Abstract: A dual-loop liquid cooling system is provided. A working liquid flows in the dual-loop liquid cooling system to facilitate heat dissipation. The dual-loop liquid cooling system includes a main liquid cooling head, a first loop assembly and a second loop assembly. The first loop assembly is connected with a first inlet and a first outlet of the main liquid cooling head. A first cooling loop system is defined by the first loop assembly and the main liquid cooling head collaboratively. The second loop assembly is connected with a second inlet and a second outlet of the main liquid cooling head. A second cooling loop system is defined by the second loop assembly and the main liquid cooling head collaboratively. Consequently, the cooling efficiency of removing the heat from the main liquid cooling head is enhanced.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a plurality of interconnected separator members that respectively include a first surface and an opposite second surface. The separator members respectively include an array of wave features. Also, the separator members are stacked and disposed in an alternating arrangement with the first surfaces of adjacent separator members facing each other and attached at the respective wave features, and with the second surfaces of adjacent separator members facing each other and attached at the respective wave features. The heat exchanger also includes a plurality of first flow passages for first fluid flow and second flow passages for second fluid flow. The second fluid and the first fluid are configured to exchange heat through the separator members.

Abstract: A heat dissipation unit includes a heat pipe and a base seat. The base seat has a first side and a second side. The second side is formed with a channel and multiple perforations in communication with the first and second sides. The heat pipe has a heat absorption section and a conduction section. The conduction section extends from the heat absorption section in a direction to at least one end of the heat pipe distal from the heat absorption section. Several parts of the heat pipe corresponding to the perforations are received in the perforations and flush with the first side of the base seat. The heat dissipation unit improves the shortcoming of the conventional heat dissipation component that the coplanar precision between the heat pipe and the protruding platform of the base seat is hard to control.

Abstract: A cooling member includes an enclosing member including sheet members connected in a liquid tight manner and including small compartments, refrigerant enclosed in each of the small compartments, and an absorbing member arranged in each of the small compartments and absorbing the refrigerant. Each of the small compartments includes a condensation section where the refrigerant that is in a gaseous state is condensed.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a trans-seasonal cold-storage heat-storage system, comprising an ice-source heat pump, an ice-making machine set, a trans-seasonal energy-storage tank, an exergonic heat exchanger, an air conditioning pump and a cooling heat-storage pump, wherein the condenser in the ice-source heat pump communicates sequentially with the cooling heat-storage pump and the cooling tower via a circulation pipeline, the condenser in the ice-source heat pump further communicates sequentially with the cooling heat-storage pump and the trans-seasonal energy-storage tank via a circulation pipeline, the condenser in the ice-source heat pump further communicates sequentially with the air conditioning pump and the air conditioning cold and heat terminal via a circulation pipeline, to form a circulation loop for supplying heat to the air conditioning cold and heat terminal in winter.

Abstract: A thermal barrier for helping maintain a temperature in a volumes and/or at least one internal structural component surrounded by said barrier. The barrier comprises a first component containing at least one phase change material (PCM) that changes its state at a first temperature, a second component containing a PCM that changes its state at a second temperature which is different from the first temperature, and a third, thermally insulating component that is disposed between the first and second components containing a PCM or outside the second component.

Abstract: A heat exchanger including a first module and a second module for heat exchange between a first fluid medium and a second fluid medium. The first fluid medium is conducted through a closed channel system separate from the second fluid medium, with the closed channel system flowed around by the gaseous second fluid medium. The first module and the second module are wetted by a third fluid medium, with a first wetting apparatus wetting the first module being actuatable independently of a second wetting apparatus wetting the second module. A first blocking element is provided for the first wetting apparatus. A second blocking element is provided for the second wetting apparatus. A monitoring system is provided by means of which the period of use of each blocking element can be detected so that the blocking elements can be switched in based on the data on the period of use.

Abstract: The various technologies presented herein relate to fabrication and operation of a heat exchanger that is configured to extract heat from an underlying substrate. Heat can be extracted by way of an air gap formed between an impeller and a baseplate. By utilizing a pump to create an initial air gap that is further maintained by rotation of the impeller relative to the baseplate, a spring can be utilized that can apply a force of greater magnitude to the impeller than is used in a conventional approach, thus enabling the weight of the impeller to be negligible with respect to a width of the air gap, thereby conferring the desirable feature of orientation independence with respect to gravity with no performance degradation.

Abstract: A water-cooling heat dissipating system includes a pump and a water-cooling head. The water-cooling head includes a base, a first chamber and a second chamber. The base is in contact with an electronic component. The first chamber and the second chamber are located over the base and separated from each other. The first chamber includes a first inlet and a first outlet. The first inlet is in fluid communication with the pump. The second chamber includes a second inlet and a second outlet. The second inlet is fluid communication with the first outlet. The liquid continuously flows through the first chamber and the second chamber. The heat from the electronic component is transferred to the liquid within the first chamber and the second chamber through the base, and released through the first outlet and the second outlet.

Abstract: A cooling plate that includes: a plate that is attached to a heat generating element; feed flow paths and return flow paths for coolant that are alternatingly arranged along a plate face of the plate; and a plurality of coolant flow paths that are formed in a plurality of levels within the plate closer to the heat generating element than the feed flow paths and the return flow paths, the plurality of coolant flow paths placing adjacent paths of the feed flow paths and the return flow paths in parallel communication through each of the levels.

Abstract: A distributor branches one flow path into a plurality of flow paths. The distributor includes an upper end part positioned at an upper end of the distributor in a gravity direction, a lower end part positioned at a lower end of the distributor in the gravity direction, and a flow path forming part positioned between the upper end part and the lower end part and having a flow path formed in the flow path forming part. At least one of the upper end part and the lower end part is a non-horizontal face part having a non-horizontal face slanted to a horizontal plane.

Abstract: A phase change suppression heat transfer plate-type heat exchanger comprises an inlet communication header pipe, an outlet communication header pipe and a plurality of phase change suppression heat transfer heat exchange plates arranged in parallel. The phase change suppression heat transfer heat exchange plate is provided with a liquid pipeline of a certain structure shape and a closed network-shaped pipeline of a certain structure shape. The closed network-shaped pipeline is filled with a phase change suppression working medium. The inlet communication header pipe and the outlet communication header pipe are at least fixed at one side of the phase change suppression heat transfer heat exchange plate. The lengthwise directions of the inlet communication header pipe and the outlet communication header pipe extend along the parallel arrangement direction of the plurality of phase change suppression heat transfer heat exchange plates.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for cooling a gas is disclosed. A slurry is passed through a droplet generating device to produce droplets of the slurry. The slurry comprises a contact liquid and solids. A melting point of the solids is higher than a vaporization point of the contact liquid. A carrier gas is passed across the droplets to exchange heat between the carrier gas and the droplets. At least a portion of the heat transferred to the droplets melts the solids.

Abstract: A universal chassis for a firearm includes sidewalls. The sidewalls define a trigger well that is configured to receive a trigger mechanism. One of the sidewalls may define a cutout adjacent the trigger well. The chassis is configured to interchangeably receive a bolt action and a barrel for a shotgun, a muzzle loader, and a rifle. The cutout is sized and dimensioned to receive a lever arm of the bolt action.

Abstract: A weapon security apparatus includes a base member and a gate member pivotably coupled to the base member configured to enclose a portion of a weapon. The apparatus further includes a retractable latch, the retractable latch locking the gate member in the closed position when in a non-retracted state and releasing the gate member when in a retracted state. The apparatus also includes a solenoid configured to retract the retractable latch when activated. The apparatus includes a controller configured to activate the solenoid with a first electrical current for a first period of time during which the retractable latch moves to the retracted position and with a second electrical current for a second period of time during which the retractable latch is held in the retracted position.

Abstract: A method authenticates a user before the user can remove or attach a component to a firearm. When the user is authenticated, the user can remove or attach a component to the firearm. The firearm prevents the removal or attachment of the component when the user is not authenticated.

Abstract: The linear repeating firearm, with assisted ejection, comprises: means capable of recovering energy resulting from pressure exerted when firing an ammunition to move a movable assembly against a return spring, wherein the firearm comprises a stopper, a latch and a striker cooperating with a hammer (5) controlled by a trigger (6), locking means for locking the movable assembly in a compressed position of the return spring at a rear position of movement of the movable assembly, after each shot, a manually actuatable unlocking assembly (12) capable of acting on the locking means to release the movable assembly to allow the assisted return of said movable assembly to perform an ammunition reloading. Said firearm is characterized in that the locking means are made up of the hammer (5), which cooperates with the movable assembly, to lock the movable assembly at the rear position of movement.

Abstract: A cocking device for a firing pin spring of a firing pin of a weapon, the firing pin being integrated into a breech. This firing pin spring is cocked during the pre-run of the control slide, by means of a cocking slide on the weapon, said cocking slide having a cocking curve, in which a pin of a cocking rocker is engaged.

Abstract: A sound suppressor for a firearm comprised of a cylindrical housing having a rear end cap attached to the housing with means for mounting to the muzzle of a firearm. a front-end cap attached to the housing with having a centrally positioned aperture, and one or more baffle components positioned within the housing between the proximal and distal end. The baffle component is comprised of a cylindrical wall with two or more disc-like extrusion walls protruding external and perpendicular to cylinder wall with one or more apertures through the disc-like extrusions for redirecting propellant gases, an internal cone facing the proximal end with an aperture centered on the cone for the projectile to pass through. Redirecting of propellant gases is achieved with porting of the internal chamber of the proximal end through the alternate chambers formed between the cylindrical wall of the baffle and the suppressor tube and exiting through the dedicated apertures of the distal end.

Abstract: An accessory mounting system for a firearm is provided. The system can include a connection mechanism on a barrel of the firearm for connecting the barrel to a muzzle accessory, and a protection mechanism having sleeve that is integrated with and movable about the muzzle end of the barrel between an extended position at least partially covering the connection mechanism and a retracted position at least partially exposing the connection mechanism. When the sleeve is in its retracted position and the muzzle accessory is attached to the barrel, at least a portion of the sleeve can engage the muzzle accessory to provide a partially tensioned connection and substantially prevent the muzzle accessory from inadvertent loosening or disconnection during use of the firearm. Other aspects are also described.

Abstract: A system for shooting an armament includes a connector configured to connect to a supporting structure, a side to side windage device connected to the connector, an up and down windage device connected to the connector, at least one guide rail connected to the up and down windage device, a carriage slidably connected to the at least one guide rail, and a gas spring connected to the carriage and the up and down windage device. The system rests a gun during shooting, assists steady aim, and limits any significant jarring and recoil impacting the gun, the system and any support, as well as virtually eliminates recoil force borne by the shooter.

Abstract: An adjustable bipod uses a gas spring to and pivotally attached pedals to manually adjust the height of the bipod legs on varying terrains to optimize device positioning.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a toy gun having a bolt configured to move forward or backward such that a recoil and a following thrill can be experienced as in the case of an actual gun.

Abstract: An ambidextrous lower receiver for an automatic rifle is an apparatus that allows a rifle bolt of an upper receiver that is mounted on the apparatus to be manipulated from either side of the automatic rifle. The apparatus includes a lower-receiver body, a bolt catch button, a bolt catch lever, a pusher finger, and a length-adjustable pin. The lower-receiver body attaches with the upper receiver of an automatic rifle and connects a magazine and a pistol grip to the automatic rifle. The lower-receiver body positions the bolt catch button and the bolt catch lever. The bolt catch button releases and locks the bolt catch lever. The bolt catch lever releases and locks the rifle bolt of a corresponding upper receiver. The bolt catch button manipulates the bolt catch lever from the opposite side of the automatic rifle with the pusher finger and the length-adjustable pin.

Abstract: Provided is a crossbow cocking system comprising a crossbow stock having a first side and a second side opposite the first side; a first receptacle extending through the stock from the first side of the stock to the second side of the stock; a first adapter plate adapted for selectable and operational engagement with the first receptacle; and a cocking device engaged with the first adapter plate, and extending through the first adapter plate.

Abstract: A crossbow track assembly includes a crossbow track having a top surface and a side surface. The top surface includes an arrow track. The side surface includes a longitudinal passage leading to a longitudinal cavity. The side surface forms an upper shoulder and a lower shoulder of the longitudinal cavity. A second side surface may include a second longitudinal passage leading to a second longitudinal cavity. The second side surface may form an upper shoulder and a lower shoulder of the second longitudinal cavity. The crossbow track assembly may further include a crossbow accessory including an accessory body operatively connected to a plug, which is dimensioned to fit within the longitudinal cavity of the crossbow track for securing the accessory body to the crossbow track. The accessory body may be adjustably connected to the plug with a fastener. Alternatively, the plug may be in sliding engagement with the longitudinal cavity.

Abstract: A linear magazine for an air gun advances upon actuation of a cocking mechanism. The magazine carries multiple projectiles for the air gun and translates perpendicularly to the bore (i.e., barrel) of the air gun to advance to the next projectile. The magazine places a series of projectiles in line with the bore of the gun while serving as a chamber for the projectile and gun and sealing to the air orifice and barrel bore of the air gun. In one embodiment, each hole or chamber of the linear magazine is arranged in a single row.

Abstract: A self defense bracelet for a user comprising an ornamental defense member comprising at least one defensive protrusion configured to be used to protect the user; the ornamental defense member further defining at least one opening, configured to accept at least on finger of the user; and a strap member comprising a wearable region configured to be worn about a user's wrist.

Abstract: A self-loading pistol including a frame which has on its upper side a carriage guide extending in a longitudinal direction. The carriage guide at least partially receives and/or guides a carriage and a tube having a cartridge chamber. The tube is at least partially inside the carriage. The carriage can be moved in the carriage guide between front end and rear end positions. The carriage closes the tube in the front end position and opens the tube in at least the rear end position. The frame has a carriage catch lever to lock the carriage, a trigger device movable relative to the frame, and a handle piece having a magazine shaft. A receiving device receives the carriage at least partially in the rear end position. A shoulder support can be connected to the receiving device via a holding device.

Abstract: Adjusting device (1) for an adjustable rest (2, 2a, 2b) for a rifle stock (3), comprising: a first portion (4) adapted to be fixedly arranged to the rifle stock (3), an adjusting portion (5) adapted to be releasably engaged with the first portion (4) and movable between an engaged, locking position and a disengaged, release position upon actuation of the adjusting portion (5), wherein the adjusting portion (5) is adjustable in relation to the first portion (4) in a release position, and wherein the adjusting portion is locked in relation to the first portion (4) in the locking position, wherein the adjusting portion (5) is adapted to be fixedly arranged to the adjustable rest (2, 2a, 2b).

Abstract: An apparatus and detachable motion-activated recoding system for a firearm, the system detachable to a trigger guard, the camera system comprising video recording means and/or one of a motion-sensor and a light-sensor. The apparatus and system are adapted to record whatever the firearm is being pointed at whenever the firearm is drawn from a holster.

Abstract: A laser sight system for switching between one color of projected light, and a second color of projected light, depending upon ambient lighting levels. The system includes laser projectors of at least two colors, and optionally, a light level sensor having a setpoint and a setpoint adjuster. Actuation of an appropriate laser projector may be determined by sensing ambient light. The system may include a flashlight for general illumination, and a manual selector for selecting among three modes of operation. In one mode, only the laser projectors operate. In another mode, only the flashlight operates. In another mode, the lasers operate subject to the light level sensor, and the flashlight operates when the low light level laser is operating.

Abstract: A universal marksmanship training system is disclosed herein configured to utilize a display device comprising a graphic display. A software application may also be provided. The software application is often configured to display a virtual target on the graphic display. A chamber insert may be utilized, the chamber insert configured to be positioned with the firing chamber of a firearm to be zeroed, wherein the chamber insert interacts with the software application to determine alignment of a bore of the firearm to a bore alignment point on the graphic display. In one form, the display device displays a sight target on the graphic display wherein the sight target is visually perceived by a marksman, and is offset from the bore alignment point by a offset distance. In one form, the software application calculates the sight target relative to the bore alignment point of the firearm given a set of condition variables.

Abstract: A target assignment system,includes a sensor system which detects a position, of a moving vehicle, an assigning section which determines the launcher system assigned with the moving vehicle in response to the position of the moving vehicle and generates a first display signal which shows the moving vehicle and a first launcher system, a display section which displays the moving vehicle and the assigned launcher system in real time in response to the display signal, and an input section which instructs a change of the assigned launcher system. The assigning section generates a second display signal in which the first launcher system is changed to a second launcher system, in response to an instruction of assignment change.

Abstract: A composite panel includes a thermoplastic base of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, a composite layer including basalt fibers, with the composite layer bonded to the thermoplastic base, and the composite layer including at least two sub-layers of basalt material. Each sub-layer of basalt material is bonded to adjacent sub-layers of basalt material, where each sub-layer of basalt material comprises basalt fabric, and where the composite layer provides a protective fire barrier configured to prevent flame and smoke generation upon application of a 3400° F. flame to the composite layer.

Abstract: The existing personal bulletproof equipment has the disadvantages such as a simple structure, insufficient folding and lack of an automatic opening function, and is thus not suitable for one-handed operations in a narrow and small space inside a vehicle. A foldable bulletproof shield disclosed in the present invention comprises a shield plate, a handle, an unfolding power device and an unfolding control device. The folding of the shield plate is realized by means of its own deformation. The unfolding power device is an elastic force device or an elastic structure provided in the foldable shield plate. The unfolding control device is composed of a button, a buckle, a strap, etc. and is integrated with the handle, such that a user enables the bulletproof shield to rapidly switch from a folded state to an unfolded state with one-handed operations.

Abstract: A hand-carried ballistic shield for use by civilians and law enforcement is disclosed, comprising a ballistic metal sheet, one or more handles or attached accessories, and a bolt buffer element between the ballistic sheet and the handles or accessories. The sheet may be further faced with ceramic or hardened steel in order to improve ballistic performance against hardened core or higher velocity bullets. As a preferred method of manufacture, any holes in the ballistic metal sheet are made solely through mechanical means such as drilling or punching.

Abstract: The double side doors armored vehicle combines hinged side door with a foldable top screen and a foldable bottom panel, overlaid by a gullwing door in a vehicle body together in a specific arrangement to form a half-closed space for providing multiple direction shields to soldier and police when all of doors and panels are opened. The opening gullwing doors can protect attacks from high building. The opening swing doors can protect from front, right, and left. The standing up top screens and unfold bottom panels extend protection to soldier's head and legs. The vehicle provides multiple directions protection as a mobile shield that is stronger than personal protection devices. It can be a man driven car or an autonomous vehicle. It can be used as leading vehicle, or used in group for protecting marching soldiers. It can be a checking post, a block, an information collecting center.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for changing operation mode of a weapon that is connected to a maintenance device via an umbilical providing signals and power to the weapon. The method includes transmitting a mode change control signal to electronics in the weapon via a pin on an electrical interface connecting the umbilical to the weapon, and switching the weapon from an operational mode to a non-operational mode and vice versa after receiving the mode change control signal. Also disclosed is a weapon and system including a unit for performing the method.

Abstract: Machine for launching targets comprising a frame on which a mounting is assembled, relative to which a barrel is rotatably assembled according to an axis of rotation and in a direction of rotation, said barrel comprising a plurality of columns for storing stacks of targets, the storage columns being arranged according to a ring defining an inner surface of the barrel. The inner space of the barrel advantageously comprises at least one additional target storage element.

Abstract: One or more aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method of at least partly manufacturing a liner for a linear shaped charge. The method can include coating each of a plurality of metal particles with a non-metal, to form a plurality of coated spherical particles; mixing, without a solvent, the plurality of coated spherical particles with a polymer binder and at least one of: a filler, a dry lubricant, or a wet lubricant, until a flexible material is formed with the plurality of coated spherical particles dispersed homogeneously in the polymer binder and the flexible material has a mass of at least 5,700 kg per cubic meter volume of the flexible material; and at least partly forming a liner for the linear shaped charge from the flexible material.

Abstract: A system for firing reduced energy cartridges from a modern sporting rifle utilizes a bolt assembly weighing less than a conventional bolt assembly for such rifles and utilizes blow back for cycling the bolt assembly rather than gas operation. A bolt insert in a polymer bolt carrier of the bolt assembly has a projection that fits within a recess on the rear face of reduced energy cartridges. The reduced energy cartridges having a polymer casing, a rimfire power load for propellant, the power load recessed from the rear face of the casing. The power load seats in in the casing surrounded by a reinforcement liner embedded in the polymer casing.

Abstract: An ammunition cartridge for use with a firearm, such as a shotgun or rifle, and which includes a shot shell wad having a cylindrical housing which has a forward or outer shot receiving chamber separated from the at least one innermost shot receiving chamber by a partition which is preferably integrally formed with the housing and wherein the projectiles or shot receiving chambers include a plurality of open conically shaped chamber portions that are in open communication with one another at an apex and base of each adjoining projectile or shot receiving chamber so that, upon firing of the cartridge, the projectiles or shot are directed centrally and forwardly relative to a centerline of the housing as the projectiles or shot separate from the innermost camber and exit an open end of the outer chamber.

Abstract: Herein we describe embodiments of shotgun shells, methods for loading such shotgun shells, and methods for using them. In some embodiments, the shotgun shells utilize a multi-component wad system with a biodegradable powder wad that stays intact through the firing process, and a separate and chemically distinct biodegradable shot wad that breaks apart within one meter after being shot out of the barrel of a shotgun. A clean release of the shot can be obtained, providing both high performance and biodegradability. The biodegradable shot wad can be a biodegradable polyester.

Abstract: A system for communicating with a projectile in flight toward an intended target includes a barrel-launched projectile and a remote receiver. The barrel-launched projectile includes an ordnance portion, an active communications apparatus and an onboard speed control. The active communications apparatus includes an onboard receiver, an electromagnetic wave reception device, and an active transmitter. The electromagnetic wave reception device includes at least one from the group consisting of an antenna and a photo receptor and is configured to receive an electromagnetic signal. The electromagnetic wave reception device is connected to provide a signal derived from the electromagnetic signal to the onboard receiver to deploy the onboard speed control. The active transmitter is connected and configured for transmitting a signal to the remote receiver during flight and before activation of the speed control.

Abstract: The invention relates to an automated progressive ammunition, in particular cartridge, assembly apparatus (1) and method. The automated progressive ammunition assembly apparatus (1) according to the invention comprises a conveyor subsystem (4) and at least one assembly station (5). The at least one assembly station (5) comprises an actuator subsystem (8), a measurement subsystem (12) and a control subsystem (13). The conveyor subsystem (4) is adapted to transport the ammunition (2, 3) past the at least one assembly station (5) in an assembly direction (6) preferably along a rectilinear path. The actuator subsystem (8) is adapted to move a component (9), such as a powder or propellant (10) or a projectile (11), thereby adding the component to the ammunition. The component thus changes at least one physical parameter (P) of the ammunition.

Abstract: A tape rule assembly includes a linear optical encoder for sensing human-readable graduations of length disposed on a surface of a tape, without requiring any other machine-readable indicia to be present on the tape. The optical encoder includes two optical sensors disposed in a sensor holder pivotably disposed in the tape rule housing and configured to be displaced relative to one another in the housing along both the “x” axis and the “z” axis, a set of intersecting “x”, “y” and “z” axes being defined relative to a tape exit in the tape rule housing.

Abstract: A flatness detector includes a positioning plate, a positioning assembly arranged on a top surface of the positioning plate, a dial indicator arranged on the positioning assembly, and a sliding block. The positioning assembly includes a first positioning rod and a second positioning rod perpendicularly coupled together and pin-jointed. The dial indicator includes a detecting post maintained as a plumb line by the positioning assembly. The sliding block defines a groove for conforming to the detecting post. A measurement value of the dial indicator is obtained when the groove of the sliding block is conformed to the detecting post.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus capable of effectively and accurately predicting a deformation characteristic in relation to swelling of a secondary battery. The secondary battery evaluation apparatus includes a fixed jig configured to hold a secondary battery and restrict swelling of the held secondary battery, the fixed jig measuring a change of a reaction force of the secondary battery according to charging and discharging cycles; a variable jig configured to hold a secondary battery and allow swelling of the held secondary battery, the variable jig measuring a reaction force and a thickness change amount of the secondary battery according to charging and discharging cycles; and a deriving unit configured to derive a relationship between the thickness change amount and the reaction force of the secondary battery by using the reaction force measured by the fixed jig and the reaction force and the thickness change amount measured by the variable jig.

Abstract: Provided is a strain sensor unit that enables inhibition of a positional deviation of a strain sensor. The strain sensor unit includes: a substrate that is stretchable; at least one strip-shaped or string-shaped strain sensor that is arranged on the substrate along a direction of stretching and contracting of the substrate; and a deformation restraining member that is arranged in proximity to longitudinal end portions of the at least one strain sensor respectively, to extend in a direction intersecting a longitudinal direction of the strain sensor, and restrains deformation of the substrate.