Abstract: A dialysis concentrate container for single-use, comprising a container portion (1, 2) which can be filled with dialysis concentrate and a connecting portion (13, 3) connected thereto for connecting the dialysis concentrate container to a dialysis machine, wherein the connecting portion (13, 3) has laterally spaced fluid connection elements (31) for connecting to a fluid outlet and a fluid inlet of the dialysis machine, wherein the container body (1, 2) is formed as a rigid box, wherein the connecting portion (13, 3) is further arranged at the lower end of the container body, wherein the connecting portion (13, 3) is formed by a plate body which can be clamped into a connecting block of the dialysis machine, and on the underside of which the fluid connecting elements (31) are formed, one of which being connected to a fluid inlet of the container body (1) and the other one being connected to a fluid outlet thereof.

Abstract: A gas exchange system may include an elongate member including a liquid circuit and configured to be inserted into a body lumen, and a gas exchanger in fluid communication with the elongate member. A gas transfer fluid may be disposed within the liquid circuit of the elongate member. The gas transfer fluid may be configured to absorb carbon dioxide from a body fluid disposed in the body lumen, and subsequently release the carbon dioxide in the gas exchanger.

Abstract: Treatment of cardiac tissue via an implantable heart treatment device is described. A device embodiment includes, but is not limited to, a substrate configured for implantation within a body; an electromagnetic signal generator coupled to the substrate and configured to generate one or more electric signals configured to stimulate one or more tissues of a heart; and an oxygenator coupled to the substrate and configured to supply one or more oxygenated molecules to one or more tissues of the heart, the oxygenator including a blood inlet portion, a blood outlet portion, and an oxygen exchange portion positioned between the blood inlet portion and the blood outlet portion, the oxygen exchange portion including a high surface area oxygen exchanger configured to transfer one or more oxygenated molecules from the high surface area oxygen exchanger to blood passing from the blood inlet portion to the blood outlet portion.

Abstract: Methods and devices for providing dialysis treatment are provided. The device comprises a cartridge for providing regenerative dialysis, the cartridge comprising: a body having an inlet and an outlet and defining an interior, the interior including at least a layer comprising urease, a layer comprising zirconium oxide, a layer comprising zirconium phosphate, and a layer comprising carbon, wherein at least two of the layers are blended together to provide a gradient of the two materials.

Abstract: Separation of a wash liquid from red blood cells is disclosed using a filter separation and pressure differential system. The filter may include a membrane filter.

Abstract: A liquid handling device having an upstream liquid handling structure connected to a downstream liquid handling structure by a conduit. The upstream and downstream liquid handling structures are sealed or sealable such that the conduit provides the only fluidic communication paths between the upstream and downstream liquid handling structure. The device is arranged such that a driving force causes liquid in the upstream liquid handling structure to at least partially fill the conduit to separate gas in the upstream liquid handling structure from gas in the downstream liquid handling structure. With the device set up such that the two gas volumes are separated by a liquid volume, gas pressures and liquid flow in the device can be controlled by control of the driving force. The device may be arranged for rotation about an axis of rotation to provide the driving force.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for characterizing a region of interest within or between biological tissue. The method comprises inserting at least a portion of a probe into the region of interest and directing electromagnetic radiation to the region of interest and receiving electromagnetic radiation from the region of interest using the probe in a direction that is transversal to a length of the probe. Further, the method comprises directing a fluid to the region of interest through a portion of the probe and analyzing received electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for illuminated medical infusion including, for example, a medical infusion system which includes a source of illumination and an illuminating infusion line and wherein the illuminating infusion line includes an integrated fluid transmission channel and light transmission channel.

Abstract: Some embodiments of an infusion pump system may be configured to detect when at least one component of the pump system is exposed to an impact above a threshold level. In particular embodiments, the infusion pump system can be equipped with a drive system detection system configured to detect when one or more components of the drive system are damaged or inoperable.

Abstract: A mini lead screw pump monitors the rotation of a lead screw by using a magnetoresistive sensor and an MCU, and uses feedback to control the rotation direction and speed of the lead screw through a motor controller so as to control the speed of infusion to a patient. Furthermore, this mini lead screw pump can control the infusion speed of insulin according to the patient's blood sugar concentration monitored by CGM. This mini lead screw pump has several advantages, comprising high sensitivity, high reliability, low power consumption, low cost, and ease of use.

Abstract: A sealed fluid transfer device comprised of tubing, a proximal fitting, and a distal needle assembly is provided. The needle assembly includes a needle hub secured to a needle cannula. A cantilevered actuator arm extends outwardly from the needle hub having an actuator button at its free end. The needle assembly is disposed in a barrel and can move from a distal position, where the needle is exposed, to a proximal position, where the needle is shielded. The barrel includes a septum which seals the barrel. A spring is disposed in the barrel for propelling the needle assembly to the proximal position. The barrel includes an aperture that receives the actuator button for locking the spring in a compressed condition. Depression of the actuator button enables the spring to propel the needle assembly into its proximal position. A safety mechanism prevents inadvertent depression of the actuator button.

Abstract: Pump includes a motor and a cam shaft coupled to the motor for rotation about a longitudinal axis of the cam shaft. The cam shaft has at least one radially-outward projection defining a helical engagement portion disposed along a length of the cam shaft. A plurality of finger plates are disposed along the length of the cam shaft, each finger plate mounted for movement in a transverse direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the cam shaft. Each finger plate has an aperture defined therein to receive the cam shaft therethrough. Each aperture has a substantially straight edge region and an opposing edge region. Engagement of the helical engagement portion with the substantially flat edge region during rotation of the cam shaft urges the finger plate transversely toward an extended position.

Abstract: Apparatus are provided for infusion devices and related control systems and methods. In one embodiment, an infusion device includes a voided portion adapted to receive a shaft portion that includes a shaft coupled to a plunger of a reservoir. The shaft portion includes a detectable feature, and the infusion device includes a sensing arrangement proximate the voided portion to sense the detectable feature. In some embodiments, a control module is coupled to the sensing arrangement to determine a remaining amount of fluid in the reservoir based at least in part on the sensed position of the detectable feature. In other embodiments, the control module identifies an anomalous condition based at least in part on the sensed position of the detectable feature.

Abstract: Infusion systems, infusion devices, and related operating methods are provided. An exemplary method of operating an infusion device capable of delivering fluid to a user involves determining a current amount of active fluid in the body of the user, determining a threshold amount of active fluid in the body of the user, and automatically altering operation of the infusion device to modify delivery of the fluid to the user based on a relationship between the current amount and the threshold amount.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and medical device systems for automated delivery of therapies for pain and determination of need for and safety of treatment. In one embodiment, such a medical device system may comprise a sensor configured to sense at least one body signal from a patient; and a medical device configured to receive a first sensed body signal from the sensor; determine a patient pain index based at least in part on said first sensed body signal; determine whether said patient pain index is above at least a first pain index threshold; determine a safety index based at least in part on a second sensed body signal; select a pain treatment regimen based on at least one of said safety index and or a determination that said pain index is above said first pain index threshold; and deliver said pain treatment regimen.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and medical device systems for automated delivery of therapies for pain and determination of need for and safety of treatment. In one embodiment, such a medical device system may comprise a sensor configured to sense at least one body signal from a patient; and a medical device configured to receive a first sensed body signal from the sensor; determine a patient pain index based at least in part on said first sensed body signal; determine whether said patient pain index is above at least a first pain index threshold; determine a safety index based at least in part on a second sensed body signal; select a pain treatment regimen based on at least one of said safety index and or a determination that said pain index is above said first pain index threshold; and deliver said pain treatment regimen.

Abstract: An auto-injector for administering a dose of a liquid medicament includes an elongate housing arranged to contain a syringe with a hollow needle and a stopper for sealing the syringe and displacing the medicament, the housing having a distal end and a proximal end with an orifice intended to be applied against an injection site. The syringe is slidably arranged with respect to the housing. A spring capable of, upon activation: pushing the needle from a covered position inside the housing into an advanced position through the orifice and past the proximal end, operating the syringe to supply the dose of medicament, and retracting the syringe with the needle into the covered position. After delivering the medicament, an activator arranged to lock the spring in a pressurized state prior to manual operation and capable of, upon manual operation, releasing the spring for injection.

Abstract: An injector for delivering a medicament includes an outer sleeve, an inner sleeve, and a syringe. The inner sleeve is disposed partially within the outer sleeve. A plunger rod of the syringe is engaged with the outer sleeve in a fixed spatial relationship such that the plunger rod and the outer sleeve translate as a unit. The outer sleeve is configured for axial translation relative to the inner sleeve from a first configuration wherein the inner sleeve extends from the outer sleeve a first distance to a second configuration in which the inner sleeve extends from the outer sleeve a second distance that is less than the first distance. Further, in a third configuration the inner sleeve extends from the outer sleeve a third distance that is greater than the second distance and the inner sleeve is restricted from axially translating with respect to the outer sleeve.

Abstract: A drive assembly for a drug delivery device includes a drive mechanism comprising a piston rod and a drive member to drive the piston rod to dispense a dose of drug and a dose member coupled to the drive member. The assembly further comprises a return mechanism comprising a spring member. The assembly further comprises a movable member which is coupled to the spring member. In a setting, the movable member is coupled to the dose member and, the movable member is movable from an initial position to a dose set position, thereby biasing the spring member. In the dispensing, the drive member and the movable member are decoupled such that the drive mechanism is operable by the user by application of a driving force to the drive mechanism, wherein the spring member of the return mechanism drives the movable member independently of the driving force towards its initial position.

Abstract: A drive mechanism for a medication delivery device is presented having a housing, a rotation member that rotates in a first direction with respect to the housing during setting of a dose of a medication and rotates in a second direction with respect to the housing during delivery of the dose, the second direction being opposite to the first direction. The device also has a piston rod that is displaced in a distal direction with respect to the housing for delivering the dose, a drive member which follows rotational movement of the rotation member in the second direction during delivery of the dose, and a stop member which prevents rotational movement of the drive member with respect to the housing in the first direction during setting of the dose.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gasket excellent in properties such as sliding properties and resistance to liquid leakage. The present invention relates to a gasket having at least two annular projections and at least one annular valley on its sliding surface, the sliding surface being at least partially provided with immobilized polymer chains, the annular projections including a first projection nearest to the top surface and any other projection, the outer diameters of the other projection and the annular valley being in the range of 94 to 98% and 85 to 92%, respectively, with respect to the outer diameter of the first projection taken as 100%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an injection device for delivering set doses of a liquid drug to a user. The injection device has a scale drum for displaying the set dose, which scale drum is helically guided in a housing. The scale drum is thus rotational in relation to the housing between a zero position and a set position for displaying the set dose. Further, a needle cannula secured to a hub is mounted in an axially movable manner. The axial movement of the hub is generated by a spring. A blocking mechanism interacting between the scale drum and hub controls the axial movement of the hub such that the needle cannula automatically retracts from the skin of a user in response to the scale drum reaching the zero position.

Abstract: A drive mechanism for a drug delivery device, preferably for a pen-type injector, the mechanism comprises a spindle (6) movable in a first direction during a delivery step, a splined portion (5, 11) operatively coupled to the spindle (6), and retraction means (12, 15, 16, 17, 20) acting on the splined portion (5, 11) at least at the end of the delivery step. Thereby, that after the delivery step the spindle (6) and/or the splined portion (5, 11) is moved in a second direction contrary to the first direction, such that the whole drive mechanism is relieved from stresses.

Abstract: An injected dose detection device including a housing having a joint surface surrounding an injection device, a vibration sensor disposed in an internal part of the housing configured to detect at least one vibration signal of a dose-setting action based on a minimum vibration threshold, an acoustic sensor disposed in the internal part of the housing configured to detect at least one dosage click of the dose-setting action, a vibration transmitting element positioned directly between the vibration sensor and the injection device and configured to transmit the at least one vibration signal and a processing unit configured to process the at least one vibration signal from the dose-setting action and the at least one dosage click from the dose-setting action for generating set dose information corresponding to the injected dose wherein a bottom plate and a side wall of the vibration transmitting element form a shell structure to cover the vibration sensor.

Abstract: An injector device includes an injector body that receives a syringe; and an injection assembly being configured to dispense medicament from the syringe in a dispensation step. Certain types of injector devices include a sudden completion indicator that indicates when the injection is completed. Certain types of injector devices are configured to dispense two different medicament formulations having different viscosities from syringes without making any changes to the injector devices other than to switch out the syringes. Certain types of injector devices include safety arrangements that inhibit firing of the injector device until front and rear housing assemblies are disposed in predetermined rotational and axial positions relative to each other.

Abstract: An autoinjector includes a case, a needle shroud telescopically coupled to the case, a carrier slidably arranged in the case, a collar rotatably and slidably disposed in the case and coupled to the needle shroud and the carrier, and a trigger button operably coupled to the carrier. The case includes a rib. The needle shroud is movable between a first extended position, a retracted position, and a locked second extended position. The carrier is adapted to hold a medicament container and movable from a first axial position to a second axial position relative to the case. The carrier abuts the rib in the first axial position and the needle shroud is in the first extended position and disengages the rib when the needle shroud is in the retracted position and the trigger button is pressed to advance the carrier to the second axial position.

Abstract: A disposable pre-filled syringe has a protecting tube, a medication filling tube, a separating plug, a pushing module, and a needle module. The medication filling tube is made of chemically inert material and is mounted in the protecting tube. The separating plug is mounted in an end of the medication filling tube. The pushing module is slidably inserted into the medication filling tube opposite to the separating plug. The needle module is mounted on an end of the protecting tube.

Abstract: A hollow cannula (4) including a perforating tip (5) for perforating a perforating site, said perforating tip (5) being provided with an opening (6), said opening (6) defining a peripheral edge (7) that extends around said opening (6) and that includes a distal axial end and a proximal axial end, said distal axial end of said peripheral edge (7) forming the distal axial end (59) of the perforating tip (5), said distal axial end (59) of the perforating tip (5) being arranged on the longitudinal central axis (A) of said cannula (4), said perforating tip (5) having an outer shape that is rounded in the radial direction, and said distal axial end (59) of said perforating tip (5) being of shape that is rounded in the axial direction.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a needle-equipped outer tube includes a preheating step comprising heating a distal end connecting section to a temperature at or below a softening point of a material forming an outer tube member with a joint member inserted in a distal end connecting section of the outer tube member, and with a needle being inserted or inserted and fixed in the needle insertion hole; and a joint member welding step, performed after the preheating step, comprising thermally welding the joint member to the distal end connecting section of the outer tube member with a distal end portion of the joint member pressed toward the proximal end of the joint member by a pushing member with a pressing force in a range of 4 N to 30 N.

Abstract: An injection device includes a syringe having a body with a piston disposed therein with an open end along with a viscous fluid disposed in the body for injection by the piston. A needle assembly is provided which includes a cannula having a luer connection engageable with the syringe distal end with the luer connector including a hub. Mating engagement is provided by way of internal threads at the syringe distal end and external threads of a hub with a pitch sufficient to prevent detachment of the hub from the syringe distal end during ejection of the viscous fluid. In addition, a stepped cavity, disposed in the hub, further prevents detachment of the hub from the syringe distal end during ejection of the viscous fluid.

Abstract: An intravenous delivery system may have a liquid source containing a liquid, tubing, and an anti-run-dry membrane positioned such that the liquid, flowing form the liquid source to the tubing, passes through the anti-run-dry membrane. The anti-run-dry membrane may have a plurality of pores through which the liquid flows, and may be formed of a hydrophilic material that resists passage of air through the pores. The intravenous delivery system may further have a bubble point raising component that raises the bubble point of the anti-run-dry membrane. The bubble point raising component may, in some embodiments, be a high surface energy coating or additive.

Abstract: An apparatus to dispense fluids may include a reusable portion and a disposable portion. The disposable portion may include components that come into contact with the fluid, while the reusable portion may include only components that do not come into contact with the fluid. The apparatus includes an acoustic volume sensor that acoustically excites a fixed-volume chamber and a measurement chamber with a loudspeaker and measures the acoustic response with microphones acoustically coupled to the fixed volume chamber and the measurement chamber. The loudspeaker and sensing microphones are connected to the measurement chamber by separate ports. A detachable dispensing chamber is coupled to the acoustic volume sensor. The volume of the fluid dispensed is determined by a processor based on the acoustic response of the microphones to acoustic excitement by the loudspeaker.

Abstract: A cannula adapter for converting a trocar insufflator into a two-phase or two-mode insufflation system. In the needle insufflation mode the insufflation gas flows through a trocar cannula, a cannula adapter and an insufflation needle before entering a body cavity and in the trocar insufflation mode gas flows directly into the body cavity from the trocar cannula. The cannula adapter although sealingly attachable to the trocar cannula during the needle insufflation mode is removable therefrom for a seamless transfer between the needle insufflation mode and the trocar insufflation mode.

Abstract: Provided herein is an endoscope comprising an end portion configured to take an image; a controller configured to control the end portion and process the image input by the end portion; and a connector configured to connect the end portion and the controller, wherein the end portion is provided with at least one lens apparatus surrounding an exterior surface of the end portion, the lens apparatus being adapted to be brought to various focuses, thereby providing an effect of obtaining images from various viewpoints at a short period of time, and when used as an endoscope, obviating the need to move the multi-view and multi-focused variable lens at the end portion, making it possible to reduce the thickness of the connector that connects the end portion of the endoscope with the controller.

Abstract: An inhalation training device and inhalation training system for practicing of an inhalation process of a patient. The inhalation training device has a that is housing attachable to and detachable from a mouthpiece of an inhaler designed to provide a drug to the patient and a microphone adapted to measure the airflow occurring in the mouthpiece of the inhaler during an inhalation process of the patient. The inhalation training system includes the inhalation training device, an inhaler and an electronic device configured for evaluation of a signal received from the inhalation training device and for visual and/or audio feedback to the patient.

Abstract: A patient interface includes a frame, an inflatable seal, and a deformable insert. The frame includes an outer portion, an inner portion, and an opening extending therebetween. The inflatable seal is secured to the inner portion of the frame. The inflatable seal defines an internal volume and has at least one aperture. The deformable insert includes an outer surface, an inner surface and a passageway extending therebetween. The deformable insert is positioned within the internal volume of the seal and aligned with at least a portion of the frame inner portion. The passageway is aligned with the frame opening to define a gas flow path from the frame outer portion to the at least one aperture of the seal.

Abstract: A system for reducing airway obstructions of a patient may include a ventilator, a control unit, a gas delivery circuit with a proximal end in fluid communication with the ventilator and a distal end in fluid communication with a nasal interface, and a nasal interface. The nasal interface may include at least one jet nozzle, and at least one spontaneous respiration sensor in communication with the control unit for detecting a respiration effort pattern and a need for supporting airway patency. The system may be open to ambient. The control unit may determine more than one gas output velocities. The more than one gas output velocities may be synchronized with different parts of a spontaneous breath effort cycle, and a gas output velocity may be determined by a need for supporting airway patency.

Abstract: A patient interface for delivery of a supply of pressurized air or breathable gas to an entrance of a patient's airways includes a frame member, a cushion assembly provided to the frame member, and an anterior wall member repeatedly engageable with and disengageable from the cushion assembly. The frame member includes connectors operatively attachable to a positioning and stabilizing structure. The cushion assembly includes a seal-forming structure and a void defined by an anterior surface of the cushion assembly. The anterior wall member has a predetermined surface area to seal the void of the cushion assembly and form a gas chamber when the anterior wall member and the cushion assembly are engaged. The void of the cushion assembly is sized such that the patient's nose and/or mouth is substantially exposed when the anterior wall member is disengaged from the cushion assembly thereby improving breathing comfort of the patient.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to systems and method for delivery of therapeutic gas to patients in need thereof using enhanced breathing circuit gas (BCG) flow measurement. At least some of these enhanced BCG flow measurements can be used to address some surprising phenomena that may, at times, occur when wild stream blending therapeutic gas into breathing gas that a patient receives from a breathing circuit affiliated with a ventilator. Utilizing at least some of these enhanced BCG flow measurements the dose of therapeutic gas wild stream blended into breathing gas that the patient receives from a ventilator can at least be more accurate and/or over delivery of therapeutic gas into the breathing gas can be avoided and/or reduced.

Abstract: A pillow cover device for promoting for a user restorative sleep and minimizing sleep inertia and fatigue upon waking comprising at least one non-invasive brain stimulator for stimulation of the brain at various selected frequencies; an alarm; sensors to monitor sleep; and a microprocessor, wherein the sensors provide the microprocessor data regarding the state of sleep of the user; wherein the microprocessor calculates brain activity indicating deep sleep slow-wave activity and activates the at least one brain stimulator to emit low frequency tones.

Abstract: A support device for preventing an occlusion of a catheter's root region including an extended, flexible member extending from an end of a catheter adapter. The flexible extension is tapered such that additional support is provided to the portions of the root region most susceptible to an occlusion. Additionally, the flexible extension provides shielding to the root region thereby preventing contamination of the same. Finally, the flexible extension provides a marking function whereby the technician may insert the catheter tube until such a point that the flexible extension contacts the patient thereby preventing over insertion of the catheter tube.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a micro-cutting machine for forming cuts in catheters, guidewires, and similar products. The micro-cutting machine can directly control the dimensions of the resultant beams being cut into these types of products, and can also capture images of each cut for feedback control and accuracy verification. The micro-cutting machine has two cutting blades each with cutting edges aligned with a vertical axis. Motors operate to move the cutting blades in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stock material being cut to form a pair of opposing grooves in the stock material with each cut.

Abstract: A catheter tip for guiding the catheter through a patient's blood vessels and keeping the catheter in large vessels and preventing entry into smaller branch vessels.

Abstract: A system for treating a patient comprises a delivery device and injectate. The delivery device comprises an elongate shaft with a distal portion and at least one delivery element positioned on the elongate shaft distal portion. The delivery device is constructed and arranged to deliver the injectate through the at least one delivery element and into tissue to create a therapeutic restriction in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods of creating a therapeutic restriction are also provided.

Abstract: Implants comprising electrically-responsive hydrogel are described. Systems to provide electricity to induce response in hydrogel-containing implants are described. Methods for utilizing said system and methods for utilizing said hydrogel-containing implants are described.

Abstract: A medical device securement system is configured to secure medical devices such as catheters in place. The securement system includes an anchor pad that attaches to a patient's skin. A malleable support base is attached to an upper surface of the anchor pad. The support base has front and back inclined surfaces that are separated by an offset surface that extends generally normal to both of the inclined surfaces. A spot of adhesive is applied to one or more of the inclined surfaces. A catheter assembly includes a connector having a first connector portion with a diameter larger than an adjacent second structure. The catheter assembly is attached to the support base with the first connector portion engaged with and supported by the back inclined surface, and the second connector portion engaged with and supported by the front inclined surface.

Abstract: A catheter insertion device for inserting a catheter into a body of a patient includes a retractable needle for establishing access to a subcutaneous vessel of the patient and a manually extensible guidewire for guiding the initially attached catheter into the vessel. In one embodiment, the catheter insertion device includes a housing, a hollow needle retractably extending from the housing, a catheter initially disposed on a portion of the needle, a guidewire including a portion initially disposed within the needle, a guidewire advancement feature configured to selectively advance a distal end of the guidewire distally past a distal end of the needle, and a needle retention component configured to selectively enable retraction of the needle into the housing. The needle retention component is configured to be actuated by the guidewire advancement feature. In one embodiment, one-handed operation of the device is possible.

Abstract: A medical device includes a polymer scaffold crimped to a catheter having an expansion balloon. A sheath pair is placed over the crimped scaffold after crimping to reduce recoil of the crimped polymer scaffold and maintain scaffold-balloon engagement relied on to hold the scaffold to the balloon when the scaffold is being delivered to a target in a body. The sheath pair is removed by a health professional before placing the scaffold within the body.

Abstract: A system for dilating a stenosed vessel is provided. The system includes a balloon mounted on a catheter shaft, the balloon being composed of a first material and fibers forming a grid attached to a surface of the balloon or integrated within a wall thereof. The fibers are composed of a second material having less elasticity than the first material such that when the balloon is inflated beyond a predetermined pressure balloon regions protrude from the grid formed by the fibers.

Abstract: An introducer set includes an introducer and dilator along with an extension in a sealed sterile peal open package. The extension is available for use during procedures where the puncture access site to the patient is close enough to the site to be treated in the patient that the physician's hands and/or head may be positioned in the fluroscopic area while the physician is attempting to maneuver a wire guide to a desired location. When the extension is attached to the introducer, the physician may perform a procedure, such as an antigrade stick in the lower leg of a patient, while maintaining their hands and head outside of the fluroscopic area while direct radiation is being supplied and the wire guide is being maneuvered to a desired treatment location.