Abstract: A mixer-settler countercurrent chromatography centrifuge and rotor of increased capacity is described.

Abstract: Surface or submersible sluiceable systems are disclosed for use in removing hazardous contaminants or radioactive isotopes from a fluid stream, such as a fluid stream from the primary coolant loop or secondary loop of a nuclear reactor system, or a fluid stream from a spent-fuel pool or pond or hazardous or radioactive contaminants in ground water. Generally, this surface or submersible sluiceable system is adapted to be utilized in a surface skid or submersed in the fluid stream, and additionally the vessels are adapted to be sluiced and reused after use, resulting in a potentially stabilized, non-leaching final waste product with a substantially reduced volume for storage or disposal. The system can be utilized with standard ion exchange beads or preferably with inorganic granular media.

Abstract: A scavenger comprising a formaldehyde sulfoxylate may be used to scavenge hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from systems that are brine or mixed production. Suitable formaldehyde sulfoxylates include, but are not necessarily limited to, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, zinc formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and calcium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, potassium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, magnesium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, iron formaldehyde sulfoxylate, copper formaldehyde sulfoxylate, alkene aldehyde sulfoxylates, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A filtrate collector element includes a hollow body forming a first opening portion, a second opening portion, and an intermediate portion. The intermediate portion forms a conduit between the first opening portion and the second opening portion. The collector element may be coupled with a pressure filter plate element. The outer dimension of the first opening portion is smaller than the inner dimension of the second opening portion, such that first opening portion of a preceding collector element can be at least partly nested in the second opening portion of a subsequent collector element. A pressure filter plate element, a horizontal pressure filter, a method for providing a continuous filtrate conduit and a method for operating a pressure filter are also concerned.

Abstract: The invention is constituted by a collector module for separating particles from a flow, in which the collector module has at least three outer walls and at least one baffle where the collector module has a lower opening having a lower mounting flange, and an upper opening having an upper mounting flange. The invention is further constituted by a particle trap system.

Abstract: Hydro excavation vacuum apparatus that process spoil material onboard the apparatus by separating water from the cut earthen material are disclosed.

Abstract: Regeneration of a fluid medium can be accomplished using a continuously regenerable scrubber, which, in its various embodiments, combines valve functions and sorbent material, such as amine beds, into one component, dramatically reducing size and mass of scrubber. Sorbent material beds rotate continuously past breathing gas vent loop ports for scrubbing CO2/H2O and then past vacuum ports for regenerating the sorbent material. Typically, a first fluid output is connected to a lower header fluid output and a second, sweeping fluid source connected to a lower header fluid input. A motor spins the substantially circular bed assembly at a predetermined speed which allows adsorption or absorption as well as desorption of materials flowing through the sorbent material.

Abstract: A monitoring clip to be secured to the edge of a filter cartridge includes a channel connecting both sides of the filter through which air will flow in response to the filter becoming clogged. Air flow within the channel will eventually be strong enough to pivotally move a flow vane. Controlling circuitry is used to detect the angular movement of the flow vane. When the flow vane moves to a “triggering” position, it is determined that the filter is clogged and requires replacement. Controlling circuitry will sound and illuminate a local alarm, and send a signal by Bluetooth or WiFi, to a smartphone. Although a clip format is preferred, the measuring and controlling circuitry of the monitoring clip can be also built into new filters.

Abstract: A filter device may include a housing including a first housing part and a second housing part which define a chamber through which a fluid is flowable. The device may also include a filter insert arranged in the housing and configured to filter the fluid. The filter insert may include a seal. The second housing structure may be configured as a web. A circumferential section of the second housing structure may include a contour. The contour may include a recess configured as an interruption in an area of the web. The device may further include a support element arranged on the filter insert interacting with the second housing structure in an area of the contour. The second housing structure may press the first sealing surface against the first housing structure via the support element to seal a clean side from an unfiltered side.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns air cleaners. Preferred air cleaners are shown which include a housing and a removable and replacement primary filter cartridge. Optional and advantageous features are shown. The preferred primary filter cartridge is conical in shape. A preferred optional safety or secondary filter cartridge is shown. Preferred methods of assembly and use are provided.

Abstract: A droplet generating device includes a tube defining a area in which air including particles flows along a first direction and an evaporation and condensation unit disposed in the tube to intersect with the first direction, the evaporation and condensation unit supplying vapor in the area to supersaturate the area to condense the vapor on surfaces of the particles to form a droplet. Accordingly, droplets may be effectively generated.

Abstract: A rail vehicle or locomotive includes a machine compartment, a cooling air flow system supplying the machine compartment, and a separating device separating particles from the air flow. The separating device includes a cyclone separator, a raw air channel feeding a raw air flow with particles to the separator and a clean air channel leading a clean air flow away from the separator. The separator has a box-shaped housing having a plurality of cyclones penetrating the housing for separating particles from the raw air flow into the housing and a discharge opening discharging separated particles from the housing. The discharge opening is connected to a constricted section of a Venturi nozzle suctioning an exhaust air flow having discharged particles. The Venturi nozzle is connected to the raw air channel by a branching side channel. The vacuum at the discharge opening suctioning the exhaust air flow is compact and economical.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for treating waste containing mercury and a method for recovering high purity elemental mercury using the apparatus. More specifically, the present invention may provide a method that can more economically and stably recover high purity elemental mercury from waste containing mercury using an apparatus for recovering mercury from waste containing mercury, the apparatus comprising: a thermal desorption unit; a dust control unit; and a condensation and recovery unit, which are connected in series. The present invention has an advantage in that, compared to a conventional simple heat treatment-condensation method, a high recovery rate of mercury is achieved and high purity mercury can be obtained.

Abstract: A filtration apparatus for filtering air is described. It includes a disposable capsule defining an absorptive material space to hold a volume of absorptive material, where the disposable capsule further defines a set of capsule fluid inlets to permit fluid to move through the disposable capsule into and out of the absorptive material space. The apparatus further includes a reusable frame to support the disposable capsule, where the reusable frame defines a frame fluid inlet and the reusable frame is removably couplable to the disposable capsule to direct fluid passing through the filtration apparatus through a fluid passage through the frame fluid inlet and the absorptive space of the disposable capsule. Also disclosed is a set of injection molding molds for forming a filtration apparatus.

Abstract: A method for filtering gas includes providing a membrane, wherein the membrane includes a porous support, a hydrogen permeation layer on the porous support, and a calcinated layered double hydroxide (c-LDH) layer on the hydrogen permeation layer. The method also provides a hydrogen-containing mixture gas on the c-LDH layer, and collects hydrogen under the porous support, in which the hydrogen sequentially permeates through the c-LDH layer, the hydrogen permeation layer, and the porous support.

Abstract: A method for filtering gas includes providing a gas filtration structure, and the gas filtration structure includes a porous support and a first gas filtration film pair on the porous support, wherein the first gas filtration film pair includes a first hydrogen permeation layer and a first calcinated layered double hydroxide (c-LDH) layer, and the first hydrogen permeation layer is disposed between the porous support and the first c-LDH layer. The method also provides a hydrogen-containing mixture gas over the first gas filtration film pair, and collects hydrogen under the porous support.

Abstract: A pressure swing adsorption drying unit which includes at least one of a sensor (46?) for the ambient temperature to which the drying unit is exposed, and a sensor (46) for the temperature of the gas stream in the inlet line (2) to the unit, and the threshold value for the humidity of the gas stream in the outlet line (42) is determined dependent on the measured temperature.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for the purification of flue gas containing 35 to 99 wt. % of a powder of an alkali metal salt of carbonic acid and 1 to 65 wt. % of a powder of an absorptive material, wherein the powder of an absorptive material has a specific pore volume that is equal to or greater than 0.1 cm3/g. The invention also relates to a process for dry flue gas purification and the use of an absorptive material to improve the flowability and/or storability and/or HF absorptivity of an alkali metal salt of carbonic acid.

Abstract: A method for reducing pollution in a cement kiln environment and a system for treating cement kiln exhaust gas are provided. The method includes the steps of: treating a cement kiln exhaust gas stream with a treating fluid, such as a water soluble alkaline-earth metal sulfide. In one application, the treating fluid is injected by spraying droplets into the cement kiln exhaust gas stream. A system for treating cement kiln exhaust gas includes a reagent containing a water soluble alkaline-earth metal sulfide in water, and a nozzle to spray the reagent into the cement kiln exhaust gas stream.

Abstract: A multifunctional air purifying device for removing indoor pollution by a thermal decomposition method comprises an air treatment unit and an air collection heater. The air collection heater is provided with an infrared lamp tube and an ultraviolet lamp tube. An annular water tank is arranged on an inner side of the upper part of the air treatment unit. A filter screen runs through the annular water tank and is connected with an air cap, and a fan is provided at a joint between the filter screen and the air cap. The filter screen includes an early effect filter screen, a HEPA filter screen, an activated carbon filter screen and a cold catalyst filter arranged in that order from a bottom to a top. A humidifier connects the annular sink and a nozzle located at an exhaust port.

Abstract: The present invention relates to diesel oxidation catalyst compositions and catalyst articles, wherein the compositions and articles include a plurality of platinum group nanoparticles substantially in fully reduced form, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle size of about 1 to about 10 nm and at least about 90% of the nanoparticles have a particle size of +/? about 2 nm of the average particle size. Such compositions can further include a refractory metal oxide material, wherein the nanoparticles and refractory metal oxide material can be combined within the same coating on a substrate or can be applied sequentially on a substrate. The nanoparticles can advantageously be substantially free of halides, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, sulfur compounds, and boron compounds. Methods of preparing and using such compositions and catalyst articles (e.g., for the treatment of diesel exhaust gas streams) are also provided herein.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a reagent vaporization system. The reagent vaporization system includes a vaporization chamber located within a stream of hot exhaust gas. An aqueous reagent source located outside of the stream of hot exhaust gas provides aqueous reagent to the vaporization chamber. The heat from the hot exhaust gas vaporizes the aqueous reagent, which is then introduced into the stream of hot exhaust gas.

Abstract: Catalysts comprising metal-loaded non-zeolitic molecular sieves having the CHA crystal structure, including Cu-SAPO-34, and methods for treating exhaust gas incorporating such catalysts are disclosed. The catalysts can be used to remove nitrogen oxides from a gaseous medium across a broad temperature range and exhibit hydrothermal stability at high reaction temperatures.

Abstract: This Capacitive Electro Dialysis Reversal (CEDR) invention desalinates and concentrates saline water. The CEDR unit employs two identical parallel oppositely oriented modified Electro Dialysis Reversal EDR constructions that have shared dilute and concentrated saline water channels. The four electrodes of the two identical oppositely oriented parallel EDR like constructions are replaced with four supercapacitor electrodes. Each EDR like construction consists of a stack of ion exchange membranes and spacers plus the supercapacitor electrodes but one cation exchange membrane is trimmed from each of the two stacks of EDR like ion exchange membranes. During a cycle of operation, the supercapacitor electrodes discharge and then charge causing ions to be pulled out of the shared dilute saline water channels and placed in the shared concentrated saline water channels except at the ends where the ions flow in and out of the supercapacitor electrodes.

Abstract: Capacitive electrokinetic densification, decontamination and dewatering of suspensions and soils can be performed while controlling and/or preventing chemical and pH changes in the densified material and extracted water. High electrical capacitance electrodes or Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) electrodes are used which can operate without redox reactions occurring on their surfaces until their developed voltage reaches the standard electrode potential of the electrode. Water-retaining, flexible covers for the EDLC electrodes have drainage and filtering capabilities and are made of a fabric which allows the passage of ions, water and electricity therethrough and facilitate continuous electrical contact between the EDLC electrode and the surrounding suspension.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hollow fiber membrane module that can effectively resolve the accumulation of suspended solids within the membrane module, lower running costs, and also operate stably. The present invention relates to a hollow fiber membrane molecule provided with: a cylindrical case having a first end and a second end in the direction of height; a plurality of hollow fiber membranes accommodated within the cylindrical case; and a first potting part accommodated within the cylindrical case and attaching the plurality of hollow fiber membranes together such that the end parts of the plurality of hollow membrane fibers at a first end side of the cylindrical case are open. The hollow fiber membranes are porous hollow fiber membranes having a breaking strength of 23 MPa, and the hollow membrane module has a membrane area per unit volume of 800-3700 m2/m3. The filling fraction for the hollow fiber membranes in a cross-section orthogonal to the direction of height of the cylindrical case is 25-38%.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module includes a housing having an inlet formed one end thereof and an outlet formed on the other end thereof, in which hot and humid humidifying fluid flows in through the inlet and the humidifying fluid after humidifying a cool and dry fluid flowing out of the housing through the outlet; at least one hollow fiber membrane bundle which is inserted into the housing in the longitudinal direction; a partitioning part for supporting the hollow fiber membrane bundle and partitioning an inflow space, in which the humidifying fluid flowing into the housing momentarily remains, and an outflow space, in which the humidifying fluid momentarily remains before being discharged through the outlet; and a potting part for potting both ends of the hollow fiber membrane bundle to the housing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flat-sheet separation membrane element having formed therein a separation membrane pair in which separation membranes are disposed such that permeation-side faces thereof face each other and in which a channel material is provided, wherein the area of a high-elasticity region satisfying a bending modulus of 100-1000 MPa and a maximum bending stress of 1-15 MPa at least in one direction is not less than 10% of the area of a filtration region of the pair of separation membranes.

Abstract: A coated, thin-film composite membrane includes a porous support and a polyamide barrier layer in contact with the porous support. A fouling-resistant and antimicrobial layer of star polymers is in contact with the polyamide barrier layer. The star polymers included hydrophilic arms of about 40 mol % to about 80 mol % of neutral hydrophilic moieties, and about 60 mol % to about 20 mol % of antimicrobial functional groups.

Abstract: A surface-modified filter membrane for filtering blood, in particular for separating blood plasma and blood serum, and a method for the production thereof, a filter provided therewith and the use thereof.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process by using a spinning mass, comprising the steps: providing a spinning mass formulation; providing a secondary phase; adding the secondary phase to the spinning mass formulation; manufacturing the ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process.

Abstract: Described herein is a graphene-based valve element capable of passive and repeatable stopping or allowing fluid flow as a function of inlet pressure. Passive flow controller devices based on the valve element are also described.

Abstract: A transfer line between the outlet of a steam cracker and the inlet for the quench system has metallic or ceramic inserts having a pore size from about 0.001 to about 0.5 microns inside the line forming a gas tight barrier with the inner surface of the line and having a vent for the resulting gas tight pocket are used to separate H2, CH4, CO and CO2 from cracked gases reducing the load on the down-stream separation train of the steam cracker.

Abstract: The invention relates to a power distribution system (1), especially a Power-over-Ethernet system, comprising at least one dominant sensor, which may be located within a powered device (4) like a lighting device, and at least one non-dominant sensor, which may be located within another powered device (4), wherein the power distribution system is adapted such that in a system low power mode the at least one dominant sensor (6) consumes power provided by a power providing unit (3) and the at least one non-dominant sensor (6) does not consume the provided power and that the power distribution system (1) switches from the system low power mode to a system high power mode, if the at least one dominant sensor (6) has sensed an event. Since in the system low power mode the at least one non-dominant sensor does not consume power, the power consumption can be reduced.

Abstract: This invention relates to a container for storing an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, the container comprising: walls formed from a gas permeable, liquid impermeable polymeric material, the walls being capable of permitting gas to escape from the container through the walls to avoid build-up of pressure within the container while retaining liquid within the container, the polymeric material having a gas transmission rate in the range from about 0.05 to about 0.5 cubic centimeters of gas per square centimeter of polymeric material per 24 hours at 25° C.

Abstract: There is provided a composite hollow fiber membrane for gas and vapour separation comprising: a porous membrane substrate; and a selective layer of cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) provided on a surface of the porous membrane substrate, wherein the molecular weight of the cross-linked PDMS is ?100 kg/mol. There is also provided a method of forming the composite hollow fiber membrane, and a method of forming the cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a molecular weight ?100 kg/mol.

Abstract: A system for allowing gas to flow into a liquid, the system comprising: a container having a bottom wherein the bottom comprises a gas inlet; a lid configured to cover the container; a gas providing mechanism configured to allow flow of the gas through the gas inlet into the liquid when contained in the container, and a locking mechanism configured to ensure flow of gas into the liquid only when the container is properly covered by the lid. Additional embodiments of the system are disclosed herein.

Abstract: An organic fertilizer mixing device includes a container having an upper surface thereof formed as an opening. The container is provided therein with a rotation shaft, of which two ends are positioned on a left support member and a right support member outside the container, respectively. One end of the rotation shaft is connected to a driving member that drives the rotation shaft to rotate in place in the container. The rotation shaft in the container is connected to a propelling mixing blade assembly that synchronously rotates with the rotation shaft. Most part of a lower portion of the container is attached with a heating unit that fully increases the temperature at an inner side of the lower portion of the container, thus accelerating, while the propelling blade assembly mixes kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable waste, the speed for fermenting and converting the kitchen waste to organic fertilizer.

Abstract: A rigid housing comprising a bottom part and at least one wall part, said bottom part and said at least one wall part together defining an internal volume when the bottom part is provided below the at least one wall part in a processing position, said rigid housing being arranged for holding a flexible bag within the internal volume, wherein the bottom part is rotatable about an axis of rotation, wherein said axis of rotation is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of said rigid housing such that the bottom part can be provided in a loading position in which the bottom part has been rotated out from the position below the at least one wall part.

Abstract: Systems and apparatuses for preparing a medical fluid are disclosed. In an example embodiment, a system is configured to initially control a dosing of a first concentrate, while not feeding a second concentrate, under feedback control via a concentration sensor to a first pump to feed the first concentrate. When a concentration has reached a preselected concentration level, a value for a feeding parameter for the first pump to feed the first concentrate is determined. Additionally, the system is configured to control the dosing of both the first and the second concentrates by switching the feedback control via the concentration sensor, from control of the first pump to control of a second pump to feed the second concentrate. During this time, the system controls the first pump to feed the first concentrate based on the determined value of the feeding parameter.

Abstract: Provided is a supply-liquid producing apparatus capable of producing a supply liquid by an amount needed at a use point. A supply-liquid producing apparatus includes a mixer that mixes water and ozone gas to produce ozone water; a booster pump that increases the pressure of the water supplied to the mixer; a gas-liquid separation tank that separates the ozone water produced by the mixer into ozone water to be supplied to a use point and exhaust gas to be discharged from an exhaust port; a flowmeter that measures the flow rate of the ozone water supplied from the gas-liquid separation tank to the use point; a flow control unit that adjusts the flow rate of the water supplied to the mixer by controlling the booster pump in response to the flow rate of the ozone water measured by the flowmeter; and an exhaust pressure control unit that controls the exhaust pressure to keep constant the water level in the gas-liquid separation tank.

Abstract: A fluid mixing device includes a fluid mixing unit, a concentration measurement unit, a mixing ratio control unit controlling a mixing ratio of different fluid components in the fluid mixing unit based on a concentration of a mixed fluid measured by the concentration measurement unit, a flow rate measurement unit, and a flow rate control unit controlling a flow rate of the mixed fluid based on the flow rate of the mixed fluid measured by the flow rate measurement unit. The concentration measurement unit, the flow rate measurement unit, and the flow rate control unit are arranged on the downstream side of the fluid mixing unit. A flow passage of the concentration measurement unit, a flow passage of the flow rate measurement unit, and the elastic tube of the flow rate control unit are arranged to extend along a flow passage axis on a line with each other.

Abstract: A beverage mixing system/method allowing faster mixing/blending of frozen beverages is disclosed. The system/method in various embodiments utilizes inductive coupling to introduce heat into the frozen beverage during the mixing/blending process via a rotating driveshaft and attached mechanical agitator to speed the mixing/blending process. Exemplary embodiments may be configured to magnetically induce heat into the driveshaft and/or mechanical agitator mixing blade to affect this mixing/blending performance improvement. This heating effect may be augmented via the use of high power LED arrays aimed into the frozen slurry to provide additional heat input. The system/method may be applied with particular advantage to the mixing of ice cream type beverages and other viscous beverage products.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator includes a container having a gas outlet that is configured to contain a soluble chemical fuel that reacts with a catalyst to generate hydrogen. A control cylinder is attached to the container and comprises a piston configured to travel axially within the control cylinder, a pole attached to the piston and extending into the container, a catalyst holder provided within the container and connected to the pole, resilient means biasing the catalyst holder towards a bottom of the container, and a gas inlet port. A gas flow line is in fluid communication with the gas outlet and has a first end in fluid communication with the gas inlet port, a second end configured to feed hydrogen to a hydrogen-consuming device, and a two-way valve provided to allow fluid communication between the first and second ends of the gas flow line to be selectably established or cut off.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to steam reformers for the production of a hydrogen rich reformate, comprising a shell having a first end, a second end, and a passage extending generally between the first end and the second end of the shell, and at least one heat source disposed about the second end of the shell. The shell comprises at least one conduit member comprising at least one thermally emissive and high radiant emissivity material, at least partially disposed within the shell cavity. The shell further comprises at least one reactor module at least a portion of which is disposed within the shell cavity and about the at least one conduit member and comprises at least one reforming catalyst.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for detecting catalyst transfer pipe plugging in a chemical plant or petrochemical plant or refinery. The catalyst transfer pipe may extend from a reactor to a catalyst collector and enable the flow of catalyst from the reactor to the catalyst collector. Specifically, one or more sensors affixed to a catalyst transfer pipe may collect sensor data for analysis. Based on one or more detected changes in the sensor data outside a range, a data collection platform may send one or more alerts and/or send one or more signals to a control platform to adjust a flow rate, a pressure differential, or perform another action to clear a developing catalyst buildup and thereby attempt to avoid a catalyst transfer pipe from becoming plugged.

Abstract: A scallop, center pipe, and outer basket for use in a radial flow reactor are provided. Each of the scallop, the center pipe, and the outer basket is formed of an elongated conduit having a top end and an opposing bottom end, and a plurality of openings formed in the elongated conduit through a thickness thereof. A diameter of the plurality of openings progressively increases or decreases from the top end to the opposing bottom end of the elongated conduit so as to allow a feedstock to flow radially out through the plurality of openings on the scallop or outer basket, or to allow a feedstock to flow uniformly into the center pipe through the plurality of openings. A system utilizing the center pipe together with either the scallop or the outer basket is also provided.

Abstract: A device for the intimate mixing of solid particles and a gaseous medium within a gas-solid fluidized bed, comprising a plurality corrugated and/or ribbed planar stanchions arranged in alternating intersecting planes that provide a plurality of open spaces between or adjacent the alternating intersecting planar stanchions. The element has a three-dimensional lattice configuration and the corrugated and/or ribbed planar stanchions are formed from metal having peaks and valleys or ribs, such that the peaks and valleys or ribs are angled at less than 90 degrees from the fall-line of the planar stanchion when assembled into the element. The angled peaks and valleys or ribs form channels that enhance lateral movement of catalyst particles into the spaces between the stanchions to provide improved vapor/solids mixing and contact.

Abstract: The present process provides a method for synthesizing difficult to make oxide-free nanometals and such as Zn, Sn and Ti and alloys of the period 4 and 5 transition metal elements in a free and reduced state using a solution phase synthesis process. Also provided is a method for stabilizing their associated colloidal metal and alloy dispersions under kinetic control at modest temperatures (<90 degrees Celsius). A solution of an organic reducing agent containing at least two proximal nitrogen atoms is reacted with a separate solution containing one or more metal-organic salts dissolved in the same or different low molecular weight solvent as the reducing agent. The reaction products are stabilized with Lewis bases and Lewis acids and optionally can be concentrated by removing a portion of the volatile low molecular weight solvent by either the use of a partial vacuum or by chemical extraction into another phase.

Abstract: Described herein is a carbon capture system and methods for improving carbon capture through the introduction of sonic transducers within packed beds in the absorber. The system of sonic energy applied to a packed bed can improve yield or transfer rate in systems using a two phase reaction, such as in general absorption systems, distillation systems, or stripping systems.