Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display panel substrate includes a transparent conductive film formation step of forming a transparent conductive film on a flattening film that covers a switching component disposed on a substrate, a metallic film formation step of forming a metallic film so as to cover the transparent conductive film after the transparent conductive film formation step, a line formation step of forming a line by etching the metallic film after the metallic film formation step, and a transparent electrode formation step of forming a transparent electrode that is connected to the line by etching the transparent conductive film after the wire formation step.

Abstract: The switching mirror panel of the present invention includes, in the following order: a reflective polarizing plate; a liquid crystal panel including a pair of substrates facing each other and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the substrates; and an absorptive polarizing plate, at least one of the substrates including divided pixel regions, the pixel regions each including, in the following order from the liquid crystal layer side, a pixel electrode, a transparent insulating film, and transparent conductive lines superimposed on the pixel electrode, the pixel electrode being electrically connected to at least one of the transparent conductive lines through an aperture formed in the transparent insulating film, the switching mirror panel being configured to switch between a transparent mode and a mirror mode by applying voltage to the pixel electrode to control the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: Provided are [1] an optical laminate comprising a substrate film, a transparent conductive layer and a surface protection layer in this order, wherein an average value of a surface resistivity measured according to JIS K6911 is in the range of 1.0×107 ?/? or more and 1.0×1010 ?/? or less, and a standard deviation ? of the surface resistivity is 5.0×108 ?/? or less, [2] an optical laminate comprising a substrate film, a transparent conductive layer and a surface protection layer in this order, wherein the substrate film is a cycloolefin polymer film, a ratio of a thickness of the substrate film to a thickness of the entire optical laminate is 80% or more and 95% or less, and a rate of elongation of the optical laminate at a temperature of 150° C., as measured using a dynamic viscoelasticity measuring apparatus under conditions of a frequency of 10 Hz, a tensile load of 50 N and a rate of temperature increase of 2° C./min, is 5.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of substrates, a birefringent retardation layer provided on the liquid crystal layer side of at least one of the pair of substrates, and an alignment film provided in contact with the surface of the retardation layer. The retardation layer is formed of a first polymer material having a first photofunctional group, and the alignment film is formed of a second polymer material having a side-chain second photofunctional group. The first and second photofunctional groups are ones that undergo at least one photoreaction selected from the group consisting of isomerization, dimerization, and Fries rearrangement. The retardation layer further contains the second polymer material with its percentage increasing with the distance from the substrate, and the alignment film further contains the first polymer material with its percentage decreasing with the distance from the substrate.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate including a common electrode, an insulation film, and a pixel electrode, and a second substrate including a black matrix which includes a first light-shield portion, a second light-shield portion and a third light-shield portion, a first crossing portion at which the first light-shield portion and the second light-shield intersect, a second crossing portion at which the first light-shield portion and the third light-shield portion intersect, and a columnar spacer extending from a position overlapping the first crossing portion toward the first substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and an orientation method thereof are provided. An array substrate of the LCD panel includes signal input pad groups disposed thereon. A color filter substrate of the LCD panel includes first and second electrode portions disposed thereon and respectively electrically connected to the corresponding signal input pad groups. The signal input pads for receiving the same type of input signals are defined as one signal input pad group. The pitch between two adjacent signal input pad groups is determined to be greater than the pitch between two adjacent signal input pads in the same signal input pad group. As a result, under the premise of ensuring good yield of orientation, the design space occupied by the signal input pads can be reduced, The complexity of the probe bar is simplified. The flexibility in tuning the orientation of the LCD panel is enhanced.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a curved display panel, includes: polishing a portion of the flat display panel that is to form a protrusion, which protrudes in order to protect a portion, to which a drive circuit board is attached, through mechanical polishing so as to have a preset thickness; installing a sealing member, which protects the flat display panel, polished in the polishing, from an etchant by surrounding both the portion that is to form the protrusion and the drive circuit board; and etching an entirety of both surfaces of the flat display panel using the etchant, excluding a portion on which the sealing member is provided, so that the flat display panel, having the sealing member installed in the installing, has a thickness smaller than a thickness of the protrusion.

Abstract: A display device includes a light guide plate; a light source facing a first side surface of the light guide plate; a display panel located on the light guide plate; and a coupling member located between the light guide plate and the display panel to couple the light guide plate with the display panel. The coupling member includes a first light transmission blocking tape having a first portion along an edge portion of an upper surface of the light guide plate and a second portion extending from the first portion and coupled to a side surface other than the first side surface of the light guide plate, and a coupling tape located on the first portion of the first light transmission blocking tape and coupled to the first light transmission blocking tape.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel including an upper surface, a rear surface facing the upper surface, and a side surface connecting the upper and rear surfaces to each other, a mold frame under the display panel and defining a first frame portion thereof facing the rear surface of the display panel, and a second frame portion extended bent downwards from side surfaces of the first frame portion; and a guide member detachably coupled to the mold frame, the guide member defining a first portion thereof configured to face an outer surface of the second frame portion, the first portion extending bent to define a second portion of the guide member, the second portion configured to face the side surface of the display panel when the first portion faces the outer surface of the second frame portion.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a first substrate including a first area, a second area, a third area and a fourth area from an end portion to an inner side in a planar view. An organic insulating film is present in the second area and the third area, and is not present in the fourth area. A conductive film is formed at least on the organic insulating film of the second area. A sealing material is present in the first area, the third area and the fourth area to attach the first substrate and a second substrate. A through portion is adjacent to an inner side of the fourth area and penetrates the first substrate, the second substrate and the sealing material.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a display device including: a thin film transistor array panel; an anti-reflective layer overlapping the thin film transistor array panel; and a color conversion display panel positioned between the thin film transistor array panel and the anti-reflective layer, wherein: the color conversion display panel may include a color conversion layer including a semiconductor nanocrystal and a transmissive layer; the anti-reflective layer may include an adhesive layer positioned on the color conversion display panel, a low-reflective layer overlapping the adhesive layer, and a base film positioned between the adhesive layer and the low-reflective layer. A dye is present in one of the layers of the anti-reflective layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a color filter substrate and a method for manufacturing the same, a display panel and a display device. The method includes: forming black matrix above a base substrate, the black matrix including light blocking lines intersected with each other; forming first planarization layer above the base substrate, the first planarization layer being filled between adjacent light blocking lines; forming a color filter layer above the first planarization layer and the black matrix, an orthographic projection of the color filter layer on the base substrate covering that of the first planarization layer on the base substrate and partially covering the orthographic projection of the black matrix on the base substrate; forming a second planarization layer above the color filter layer, an orthographic projection of the second planarization layer on the base substrate covering those of the black matrix and the color filter layer on the base substrate.

Abstract: An optical element 100 is an optical element switchable between a first state and a second state and includes a first material 110 having a first refractive index and a first Abbe's number and a second material 120 having a second refractive index and a second Abbe's number, wherein the first refractive index, the second refractive index, the first Abbe's number, and the second Abbe's number satisfy predetermined conditions.

Abstract: A beam deflector includes a first wavelength selective polarizer configured to convert a polarization state of light in a first wavelength band into a first polarization state, a first liquid crystal deflector including liquid crystal molecules and an optical path change surface to deflect light incident from the first wavelength selective polarizer, and a controller configured to control the first liquid crystal deflector to adjust an angle of the first optical path change surface.

Abstract: There is provision of a front panel for a display device including a display region and a non-display region adjacent to the display region. The front panel for the display device includes a transparent plate, a decorative layer formed on an area of a back surface of the transparent plate corresponding to the non-display region except for an area of an optical path of infrared light, and a first polarizing plate polarizing visible light provided at a front surface side or a back surface side of the transparent plate, which is disposed at a region including the optical path of infrared light.

Abstract: A substrate includes a base, a first electrode provided on the base, and a plurality of transparent organic patterns provided on the first electrode. Part or whole of each of a plurality of color sub-pixel regions of the substrate does not overlap with a region where each of the plurality of the transparent organic patterns is located. Microcapsules are scattered in each of the plurality of transparent organic patterns, and each of the microcapsules includes a capsule shell and light-absorbing particles and light-reflecting particles which are moveable in the capsule shell. Moving directions of the light-absorbing particles are substantially opposite to moving directions of the light-reflecting particles under an action of an electric field having an electric field direction perpendicular to the base, and the first electrode is included in electrodes forming the electric field.

Abstract: A backlight module, a display panel and a display device. The backlight module includes a first light transmission substrate arranged on a light-emitting face. A projection of the first light transmission substrate on the light-emitting face coincides with the light-emitting face. A first reflection mirror and a second reflection mirror are also arranged on the first light transmission substrate. The first and second reflection mirrors are spaced apart and facing each other, and the second reflection mirror is arranged in such a way as to enable vertical emergent light on the light-emitting face to be incident to the first reflection mirror after undergoing a total reflection. The first reflection mirror is arranged in such a way as to enable light reflected by the second reflection mirror to exit after undergoing a total reflection. A plurality of light transmission holes are evenly distributed on the second reflection mirror.

Abstract: This planar light source device comprises a base board, a light-emitting device and a diffusing plate. The light-emitting device includes a light-emitting element and a light flux control member. The light flux control member has an entry surface, an exit surface, and a gate mark. The entry surface and the exit surface are formed in such a manner that the illuminance distribution on the diffusing plate has an anisotropy wherein the light reaches farther in the directions of 1 or more predetermined horizontal angles ? than in other directions, when assuming that the light is emitted from the light-emitting device in a state wherein the light flux control member does not have the gate mark. The horizontal angle ? range of the gate mark includes any one among the 1 or more predetermined horizontal angles ?.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a circuit substrate; a plurality of light sources disposed on the circuit substrate; a reflection layer disposed on the circuit substrate, the reflection layer comprising a plurality of openings where respective light sources are located; a plurality of absorbers disposed at an edge of the reflection layer and at an angle with respect to the reflection layer. Further, a first area at a corner of the reflection layer absorb more light emitted from the light sources than second areas neighboring the first area; and an optical sheet disposed on the light sources.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes: a display panel; a back frame including a flat portion and a side wall; light sources arranged in rows and columns at substantially equal intervals in the flat portion; support pins arranged in rows and columns at substantially equal intervals in the flat portion and away from the light sources; a diffuser panel diffusely emitting light from the light sources toward the display panel; and a luminance-equalizing sheet that is supported on the support pins, between the diffuser panel and the back frame, has an outer edge substantially overlapping an outer edge of an active area of the display panel, and transmits part of the light from the light sources toward the diffuser panel. The luminance-equalizing sheet protrudes in a curved manner toward the side wall between the diffuser panel and the side wall such that distance to the back frame gradually decreases outward.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to an optical film and a liquid crystal display device comprising the same. More specifically, the embodiments relate to an optical film that is excellent in optical characteristics and has no polarization unevenness since it comprises a base layer that has a low in-plane retardation and a low thickness direction retardation and has an excellent adhesiveness by virtue of a proper level of surface tension, a process for preparing the same, and a liquid crystal display device comprising the same.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus includes a liquid crystal display panel including a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer and a plurality of pixels. The first substrate includes a first electrode provided in each of the pixels and a first horizontal alignment film that determines a pretilt orientation of a liquid crystal molecule. The second substrate includes a second electrode provided to face the first electrode and a second horizontal alignment film that determines the pretilt orientation of the liquid crystal molecule. Each of the first and second horizontal alignment films is a photoalignment film. At least one of the first substrate and the second substrate includes an anchoring structure in each of the pixels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a horizontal alignment mode liquid crystal display device capable of achieving high resolution, high speed response, and high transmittance. The liquid crystal display device of present invention sequentially includes a first substrate, a liquid crystal layer containing liquid crystal molecules, and a second substrate. The first substrate includes a first electrode, a second electrode provided closer to the liquid crystal layer than the first electrode is, and an insulating film provided between the first electrode and the second electrode. An opening portion (15) is formed in the second electrode in each of a plurality of units of display (50) arrayed in a matrix pattern. The liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to the first substrate in a voltage non-applied state in which no voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: A method for producing a liquid crystal panel of the present invention is a method for producing a liquid crystal panel including paired substrates, a liquid crystal layer between the substrates, and a horizontal photo-alignment film between at least one of the substrates and the liquid crystal layer, the method including the steps of: forming a film containing a polymer having a specific structure on a surface of at least one of the substrates; and irradiating the film with S-polarized light from a direction oblique to the normal to the substrate surface to perform an alignment treatment on the film and thereby form a horizontal photo-alignment film, wherein the horizontal photo-alignment, film aligns liquid crystal molecules perpendicularly to the polarization direction of light applied from the substrate normal.

Abstract: Provided are an active-matrix substrate, a method for manufacturing the same, and a display device, which render it possible to inhibit electrostatic discharge from occurring during the process of manufacturing a display panel and suppress manufacturing cost. An IGZO film, which is positioned between a silicon oxide film included in a gate insulating film and an etch-stop layer, is annealed at 200 to 350° C. after a passivation film for protecting a TFT is formed. As a result, the passivation film is annealed, and the IGZO film is changed from a conductor to a semiconductor. Consequently, it is not only possible to suppress the occurrence of ESD, but also possible to eliminate the need to sever an electrostatic discharge prevention circuit from a display panel, resulting in a reduced cost of manufacturing a display device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of display technology, and in particular relates to a light shielding structure and a laser device. The light shielding structure comprises a first light shielding plate group and a second light shielding plate group, each of the first light shielding plate group and the second light shielding plate group comprises at least one light shielding plate, and the at least one light shielding plate can be moved relatively for forming at least two light transmitting regions. The light shielding structure can realize partial scanning of multiple target regions at a time, thereby saving production time, increasing production efficiency, saving water and electricity and other resources, and prolonging the laser lifetime.

Abstract: A display device includes: a first substrate; a gate line on the first substrate, where the gate line extends in a first direction; a data line on the first substrate, where the data line extends in a second direction which intersects the first direction; a thin film transistor connected to the gate line and the data line; a passivation layer on the gate line, the data line and the thin film transistor, where the passivation layer includes a recessed portion; a light blocking portion on the recessed portion of the passivation layer; a main column spacer which protrudes upwardly from the light blocking portion; and a sub-column spacer which protrudes upwardly from the light blocking portion, where the sub-column spacer is spaced apart from the main column spacer.

Abstract: A method of weakening line defects of a display device is provided. Firstly, an abnormal phenomenon of the display device is detected, and abnormal pixels corresponding to the abnormal phenomenon are confirmed; secondly, display information outputted to each of the abnormal pixels is cleared; and finally, a light diffusion glue is coated on positions of the polarizing sheet corresponding to the abnormal pixels and two sides thereof, such that the abnormal pixels are covered by display information of two sides of the abnormal pixels by the light diffusion glue.

Abstract: A thin film transistor (TFT) substrate and a liquid crystal display panel are provided. The TFT substrate includes: a first substrate; a data line disposed on the first substrate; a first insulating layer disposed on the first substrate and the data line; a first common electrode disposed on the first insulating layer and above the data line to cover the data line; a second insulating layer disposed on the first common electrode and the first insulating layer; and a pixel electrode disposed on the second insulating layer.

Abstract: A laser ablated product exhibits a diffraction severity of less than about 5. The product may include a substrate that is at least partially transparent to visible light, and a periodic structure formed on at least one surface of the substrate by laser ablation. The periodic structure has a period in at least one direction of at least about 4,500 nm to at most about 850,000 nm, and the periodic structure has a peak-to-valley dimension of less than about 25 nm. The product may be employed in an electrochromic device, such as a vehicle rearview mirror assembly.

Abstract: Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic devices, methods of fabricating electrochromic 116 devices, and apparatus for fabricating electrochromic 100 devices. In a number of cases, the electrochromic device may be fabricated to include a particular counter electrode material. The counter electrode material may include a base anodically coloring material. The counter electrode material may further include one or more halogens. The counter electrode material may also include one or more additives.

Abstract: Coating gold nanorods with silver and then SiO2 enables tuning of the plasmon resonance wavelength and renders them amenable to functionalization for stability in nonpolar solvents.

Abstract: A display device (30) comprises a reflective display (38) arranged to render a first image viewable through a viewing surface and a projection means (31-37) arranged to render a second image viewable in reflection on the viewing surface, the reflective display (38) and the projection means (31-37) being mounted on a common frame.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a vertical junction high-speed phase modulator are disclosed and may include a semiconductor device having a semiconductor waveguide including a slab section, a rib section extending above the slab section, and raised ridges extending above the slab section on both sides of the rib section. The semiconductor device has a vertical pn junction with p-doped material and n-doped material arranged vertically with respect to each other in the rib and slab sections. The rib section may be either fully n-doped or p-doped in each cross-section along the semiconductor waveguide. Electrical connection to the p-doped and n-doped material may be enabled by forming contacts on the raised ridges, and electrical connection may be provided to the rib section from one of the contacts via periodically arranged sections of the semiconductor waveguide, where a cross-section of both the rib section and the slab section in the periodically arranged sections may be fully n-doped or fully p-doped.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a vertical junction high-speed phase modulator are disclosed and may include a semiconductor waveguide including a slab section, a rib section extending above the slab section, raised ridges extending above the slab section on both sides of the rib section, and a vertical pn junction with p-doped material and n-doped material arranged vertically with respect to each other in the rib and slab sections. The rib section may be either fully n-doped or fully p-doped in each cross-section along the semiconductor waveguide. Electrical contact may be made to the doped material via contacts on the raised ridges, and electrical contact may be made to the rib section via periodically arranged sections of the semiconductor waveguide. A cross-section of both the rib section and the slab section in the periodically arranged sections may be mostly n-doped with an undoped portion or mostly p-doped with an undoped portion.

Abstract: Application of an electric field to nanorods can control their alignment, thus providing techniques for ultra-fast switching and optical modulators, for example those that might serve as display indicators.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods for optical waveguides that are well-suited for use in wearable heads-up displays (WHUDs) are described. An optical device comprises an optical waveguide including a volume of optically transparent material, an in-coupler, an out-coupler, a volume of liquid crystal carried by the volume of optically transparent material, and a controller to modulate a refractive index of the volume of liquid crystal. Light is in-coupled into the waveguide and is propagated along a length of the waveguide by total internal. As the light crosses a thickness of the waveguide the light passes through or within the volume of liquid crystal and is refracted according to the modulated refractive index of the volume of liquid crystal. In this way, light signals can be steered to create an image and/or to move an exit pupil of an image. WHUDs that employ such optical waveguides are also described.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes an upper cover in which at least one first camera facing a first direction is disposed, a housing in which a plurality of second cameras is disposed facing a second direction different from the first direction, a lower cover disposed to face the upper cover with the housing interposed therebetween, the lower cover being configured to cover a third direction different from the first direction, and a drainage structure penetrating the housing from the upper cover and connected to the lower cover. The drainage structure includes a drainage hole disposed adjacent to the at least one first camera, at least one first conduit extending from the upper cover in the third direction, and at least one second conduit extending in the first direction from the lower cover and connected to the at least one first conduit.

Abstract: A mounting bracket adapted for securing to photographic and video equipment. The bracket having a general L-shape formed from a coupling of a base portion and a bracket portion. The bracket portion and base portion coupling is generally movable in a slidable and hinged configuration, wherein the bracket portion is adapted to move and tilt outward from attached equipment relative to the base portion. The base portion including a deployable attachment member that is generally movable from a retained position to a deployed position.

Abstract: A coupling releasably secures an item such as a body camera to a mount point. The coupling includes a connector and a receiver. The connector includes a crossbar and a post. The receiver includes an opening and a slot. The crossbar moves through the entry opening and the connector is rotated relative to the receiver. The post of the connector is moved through the slot to engage the receiver and hold the connector in a mounted position on the receiver, thereby securing the item to the mount point. Embodiments of the present disclosure also involve methods for securing the item to the mount point using a connector and receiver, as well as systems for mounting an item using a connector, receiver, and mount point.

Abstract: Systems integrating display resolution-multiplication solutions can be implemented in a variety of different ways. In many embodiments, the system includes an image projector for projecting image light, an image processor for computing a native image and at least one image shifted in a predefined direction, and at least one switchable grating capable of being switched between diffracting and non-diffracting states. In some embodiments, the switchable grating is optically coupled to the image projector. In a number of embodiments, the switchable gratings have a first configuration for propagating the native image light and at least one other configuration for propagating shifted image light having an angular displacement corresponding to the image shift in a predefined direction. By displaying the native and shifted images sequentially within a human eye integration period, the display resolution can be multiplied.

Abstract: A first illumination device includes a light source that emits light having directivity, and a uniform illumination optical system including a first fly-eye lens that includes a plurality of lenses two-dimensionally arranged and allows light based on emitted light from the light source to pass through the first fly-eye lens. An illumination target region has a planar shape having a side extending along a direction substantially parallel to a long-axis direction or a short-axis direction of an intensity distribution shape of emitted light from the light source, and a periodic direction of an array of the lenses in the first fly-eye lens is inclined with respect to the long-axis direction or the short-axis direction.

Abstract: A projection type display apparatus includes a polarization conversion element configured to convert a polarization of a light beam emitted from a light source, and a dimmer configured to control a light quantity by rotating a first light shielding plate and a second light shielding plate configured to shield the light beam that has a polarization converted by the polarization conversion element. The first light shielding plate is disposed closer to the light source than the second light shielding plate in an optical axis direction.

Abstract: The invention provides an outdoor projector device for generating a patterned light output, the patterning of the light being achieved at least partly by means of a rotatable beam patterning element being mechanically driven by means of a mechanically coupled wind turbine element.

Abstract: A motor vehicle license plate mount having a modular license plate frame including a base section and two side mounts for securing license plates of varying widths and heights to the vehicle and a camera housing including a lens and with the base section forming a slot for receiving an exterior edge of the license plate. Electrical cables connect at least one side mount to the base section providing power to the camera unit via a local solar cell disposed on at least one side mount.

Abstract: A projection system includes a light source system that has a first light source for emitting first light, and a rotating color wheel that has at least a first fluorescent color band to absorb the first light and generate second light, and a second fluorescent color band to absorb the first light and generate compensation light. A light splitting device sequentially splits the first and second lights into light travelling along first and second light paths respectively. A first light modulation device modulates the light travelling along the first light path, and a second light modulation device for modulating the light travelling along the second light path. The first light is a primary light, the second light is a wide-spectrum light comprising at least two kinds of primary light, and a combined light of the first light and the second light comprises light of three primary colors.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a photolithography mask. The photolithography mask includes a substrate that contains a low thermal expansion material (LTEM). A multilayer (ML) structure is disposed over the substrate. The ML structure is configured to reflect radiation. The ML structure contains a plurality of interleaving film pairs. Each film pair includes a first film and a second film. The first film and the second film have different material compositions. Each film pair has a respective thickness. For at least a subset of the plurality of the film pairs, the respective thicknesses of the film pairs change randomly along a predefined direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography mask and methods of manufacture. The EUV mask structure includes: a reflective layer; a capping material on the reflective layer; a buffer layer on the capping layer; alternating absorber layers on the buffer layer; and a capping layer on the top of the alternating absorber layers.

Abstract: A method of creating an optical proximity correction (OPC) model and assessing the model through optical rule checking (ORC) includes the introduction of post-integration, i.e., post-metallization data. High density critical dimension scanning electron microscopy and backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy from a metallized structure are used during development and verification of the model to accurately predict post-integration behavior.

Abstract: A method of designing a layout of a photomask and a method of manufacturing a photomask, the method of designing a layout of a photomask including obtaining a design layout of a mask pattern; performing an optical proximity correction on the design layout to obtain design data; obtaining data of a position error of a pattern occurring during an exposure of the photomask according to the design data; correcting position data of the pattern based on the position error data to correct the design data; and providing the corrected position data to an exposure device to expose an exposure beam according to the corrected design data.