Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for facilitating transactions for health-related computing products (e.g., mobile health applications or health-related devices). One method includes storing a plurality of lists, each list including health-related computing products approved for compensation by a payer entity. A claim for a health-related computing product is received from a user. The list with which the user is associated is determined. A determination is made whether the health-related computing product included in the claim is listed in the list with which the user is determined to be associated. When the health-related computing product is determined to be listed in the list with which the user is determined to be associated, compensation by the payer is authorized.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method for determining ecological risks of heavy metal pollution in sediments of river and lake. The method includes the following steps of: (1) determining concentration levels of heavy metal pollutants at different positions of water body sediments; (2) conducting statistic analysis on distribution characteristics of concentration data of various heavy metal pollutants in the water body sediments; (3) calculating an ecological risk index of a heavy metal pollutant using a formula; (4) calculating a final result of Eri; (5) drawing a distribution curve of Eri values; (6) calculating a total ecological risk comprehensive index HRI caused by various heavy metal pollutants in the evaluated water body, and drawing a cumulative probability distribution curve of HRI values; and (7) analyzing a probability that the total ecological risk comprehensive index HRI of the water body appears at different risk levels with reference to a risk level classification standard.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a graphics processors and graphics processing systems. In the graphics processor, the rasterizer may operate to identify pairs of fragments for a primitive being rendered for which not all the sampling positions in the fragments are covered by the primitive. When the fragments reach the fragment shader, corresponding execution threads may be spawned for execution by the fragment shader to process the fragments. A first part of the fragment shader program that uses the helper threads of the thread groups may then be executed. There may then be a merge instruction in the fragment shader program which operates to cause the active threads of the thread groups to be merged into a single, combined thread group. Following this thread group merger, the remaining program steps of the fragment shader program may be executed for the merged thread group.

Abstract: A group of buffers are connected via pointers as free-lists implemented in hardware, such that shader information and output processing information can be efficiently accessed by a multi-rate shader. A free-list storage picks the first available entry. The first free entry that gets allocated then becomes a pointer to another entry.

Abstract: A texture processing method of processing a compressed texel block in which texels constituting a texture are compressed into a predetermined block unit includes obtaining, based on the compressed texel block, a representative value of texels constituting a texel block, a weight for each of the texels constituting the texel block, and an index of the representative value and the weight corresponding to each of the texels constituting the texel block; storing the representative value, the weight, and the index in a texture cache; reading the representative value and the weight from the texture cache according to an index corresponding to a requested texel; generating texels based on the read representative value and the read weight; and performing texture filtering using the generated texels.

Abstract: An image processor, an application processor, a method of operating an image processor, and a chips set of an image processor are provided. The image processor includes a scaler configured to perform scaling on an input image and generate a scaled input image; and a selection circuit configured to transmit the scaled input image to either a low latency memory or a high density memory according to a memory selection signal. The application processor includes a memory configured to store an input image; and an image processor configured to scale the input image, wherein the image processor comprises a scaler configured to perform scaling on the input image and generate a scaled input image and a selection circuit configured to transmit the scaled input image to either a low latency memory or a high density memory according to a memory selection signal.

Abstract: A device may receive information associated with an input image that includes a first quantity of rows. The device may store pixel values, for a second quantity of rows, based on the information associated with the input image. The second quantity of rows may be different than the first quantity of rows. The device may generate an output image, that includes a projective transformation of the input image, based on the stored pixel values. The device may provide information associated with the output image.

Abstract: An image processing system transforms content images into the style of another reference style image. For example, the system applies a noise mask to generate noisy versions of the content images. The system then recomposes a content image in the style of a reference image by applying computer models to the noisy version of the content image, which reduces artifacts in the stylized image compared to that of a stylized image generated by applying the computer models to the original content image. When the content images are part of a video sequence, the image processing system may adjust the noise mask applied in a subsequent frame such that it tracks the movement of the client device from the current frame to the subsequent frame. This allows the system to reduce artifacts while stylizing the frames of the video in a consistent manner.

Abstract: An image processing method is provided. Calculating sums of differences identified between a pixel value of a pixel of interest in an input image and pixel values of three pixels surrounding the pixel of interest. Calculating an average value of four pixel difference sums calculated by the pixel difference sum calculators. Calculating deviations between the average value and the four pixel difference sums calculated by the pixel difference sum calculators. Deriving a minimum coefficient from the candidates of coefficient calculated by a candidate coefficient calculator by using adjusted deviations derived from multiplying the deviations by a constant. Subtracting values derived from multiplying the adjusted deviations by the minimum coefficient from the pixel value of the pixel of interest in the input image and outputting values of four pixels in an enlarged image twice an original size of the input image in horizontal and vertical directions.

Abstract: A method of displaying a map on a display page includes displaying a map image; displaying at least one zoom control object overlaid on the map image using an image overlay technique to display the at least one zoom control object within the map image, thereby increasing an area within the display page available for the map image; and changing a manner in which the map image is displayed in response to receiving a selection of the at least one zoom control object.

Abstract: Correcting motion-based inaccuracy in point cloud data generated by one or more sensors carried by a scanning platform, and associated systems and methods are disclosed herein. A representative method includes associating a motion model with a target object of the point cloud, estimating adjusting factors based on the motion model, and adjusting scanning points in the point cloud using the adjusting factors.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods for generating and utilizing sub-pixel sampling patterns on a processor are disclosed. In one embodiment, a processor includes at least multiple execution units and a memory. The processor generates sub-pixel sampling coordinates within each pixel of an image being rendered based on a rotated grid superimposed on the image. The processor also specifies an amount of rotation for the rotated grid. The processor utilizes the sub-pixel sampling coordinates for determining which locations to sample within the image being rendered. The sampling patterns generated based on these techniques enable using more complex and computationally efficient anti-aliasing resolve filters, resulting in higher quality images.

Abstract: A processing device receives input representing a selection of a first area of a source image. The processing device sends a request to a server machine for a result image that corresponds to the source image. The processing device, responsive to determining that the server machine does not have the result image, creates a blurred area for the first area, the blurred area corresponding to a portion of the image that contains the first area. The portion of the image having a size that is greater than an aggregate size of the first area and less than the size of the image. The processing device also sends the blurred area to the server machine for storage of the blurred area as the result image. The processing device replaces the first area with the corresponding portion of the blurred area without blurring a remaining area of the image.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and device for estimating a point spread function. In one implementation, a method includes capturing, by a scanning device, an image by scanning a plurality of rectangle blocks which are same sized and closely arranged, wherein the plurality of rectangle blocks are made of different materials and/or have different mass thicknesses, and an incident direction of rays is perpendicular to a scanning direction and a surface of the plurality of rectangle blocks arranged closely during scanning; obtaining line spread functions for two directions along a length side and a width side of each of the rectangle blocks based on the scanned image, and obtaining standard deviation parameters of the line spread functions; and combining the standard deviation parameters for the two directions to obtain a two dimensional Point Spread Function (PSF) parameter so as to estimate the point spread function.

Abstract: A head wearable device, a method, and a system. The head wearable device may include a display, a camera, a buffer, and a processor. The buffer may be configured to buffer a portion of real scene image data corresponding to a real scene image from the camera. The processor may be configured to: perform a combined distortion correction operation; perform a foreground separation operation; perform a smoothing operation on blending values; perform a chromatic aberration distortion correction operation; receive virtual scene image data corresponding to a virtual scene image; blend processed real scene image data with the virtual scene image data to create a mixed reality scene image as mixed reality scene image data; and output the mixed reality scene image data to the display for presentation to a user.

Abstract: Techniques are described for dynamically correcting image distortion during imaging of a patterned sample having repeating spots. Different sets of image distortion correction coefficients may be calculated for different regions of a sample during a first imaging cycle of a multicycle imaging run and subsequently applied in real time to image data generated during subsequent cycles. In one implementation, image distortion correction coefficients may be calculated for an image of a patterned sample having repeated spots by: estimating an affine transform of the image; sharpening the image; and iteratively searching for an optimal set of distortion correction coefficients for the sharpened image, where iteratively searching for the optimal set of distortion correction coefficients for the sharpened image includes calculating a mean chastity for spot locations in the image, and where the estimated affine transform is applied during each iteration of the search.

Abstract: For obtaining an good yet easy to use luminance dynamic range conversion, we describe an HDR video decoder (250) comprising an image color processing apparatus (200) arranged to transform an input color (Y?UV_LDR) of a pixel of an input image (Im_in), which input image has a first luminance dynamic range (DR_1), into a red, green and blue color component output color (R?o, G?o, B?o) of a pixel of an output image (Im_res; REC_HDR), which output image has a second luminance dynamic range (DR_2), whereby the peak luminance of the first dynamic range is at least 2 times lower than the peak luminance of the second dynamic range or vice versa, comprising a coarse mapping unit (202; 552) arranged to apply a three-segment brightness re-grading curve which consists of a linear segment for a dark sub-range (SR_d) of the range of lumas of the input image colors comprising the darkest input luma values, which is determined by a slope variable (InvBet), a second linear segment for the lightest input luma values in a brigh

Abstract: Systems, apparatus, articles, and methods are described below including operations for real-time face beautification features for video images.

Abstract: A system that incorporates the subject disclosure may include, for example, partitioning the image into a group of blocks, calculating principle bilateral filtered image components for a first subset of the group of blocks where the principle bilateral filtered image components are not calculated for a second subset of the group of blocks, and applying an infinite impulse response filter to the image using the principle bilateral filtered image components. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: This invention provides a system and method for finding multiple line features in an image. Two related steps are used to identify line features. First, the process computes x and y-components of the gradient field at each image location, projects the gradient field over a plurality subregions, and detects a plurality of gradient extrema, yielding a plurality of edge points with position and gradient. Next, the process iteratively chooses two edge points, fits a model line to them, and if edge point gradients are consistent with the model, computes the full set of inlier points whose position and gradient are consistent with that model. The candidate line with greatest inlier count is retained and the set of remaining outlier points is derived. The process then repeatedly applies the line fitting operation on this and subsequent outlier sets to find a plurality of line results. The process can be exhaustive RANSAC-based.

Abstract: A method for filtering a digital image, comprising segmenting the digital image into a plurality of tiles; computing tile histograms corresponding to each of the plurality of tiles; deriving a plurality of tile transfer functions from the tile histograms preferably using 1D convolutions; interpolating a tile transfer function from the plurality of tile transfer functions; and filtering the digital image with the interpolated tile transfer function. Many filters otherwise difficult to conceive or to implement are possible with this method, including an edge-preserving smoothing filter, HDR tone mapping, edge invariant gradient or entropy detection, image upsampling, and mapping coarse data to fine data.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes obtaining a borehole image deriving from a downhole tool in a wellbore of a geological formation, identifying one or more patches that correspond to sediment particles on the fullbore image, computing one or more characteristics for each of the one or more patches. The one or more characteristics may include long/short axis length, size, roundness, sphericity, orientation, or some combination thereof. The method may also include displaying a visual representation for each of the one or more characteristics.

Abstract: A method for inspecting a component is presented. The method includes inducing, by an inductive coil, an electrical current flow into the component. Further, the method includes capturing, by an infrared (IR) camera, at least a first set of frames and a second set of frames corresponding to the component, wherein the first set of frames is captured at a first time interval and a second set of frames is captured at a second time interval. Also, the method includes constructing, by a processing unit, a thermal image based on at least the first set of frames and the second set of frames corresponding to the component. Furthermore, the method includes determining presence of a thermal signature in the thermal image, wherein the thermal signature is representative of a defect in the component.

Abstract: A method for investigating a specimen using a tomographic imaging apparatus, comprising acquiring a set of input images of the specimen taken at a corresponding set of source positions that are intended to lie on an ideal locus but are instead caused by positioning errors to lie on a distorted locus, using the images to construct an initial tomographic image, dissociating the initial tomographic image into a set of reference images referenced to said ideal locus, comparing the given input images to the corresponding reference images, calculating a set of transformations necessary to map the input images onto the reference images, and using the set of transformations to construct a modified tomographic image.

Abstract: Described embodiments include a processor that receives signals from a probe, as the probe is placed at respective locations on a body of a subject, and derives, from the signals, a set of points that correspond to the respective locations. The processor then registers the set of points with a three-dimensional image of the body, by identifying, for each of the points, one or more voxels of the image whose respective surface normals are oriented within a given angle of an orientation at which the probe was held at the location to which the point corresponds, and computing a transformation that aligns each of the points with a selected one of the voxels that were identified for the point. The processor then tracks, based on the registering, a location of an intrabody tool, in a coordinate system of an imaging device that was used to acquire the image.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described including, using a computer processor (28), automatically identifying whether a given pixel (111) within an image corresponds to a portion of an object. A set of concentric circles (132a-c) that are disposed around the pixel are sampled, and a first function is applied to each of the circles such that the circles are defined by a first set of rotationally invariant descriptors. A second function is applied to the set of circles to generate a second set of descriptors, each of which represents a difference between respective pairs of the circles. A third function is applied such that the second set of descriptors becomes rotationally invariant. The processor identifies whether the given pixel corresponds to the portion of the object, based upon the first and second sets of rotationally invariant descriptors. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an augmented reality surgical system for viewing an augmented image of a region of interest during a surgical procedure. The system includes an image capture device that captures an image of the region of interest. A controller receives the image and applies at least one image processing filter to the image. The image processing filter includes a spatial decomposition filter that decomposes the image into spatial frequency bands. A temporal filter is applied to the spatial frequency bands to generate temporally filtered bands. An adder adds each band spatial frequency band to a corresponding temporally filtered band to generate augmented bands. A reconstruction filter generates an augmented image by collapsing the augmented bands. A display displays the augmented image to a user.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media for segmenting medical image. Embodiments of the present disclosure may locate a target in a three-dimensional (3D) volume. For example, an image acquisition device may provide a 3D medical image containing a region of interest of the target. A processor may then extract a plurality of two-dimensional (2D) slices from the 3D image. The processor may also determine a 2D patch for each 2D slice, wherein the 2D patch corresponds to an area of the 2D slice associated with the target. The processor may also convert the 2D patch to an adaptive filter model for determining a location of the region of interest.

Abstract: A system that helps facilitate the creation of more comprehensive official radiological reports by remotely accessing a patient's prior outside imaging studies along with official radiological reports through a cloud server for comparison to current studies performed at a medical institute. The system includes universal interface software that will allow for previous patient studies to be automatically pulled for direct comparison by using advanced automatic tagging techniques. Additionally the universal interface software allows for more efficient accession number assignment when official second opinions are requested, and a means for interfacility peer review.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for identifying a living eye, in which IR LED lighting and lighting for varying the ambient illumination are installed on the front surface or one side of an iris recognition camera so as to determine whether an iris of an eye is an iris of a living eye when capturing an iris image by the iris recognition camera, using one or more criteria of whether the ratio of the sizes of the iris and pupil changes by the variation of the ambient illumination, whether the number or location of the IR LEDs focused on the iris and/or the pupil changes, whether the region of the iris image changes by eye blinking, and whether the direction of the gaze changes.

Abstract: Provided are a magnetic resonance (MR) image processing method and an MR image processing apparatus. The MR image processing apparatus includes: a signal transceiver that transmits or receives a signal to or from the heart; and an image processor that obtains a plurality of MR images of the heart by using the transmitted or received signal, determines at least one contour from each of the plurality of MR images; obtains first information about a first region formed by the at least one contour; and detects an apex MR image or a base MR image of the heart from among the plurality of MR images based on the first information, wherein a location of an apex or a base is automatically detected from a plurality of short-axis MR images of the heart.

Abstract: A method, a medium (20) and a system (10) for calibrating a camera (32) of a vehicle (30). The calibration system (10) is remarkable in that it includes a calibration medium (20), including at least a first calibration reference (24) and a mirror (26), and a vehicle (30), including at least a second calibration reference (34). The method can be used to calibrate the camera (32) by determining the spatial compensation values between the camera (32) and the vehicle (30), without any need to align the vehicle (30) perfectly facing the calibration medium (20).

Abstract: A method includes: receiving sensor measurements from a pre-processing module, in which the sensor measurements include image data and inertial data for a device; transferring, using a processor, information derived from the sensor measurements, from a first set of variables associated with a first window of time to a second set of variables associated with a second window of time, in which the first and second windows consecutively overlap in time; and outputting, to a post-processing module, a state of the device based on the transferred information.

Abstract: An example method for segmenting an object contained in an image includes receiving an image including a plurality of pixels, transforming a plurality of characteristics of a pixel into respective neutrosophic set domains, calculating a neutrosophic similarity score for the pixel based on the respective neutrosophic set domains for the characteristics of the pixel, segmenting an object from background of the image using a region growing algorithm based on the neutrosophic similarity score for the pixel, and receiving a margin adjustment related to the object segmented from the background of the image.

Abstract: Presently disclosed is a method for co-segmenting three-dimensional models represented by sparse and low-rank feature, comprising: pre-segmenting each three-dimensional model of a three-dimensional model class to obtain three-dimensional model patches for the each three-dimensional model; constructing a histogram for the three-dimensional model patches of the each three-dimensional model to obtain a patch feature vector for the each three-dimensional model; performing a sparse and low-rank representation to the patch feature vector for the each three-dimensional model to obtain a representation coefficient and a representation error of the each three-dimensional model; determining a confident representation coefficient for the each three-dimensional model according to the representation coefficient and the representation error of the each three-dimensional model; and clustering the confident representation coefficient of the each three-dimensional model to co-segment the each three-dimensional model respectiv

Abstract: In accordance with some embodiments, systems, methods and media for determining object motion in three dimensions using speckle images are provided. In some embodiments, a system for three dimensional motion estimation is provided, comprising: a light source; an image sensor; and a hardware processor programmed to: cause the light source to emit light toward the scene; cause the image sensor to capture a first defocused speckle image of the scene at a first time and capture a second defocused speckle image of the scene at a second time; generate a first scaled version of the first defocused image; generate a second scaled version of the first defocused image; compare each of the first defocused image, the first scaled version, and the second scaled version to the second defocused image; and determine axial and lateral motion of the object based on the comparisons.

Abstract: Provided is a method and arrangement for registering first image data of a first stream with second image data of a second stream. The image data include image information about at least one organ, wherein a shape and/or position of the organ is cyclically changing: Each of the streams include a series of images of the at least one organ at a plurality of different discrete stages of the cyclic change so that each image corresponds to one of the discrete stages. A phase variable defines the stage of the cyclic change and a phase value of the phase variable is assigned to each image within each stream, thereby defining the discrete stage represented by the image. A registration is determined for a pair of images selected by choosing or interpolating images from the first stream and second stream to which a same phase value is assigned.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a stereoscopic vision three dimensional measurement method and system calculating a laser speckle as a texture. The measurement method includes that: a forming process of a laser speckle is simulated first, and calculation is performed to obtain a digitized laser speckle diagram, then the laser speckle diagram is outputted onto a film or a photographic dry plate, the laser speckle diagram on the film or the photographic dry plate is projected onto a surface of a measured object subsequently; a left view and a right view of the measured object are acquired finally, and all matching points corresponding to each other are found in the left view and the right view, and then a three dimensional point cloud of the surface of the measured object is reconstructed.

Abstract: A method for depth mapping includes projecting a pattern of optical radiation onto an object. A first image of the pattern on the object is captured using a first image sensor, and this image is processed to generate pattern-based depth data with respect to the object. A second image of the object is captured using a second image sensor, and the second image is processed together with another image to generate stereoscopic depth data with respect to the object. The pattern-based depth data is combined with the stereoscopic depth data to create a depth map of the object.

Abstract: A method of determining a silhouette of a remote object is disclosed herein. The method can include directing an array of telescopes at a star to sense an intensity of EM radiation over time and transmit signals corresponding to the intensity. The signals can be received at a computing device. Each signal can be indicative of a portion of an intensity diffraction pattern generated by an occlusion of the star by an occluding object. The signals can be combined to form a two-dimensional, intensity diffraction pattern. Each point on the intensity diffraction pattern associated with a time, a position of each telescope in the array, and an intensity of the sensed EM radiation. A silhouette of the occluding object can be determined based on the intensity diffraction pattern. A system for performing the method is also disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method of estimating a disparity in a multiview image display apparatus includes performing image scaling on an image frame based on a resolution corresponding to the image frame; determining at least one from among a search range and precision of a matching block for the scaled image frame according to the resolution; and estimating a disparity of the image frame by using the at least one from among the search range and the precision of the matching block.

Abstract: A software application platform which provides a user with the ability to customize, via the selection of a single color, the color for one or more user interface elements, such as the skin color, included on a graphical user interface in which the selected color is optimized by the application in real time based upon the average pixel hue of all image pixels displayed on the graphical user interface at any given time, and is further dynamically applied and displayed as a skin color surrounding the image pixels on the graphical user interface is disclosed.

Abstract: To reduce streak-like artifacts more in a radiation tomographic image: There is provided an image producing apparatus comprising: a processing component configured to, in scan data acquired by a radiation CT scan, apply suppression processing with which noise components are suppressed to a high noise level portion having a radiation detection level lower than a specified threshold, and apply enhancement processing with which noise components are enhanced to a low noise level portion having a radiation detection level equal to or higher than the specified threshold; and a reconstructing component configured to reconstruct an image based on the scan data subjected to the processing by the processing component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a computer program product for generating an artifact-reduced voxel data record of an object. The artifact-reduced voxel data record of the object is generated with the aid of a computed tomography scanner. In some aspects of the present disclosure, a first image data record and a second image data record is generated by acquiring computed tomography images of the object. In still other aspects of the present disclosure, the artifact-reduced voxel data record of the object is generated with the aid of an image data reconstruction algorithm.

Abstract: An OCT signal processing apparatus includes: a OCT signal receiver configured to receive a plurality of OCT signals detected by an OCT device based on measurement light radiated to a test substance and reference light; a display; a controller configured to: processes the plurality of OCT signals received by the OCT signal receiver to obtain 3-dimensional motion contrast data; extract depth region data from the 3-dimensional motion contrast data, the depth region data representing motion contrast data in a depth region of a part of the test substance; and display, on the display, a confirmation screen including the motion contrast image based on the depth region data to confirm quality of 3-dimensional motion contrast data obtained by processing the plurality of OCT signals which are temporally different from each other in the same region of the test substance.

Abstract: A program executed in a computer apparatus that causes the computer apparatus to function as: an placer that places an object having a display mode according to an attribute; a first display mode identifier that identifies a display mode of a face which is not in contact with a different placed object according to an attribute of a placed object; a second display mode identifier that identifies, with respect to plural placed objects which are adjacent to each other and have different attributes, a display mode of a face which is not in contact with a different placed object according to an attribute of the placed object and an attribute of an adjacent placed object; and a drawer that draws a placed object on a display screen according to a display mode identified by the first display mode identifier and a display mode identified by the second display mode identifier.

Abstract: A method and systems of applying a contour gradient to a two-dimensional path are provided. A three-dimensional polygonal shell may be constructed from the two-dimensional path. Then the three-dimensional polygonal shell may be projected into two dimensions, resulting in a two-dimensional projected model, while saving values for a third dimension for each point in the two-dimensional projected model. Then a range of all values for the third dimension in the two-dimensional projected model is determined from the saved values. The range can then be mapped to a visual attribute. The two-dimensional projected model may be displayed using the mapped visual attribute.

Abstract: A method executed by a computer is provided, including the steps of capturing a plurality of datasets, each dataset at least including a time value and an angular value, and placing pixels representing the datasets in a polar coordinate system at a radial distance from a center according to the time value and at an angle from a reference direction according to the angular value.

Abstract: Systems and methods directed toward combining visible light and infrared images can include processing visible light image data to determine an edge factor value for a plurality of visible light pixels corresponding to the strength of an edge at that location. The edge factor value can be determined using features from the visible light image data and an edge gain input, which may be adjustable by a user. The edge factor values are combined with an edge midscale value to create a first set of modified visible light image data including pixels emphasized based on the strength of the edge in the visible light image. The modified visible light image data is combined with infrared image data to create combined image data having contribution from the infrared image data and the edge factor values from the visible light image data.

Abstract: A display device includes control electronics and a pixellated liquid crystal (LC) panel. The control electronics receives inputs of main image data for a main image and side image data for a side image. The control electronics outputs combined image data combining the main and side images such that an on-axis viewer perceives from the combined image the main image, and an off-axis viewer perceives from the combined image the side image. The output image data comprises data values chosen from a set of available output data values for the pixels selected from multiple sets of available data values depending on at least on the side image data. For a pixel currently being processed, the output data value is chosen from the selected set of available output data values for which a resulting luminance value is closest to a target luminance value for the current pixel.