Abstract: A device for deodorization and disinfection is provided. The aforementioned device includes a supporter, a fan module, a high voltage generating module, a controlling circuit, a battery module, and a cover body used to contain aforementioned elements. Aforementioned supporter includes a first supporting portion, a second supporting portion, and a third supporting portion. The fan module attaches to a setting plane of the first supporting portion. The high voltage generating module is configured at the third supporting portion and below the fan module, and a corona generator of the high voltage generating module is configured at an air outlet of the fan module. The battery module is configured at a holding space formed by the second supporting portion and the third supporting portion. The controlling circuit makes the battery module provide power to the fan module and the high voltage generating module.

Abstract: A system for use in selective catalytic reduction reactor is disclosed. The system may include a catalyst bed and a screen located close to the catalyst bed in a manner so that flow of flue gas to the catalyst bed contacts the screen before it contacts the catalyst bed. The screen may be adapted to support a weight of at least 400 pounds above the catalyst bed so that the weight is not imposed on the catalyst. The screen may have a plurality of holes across its surface in a manner so that the screen is adapted to change the velocity distribution of the flue gas as it flows through the screen.

Abstract: An emissions treatment apparatus includes a first mechanism arranged to receive an exhaust gas, wherein the first mechanism is supplied with a first substance arranged to react with a first exhaust compound to process the exhaust gas, the first substance being chemically derived from an electrolyte source. The emissions treatment apparatus further comprises a second mechanism arranged to receive the exhaust gas after its reaction with the first exhaust compound; wherein the second mechanism receives a second substance arranged to react with a second exhaust compound to further process the exhaust gas, the second substance being chemically derived from an electrolyte source.

Abstract: A carrier gas and a combined feed liquid are directed through a humidifier, where water vaporizes from the combined feed liquid into the carrier gas, and through a dehumidifier, where the combined feed liquid cools the carrier gas to condense water from the carrier gas. At least a portion of the concentrated brine stream from the humidifier is directed through a pressure-retarded osmosis unit, while an initial feed solution is directed, in counter-flow, through the osmosis unit. Water from the initial feed solution flows through a membrane in the osmosis chamber into the concentrated brine stream to dilute and increase the volumetric flow rate of the brine stream. The diluted brine stream is extracted from the osmosis chamber and depressurized to produce power, while the concentrated initial feed solution is combined with the depressurized, diluted brine stream to form the combined feed liquid.

Abstract: The present invention directs to a centrifugal filtration device, for separating living cells, including a spindle (28), a rotary arm (211) which is connected vertically to the spindle (28), a microporous membrane filter (31A;31B) which is mounted on the rotary arm (211), and a liquid distributor (4) arranged above the spindle (28). The microporous membrane filter (31A;31B) includes an inlet (311A;311B), an outlet (312A;312B), a front cavity (313A;313B) having the inlet (311A;311B) formed thereon, a rear cavity having the outlet (312A;312B) formed thereon, and a filter membrane (315A;315B) arranged between the front cavity and the rear cavity; the diameter of each filter pore formed in the filter membrane is smaller than that of the cell which needs to be separated. The present invention also discloses a cell separation system.

Abstract: A spiral wound membrane module adapted for hyperfiltration and including at least one membrane envelope and feed spacer sheet wound about a central permeate tube to form an inlet and outlet scroll face and an outer periphery, wherein the feed spacer sheet includes: i) a feed entrance section extending along the permeate collection tube from the inlet scroll face toward the outlet scroll face, ii) a feed exit section extending along the outer periphery from the outlet scroll face toward the inlet scroll face, and iii) a central feed section located between the feed entrance section and the feed exit section; and wherein the feed entrance section has a median resistance to flow in a direction parallel to the permeate collection tube that is less than 25% of the median resistance to flow of the central feed section in a direction perpendicular to the permeate collection tube.

Abstract: A stable high performance facilitated transport membrane comprising an asymmetric integrally-skinned polymeric membrane wherein the pores on the relatively porous, thin, dense skin layer of the membrane comprises a hydrophilic polymer such as chitosan or sodium alginate, a metal salt such as silver nitrate, or a mixture of a metal salt such as silver nitrate and hydrogen peroxide and the asymmetric integrally-skinned polymeric membrane comprises a relatively porous, thin, dense skin layer as characterized by a CO2 permeance of at least 200 GPU and a CO2 over CH4 selectivity between 1.1 and 10 at 50° C. under 50-1000 psig, 10% CO2/90% CH4 mixed gas feed pressure. The present invention further includes a method of making these membranes and their use for olefin/paraffin separations, particularly for propylene/propane and ethylene/ethane separations.

Abstract: A support structure for a membrane comprises a plurality of support members and at least one flange, including: (a) a first set of spoke-like support members that extend generally from at least one flange toward a common hub and that have a distal end joined to at least one flange and a proximal end joined to the common hub; and (b) at least one subsequent set of spoke-like support members that are distributed between circumferentially adjacent pairs of spoke-like support members from the prior sets and that extend generally from at least one flange toward the hub, each having a distal end joined to at least one flange and a proximal end connected to the nearest circumferentially adjacent pair of spoke-like support members from the prior sets via a pair of approximately straight anchoring support members which join together and form an angular joint at or near said proximal end, with the vertex of said angular joint pointing generally away from the hub.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane and a preparation method thereof. The hollow fiber membrane comprises 30%-50% of polyvinylidene fluoride resin, 40%-60% of inorganic molecular solution in-situ pore-forming agent and 5%-20% of organic diluent.

Abstract: Self-supporting or supported porous carbon films, including nanoporous carbon films, are provided. The porous carbon films comprise an open network of interconnected pores. Methods for making porous carbon films are also provided. One synthesis method includes formation of a synthesis mixture comprising particles of an inorganic material, a carbon precursor material and water, forming a layer of the synthesis mixture on a substrate and heat treating the film to convert the carbon precursor to carbon.

Abstract: Provided is a zeolite membrane manufactured by: subjecting a porous body to heat treatment at 400° C. or more in the presence of oxygen as pretreatment, before adhering zeolite seed crystals to a surface of the porous body; storing the porous body under an environment of humidity of 30% or more for 12 hours or more after the heat treatment; and subsequently adhering the zeolite seed crystals to the porous body. The zeolite membrane having oxygen eight-membered rings, which is manufactured by subjecting the porous body to the heat treatment, provides a value that is obtained by dividing a permeance of CF4 by a permeance of CO2 to be 0.015 or less, and has fewer defects.

Abstract: A waterproof member (20) includes a first adhesive layer (22), a second adhesive layer (24), and a porous layer (26). The porous layer (26) is disposed between the first adhesive layer (22) and the second adhesive layer (24). The first adhesive layer (22) and the second adhesive layer (24) each have a frame shape in plan view. When the first adhesive layer (22), the second adhesive layer (24), and the porous layer (26) are seen in plan view, the outer boundary of the porous layer (26) lies within the outer boundary of the first adhesive layer (22) and the outer boundary of the second adhesive layer (24). The first adhesive layer (22) is bonded directly to the second adhesive layer (24) in a region outside the outer boundary of the porous layer (26). The porous layer (26) has a peripheral surface that is shielded from outside by the first adhesive layer (22) and the second adhesive layer (24).

Abstract: The present invention provides a high-flux polyamide composite membrane, which includes a composite membrane body, wherein the composite membrane body includes a non-woven fabric, a porous supporting layer and a polyamide layer which are successively arranged; and the polyamide layer is prepared by a polyamine solution and a poly-acyl chloride solution through an interface polymerization reaction, wherein the polyamine solution contains amino acid. The amino acid adopted in the technical solution of the present invention can be used as an end-capping reagent to react with acyl chloride groups, thereby regulating a polyamide layer structure, decreasing a cross-linking degree of the polyamide layer, and opening a channel for the passing of water molecules; and moreover, the hydrophilic performance of a membrane surface can also be improved, and a water flux is increased while a high interception rate is ensured.

Abstract: A valve contact tray for use in a mass transfer or heat exchange column and having a plurality of fixed or moveable valves distributed across a tray deck of the contact tray. Each of the valves includes an opening in the tray deck, a valve cover connected to attachment legs, and a weir surrounding the opening. The valve cover is wider than and extends outwardly beyond the underlying opening in the tray deck and has a perimeter region that extends downwardly. A louvered vent opening may be provided in a downstream one of the attachment legs.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to extracting the liquid from a container (such as a bottle of wine) using a needle adapted to pierce the closure of a container of liquid, dispense liquid from the container, and supply an inert gas to the container to help preserve the liquid.

Abstract: A container system for liquids, including an in-container mixer/aerator in the exit throat of the container. The mixer/aerator is a cylinder, having axial peripheral grooves, and and axial central bore, divided by axial vanes.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a body having a length extending from a first end to a second end. The body defines a bore extending through the entirety of the body and at least one of a plurality of grooves or holes around the bore. The body has a length that is dimensioned to be received entirely within a neck of a container.

Abstract: Beverage dispensing assembly, comprising a container (3) and a tapping apparatus (2) having a chamber (5) in which the container (3) fits and can be entered into through an opening (6) closable by a lid (7), such that the container (3) is enclosed between the lid (7) and an opposite end of a chamber (5), wherein spaced apart from the lid (7) and preferably at said opposite end of the chamber (5) a first connector (16) is provided, for feeding pressurized gas into the container (3) through a gas inlet (17) provided in the container (3), and at the side of the opening of the chamber a pressure element (19) is provided for pressing the container (3) with the gas inlet (17) onto the first connector (16).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are apparatus and methods for producing emulsions, and, in particular, for maintaining laminar flow during production of emulsions containing microsuspensions. Disclosed herein are columns for receiving a packing material that permits fluid flow through the column. The columns have a periphery that defines an interior cavity in fluid communication with inlets and outlets of the column. Disclosed herein is a method of preparing an emulsion that includes (1) forming a first phase typically containing an organic solvent, a polymer, and one or more biologically active agents and/or chemicals; (2) forming a second phase typically containing water as the second solvent, an emulsion stabilizer and optionally a solvent; and (3) passing the first and the second phases through the column to form a “water in oil” type emulsion.

Abstract: An injection quill design and methods of use for injecting a first fluid into a second fluid. The injection quill may comprise a hollow stem having a closed end and a sidewall, the stem having a curved cross-section defined by a major axis, and a minor axis, and at least one orifice for injecting the first fluid into the second fluid, wherein the major axis is greater than the minor axis and/or the orifice extends through the sidewall and/or the orifice has an internal chamfer with a chamfer angle ranging from less than 0° but greater than 90°.

Abstract: A mixing impeller has first and second subassemblies. A magnet is accommodated in the first subassembly and is adapted to be magnetically coupled to a drive device to be driven. The second subassembly has at least one impeller blade for mixing components when rotating the mixing impeller. The first and second subassemblies are formed as separate entities which are selectively engageable. A method of manufacturing the first subassembly and a method of assembling the mixing impeller also are provided.

Abstract: A cavitation device is supplied by a disc pump with fluids for mixing. A cavitation rotor, having an array of cavities on its cylindrical surface, is fixed to a shaft for rotation by a motor. The disc pump and the cavitation device are beneficially in the same housing. At least one disc is spaced from and attached to the rotor near the inlet end of the cylindrical housing, so it will rotate with the rotor. A central hole in the (at least one) disc permits fluid to enter the space between the disc and the rotor; it is flung toward the peripheral space between the rotor and the cylindrical housing, where it is subjected to cavitation, and then passed to an outlet. The shaft may pass through one or both of the end walls of the cylindrical housing. The cavitation pump is especially useful for mixing oil field fluids.

Abstract: A mechanical resonant system includes a voice coil actuator, a payload mass (110A,110B), a driver mass (120A,120B,120C) and a frame mass (130A,130B,130C). The voice coil actuator includes a bobbin (160), an electrical conductor (170) and a magnet assembly (180,190). The bobbin is made from a material that is electrically nonconductive. The electrical conductor is coupled to the bobbin. The magnet assembly has a housing (180) and a magnet (190) coupled to the housing. At least a portion of the bobbin (160) and at least a portion of the electrical conductor (170) are configured to be positioned within a gap formed by the magnet (190) and the housing (180). The bobbin and the magnet assembly are configured to oscillate when an alternating current is applied to the electrical conductor. The payload mass (110A,110B) is coupled to one of the bobbin and the housing. The driver mass (120A,120B,120C) is coupled to the other of the bobbin and the housing.

Abstract: An application system is disclosed for two-component materials, and can include a moisture-reactive composition accommodated in a first packaging unit, a hardener component accommodated in a second packaging unit and a dynamic mixer configured for insertion into an applicator and to be driven by the applicator.

Abstract: Provided is a mixing device that is configured to install therein a multi-well plate including a plurality of wells capable of containing matter to be mixed and includes mixing mechanisms each of which mixes the matter to be mixed with a motor and is provided for each of the wells. The mixing mechanisms each includes a first rotator that is connected to the motor and rotates due to activation of the motor, a mixing rod that mixes the matter to be mixed, a second rotator that supports the mixing rod, a magnetic coupling mechanism that magnetically couples the first rotator to the second rotator, and a seal ring that surrounds an opening of the well and is capable of closing the well together with the second rotator.

Abstract: A nozzle part dropping a slurry and a rotary disk centrifugally spraying the slurry to be dropped from the nozzle part are included. The rotary disk includes a plurality of grooves stretching in a radiation direction at least in a periphery part of a surface on which the slurry is sprayed.

Abstract: A granulated body manufacturing apparatus includes: a housing that includes a cylindrical internal space, is disposed so that a center axis direction of the internal space is horizontal, and houses a raw material for a granulated body inside the internal space; an agitation blade that is provided along an inner circumferential surface of the internal space, and upon being rotated around the center axis, scoops up the raw material accumulated in a bottom portion of the internal space and makes the raw material fall down from an upper position inside the internal space; and a crossing blade including a wire having a wire diameter not exceeding 0.3 mm, the wire being provided at a position in a range, inside the internal space, in which the crossing blade does not come into contact with the agitation blade, and being looped around a framework body that rotates around the center axis.

Abstract: A method of making a package for a fuel unit, a fuel unit including the package, and a hydrogen generator including one or more of the fuel units are disclosed. The package includes a package strip made by forming apertures in a nonconductive substrate strip, forming conductor sections in a conductor strip, aligning the substrate and conductor strips, bonding the conductor sections to the substrate strip to cover the apertures, and removing non-bonded portions of the conductor strip. A package enclosing a hydrogen generating reactant is formed by securing a segment of the package strip to itself, to one or more other segments and/or to one or more other package components. One or more conductor sections in the package strip are in thermal contact with one or more quantities of reactant composition so heat can be transferred thermally decompose the reactant composition and generate hydrogen gas.

Abstract: A reactor for preparing granular polysilicon by deposition of polycrystalline silicon on silicon seed particles has a reaction vessel, an inner reactor tube for a fluidized bed comprising granular polysilicon and a reactor bottom within the reactor vessel, a heating device for heating the fluidized bed in the inner reactor tube, at least one bottom gas nozzle for introduction of fluidizing gas and at least one reaction gas nozzle for introduction of reaction gas, a feed device to introduce silicon seed particles, an offtake line for granular polysilicon, and a device for discharging reactor offgas from the reactor vessel, and has a cylindrical component which has openings on its cylindrical surface, with at least 5% and not more than 95% of the cylindrical surface being open located between the inner reactor tube and the heating device.

Abstract: An apparatus for increasing gas components in a fluid uses a controller connected to a network and client device for remote control of fluid flow rates, magnet field intensity, and pressure of fluid based on preset parameters. Conductive wire coiled around a magnet fluid treatment device generates a bidirectional magnetic flux to magnetically treat fluid in the conduit at an entry pressure. A variable frequency generator energizes the wire creating magnetic flux lines to pass through the fluid flow conduit. A gas injector receives fluid at the gas injector entry pressure and lowers the gas injector entry pressure of the fluid to a gas injector discharge pressure. A treatment chamber receives the fluid at a treatment chamber entry pressure and lowers the treatment chamber entry pressure to a treatment chamber discharge pressure. The apparatus causes absorption of increased gas component into the fluid by from 10% to at least 500%.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and systems for producing polyether polyols and for the recovery of heat generated during such polyether polyol production.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for using a flow cell array are provided herein. An apparatus includes an array comprising one or more pixels, wherein each of the one or more pixels comprises multiple reaction sites openings; a first set of one or more sub-surface channels, wherein each of the multiple reaction site openings is connected to a sub-surface channel from the first set of one or more sub-surface channels; a second set of two or more sub-surface channels; and multiple vias connecting each channel from the first set of one or more sub-surface channels to (i) a first sub-surface channel from the second set of two or more sub-surface channels and (ii) a second sub-surface channel from the second set of two or more sub-surface channels.

Abstract: Disclosed microscale reactors comprise lamina for carrying out multi-phase reactions for making desired chemical products, such as biohydrogenated diesel (BHD). Microreactor embodiments include a bottom clamp plate, a top clamp plate, and at least one catalyst plate positioned between and operatively associated with the bottom clamp plate and the top clamp plate. Catalyst plates include a catalyst associated for catalyzing the production of product from feedstock. To address the problems encountered when using microchannel reactors, the microscale-based reactors may include a mixer plate assembly and/or at least one catalyst lamina comprising an array of microscale posts. Disclosed microreactor systems for producing BHD include a feedstock source, a hydrogen source and an inert gas source each fluidly coupled to respective microreactor inlets.

Abstract: Photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles and a method of preparing the same are described herein. A method of preparing photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles includes obtaining carbon nanodots, and treating the carbon nanodots with plasma.

Abstract: A flow reactor for photochemical reactions comprises an extended flow passage (20) surrounded by one or more flow passage walls (22), the flow passage having a length and a light diffusing rod (30) having a diameter of at least 500 ?m and a length, with at least a portion of the length of the rod (30) extending inside of and along the flow passage (20) for at least a portion of the length of the flow passage (20).

Abstract: The present invention describes a photochemical hydrogenation process for heavy fractions of hydrocarbon streams where the aromatic and polyaromatic compounds present in that fraction selectively react in the presence of an alkoxide, when subjected to electromagnetic irradiation.

Abstract: A combinatorial synthesis of a heterodiamond unit cell, which entails a step of reacting a tetrahedranoidal molecule with a heteroatom to form heterodiamond unit cell and then heterodiamond mass.

Abstract: A reforming device (10) according to the present invention has a compressor (11), a first heat exchanger (12), a desulfurization device (13), a reformer (14), a raw material gas branching line (L11) that extracts a compressed natural gas (21) from a downstream side of the desulfurization device (13) with respect to the flow direction of the natural gas (21) and supplies the natural gas (21) to the reformer (14), and a flue gas discharging line (L12) that discharges a flue gas (22) generated in the reformer (14), wherein the first heat exchanger (12) is provided in the flue gas discharging line (L12), and the flue gas (22) is used as a heating medium of the compressed natural gas (21).

Abstract: A reactor includes a plurality of reaction side flow passages through which a reaction fluid flows, a catalyst (catalyst structure) disposed inside the reaction side flow passages to accelerate the reaction of the reaction fluid, a plurality of heat medium side flow passages which are alternately stacked with the reaction side flow passages, and through which a heat medium flows, and a suppression flow passage which is disposed adjacent to a surface of the reaction side flow passage, the heat medium side flow passages being not stacked on the surface, and through which flows a suppression fluid suppressing the heat dissipation to the outside from the reaction fluid flowing through the reaction side flow passage, or the heat transfer from the outside to the reaction fluid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to superabsorbent polymer and a method for preparing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to superabsorbent polymer with improved properties, comprising a dual cross-linking structure derived from alkyleneglycol multifunctional (meth)acrylate and modified nanoclay, and a method for preparing the same. According to the present invention, the modified nanoclay and alkyleneglycol multifunctional (meth)acrylate are used as internal crosslinking agents in the process of preparing superabsorbent polymer, thus contributing to improvement in the cross-linking degree and the properties of superabsorbent polymer.

Abstract: A stainless steel wire may be platinized using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method and then may be coated by polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PANI/MWCNT) nanocomposite by electrochemical polymerization (EP). The resulting fiber may be used for headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of residual solvents (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, BTEX) in commercial pharmaceutical drugs, followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID).

Abstract: Provided are a composite oxide which is suitable as a co-catalyst for an exhaust gas purifying catalyst or the like, has high heat resistance, and has an excellent oxygen absorbing and desorbing capability at low temperatures and a method for producing the composite oxide. The composite oxide contains Ce and Zr, wherein the Ce content is 30 to 80 at % and the Zr content is 20 to 70 at %, based on the total of Ce and Zr being 100 at %, or further contains particular element M, wherein the Ce content is not less than 30 at % and less than 80 at %, the Zr content is not less than 20 at % and less than 70 at %, and the content of element M is more than 0 at % and not more than 15 at %, based on the total of Ce, Zr, and element M being 100 at %.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing a sulfur-resistant catalyst for aromatics saturated hydrogenation, comprising the steps of: preparing noble metal impregnation solutions from a noble metal and deionized water or an acid solution; impregnating a carrier with the impregnation solutions sequentially from high to low concentrations by incipient impregnation; homogenizing, drying, and calcinating to obtain the sulfur-resistant catalyst for aromatics saturated hydrogenation. The catalyst for aromatics saturated hydrogenation prepared by the method according to the present invention is primarily used in processing low-sulfur and high-aromatics light distillate, middle distillate, atmospheric gas oil, and vacuum gas oil.

Abstract: Catalyst gauze (1) for the reduction of the amount of N2O in an ammonia oxidation process, containing a first layer (2) of woven or knitted first wire material (4), whereby said first wire material (4) is made from Pd or a Pd-rich alloy, whereby said first layer (2) contains a reinforcement in the form of a second wire material (5) which is woven or knitted among the first wire material (4) and which has a different composition than the first wire material (5).

Abstract: The present invention is in the field of catalysis. More particularly, the present invention is directed to supported precious metal catalysts, preferably palladium and/or platinum metal catalysts, having a high metal loading, a high degree of dispersion and a high degree of edge-coating. The present invention is further directed to a process for producing these catalysts, as well as to the use of these catalysts in chemical reactions.

Abstract: Disclosed in certain implementations is a catalysis composition that includes a metal catalyst and a support material impregnated with the metal catalyst.

Abstract: The invention concerns a catalyst comprising a calcined oxide matrix which is mainly alumina and an active phase comprising nickel, said active phase being at least partially co-mixed within said calcined oxide matrix which is mainly alumina, the nickel content being in the range 5% to 65% by weight of said element with respect to the total mass of catalyst, said active phase not comprising metal from group VIB, the nickel particles having a diameter of less than 15 nm, said catalyst having a median mesopore diameter in the range 8 nm to 25 nm, a median macropore diameter of more than 300 nm, a mesopore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, of 0.30 mL/g or more and a total pore volume, measured by mercury porosimetry, of 0.34 mL/g or more. The invention also concerns the process for the preparation of said catalyst, and its use in a hydrogenation process.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide ferrite particles for supporting a catalyst having a small apparent density, various properties are maintained in a controllable state and a specified volume is filled with a small weight, and a catalyst using the ferrite particles for supporting a catalyst. To achieve the object, ferrite particles for supporting a catalyst provided with an outer shell structure containing Ti oxide, a catalyst using the ferrite particles for supporting a catalyst are employed.

Abstract: A photocatalyst electrode decomposes water with light to generate gas. The photocatalyst electrode has a laminate including a substrate, a conductive layer provided on a surface of the substrate, and a photocatalyst layer provided on a surface of the conductive layer, and a first co-catalyst electrically connected to the photocatalyst layer. The light is incident from the surface side of the photocatalyst layer of the laminate, and in a case where a region where the light is incident on the surface of the photocatalyst layer and above the surface is defined as a first region and the region other than the first region is defined as a second region, the first co-catalyst is provided at least in the second region. The first co-catalyst and the photocatalyst layer are electrically connected to each other by at least one of a transparent conductive layer provided on the surface of the photocatalyst layer or a wiring line.

Abstract: Provided is a catalyst article for simultaneously remediating the nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, and gaseous hydrocarbons present in diesel engine exhaust streams. The catalyst article has a soot filter coated with a material effective in the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NOx by a reductant, e.g., ammonia.