the initial velocity of the sphere consisting of the inner core layer encased by the outer core layer. This golf ball enables relatively low head speed golfers to achieve a good distance on full shots with drivers and iron clubs and also provides a soft, comfortable feel at impact.

Abstract: An inflatable sports ball is provided. The sports ball includes an interior bladder and a cover disposed about the interior bladder. The cover may include an outer substrate and an intermediate structure. The cover may further include an outer substrate surface, defined by the outer substrate, and a feature surface radially spaced apart from the outer substrate surface. Together the outer substrate surface and the feature surface cooperate to define an exterior surface of the cover. A mechanoluminescent material may be embedded in a portion of the cover. The mechanoluminescent material may be disposed at only one of the outer substrate surface and the feature surface, such that it is positioned to form a predetermined design on the cover. The mechanoluminescent material emits visible light in response to an externally-applied stress, such that the predetermined design illuminates when an external stress or mechanical stimulus is exerted upon the cover.

Abstract: A device includes a signaling means and a motion sensor, and logic for activating or controlling the signaling means in response to a sensed motion according to an embedded logic. The device may be used as a toy, and may be shaped like a play ball or as a handheld unit. It may be powered from a battery, either chargeable from an AC power source directly or contactless by using induction or by converting electrical energy from harvested kinetic energy. The embedded logic may activate or control the signaling means, predictably or randomly, in response to sensed acceleration magnitude or direction, such as sensing the crossing of a preset threshold or sensing the peak value. The visual means may be a numeric display for displaying a value associated with the count of the number of times the threshold has been exceeded or the peak magnitude of the acceleration sensed.

Abstract: A golf club head having a golf club head body and an inner wall structure. The club head body includes a back portion, a striking face, a sole, and a topline. The inner wall structure is at least partially in contact with a rear surface of the striking face. The inner wall structure also has a fixed end and an unfixed end. The golf club head is also configured such that the portion of the inner wall structure in contact with the rear surface of the striking face may slide against one another. The golf club head may also include a sole channel, and the fixed end of the inner wall structure may be attached to either a front edge or back edge of the sole channel.