Abstract: An encoder including an emitter to emit a waveform to a scene including a structure. A receiver to receive the waveform reflected from the scene and to measure phases of the received waveform for a period of time. A memory to store a signal model relating phase measurements of the received waveform with phase parameters, and to store a state model relating the phase parameters with a state of the encoder. Wherein the signal model includes a motion-induced polynomial phase signal (PPS) component and a sinusoidal frequency modulated (FM) component. Wherein the PPS component is a polynomial function of the phase parameters, and wherein the FM component is a sinusoidal function of the phase parameters. A processor to determine the phase parameters using non-linear mapping of the phase measurements on the signal model and to determine the state of the encoder by submitting the phase parameters into the state model.

Abstract: An optical fiber changes a polarization state of a propagating light when at least one of a vibration and a displacement occurs. An optical transmitter inputs a first wavelength light to the optical fiber via a separator, and an optical transmitter inputs a second wavelength light to the optical fiber via a separator. The first and second wavelength lights propagated through the optical fiber in mutually opposite directions are respectively received by optical receivers (13 and 12) via the separators (18 and 17), and a fluctuation of a polarization is detected in polarization fluctuation detectors (16 and 15). A data processing device collects data indicating the fluctuation of the polarization detected by the polarization fluctuation detector and data indicating the fluctuation of the polarization detected by the polarization fluctuation detector.

Abstract: A measurement-data collecting apparatus configured to read a measurement value from a measurement result displayed on a measurement tool and easily collect measurement data irrespective of whether the measurement tool is an analog measurement tool or a digital measurement tool is provided. The measurement-data collecting apparatus of the present invention includes an image capturing unit configured to capture image of an exterior view of a target measurement tool on which a measurement result is displayed and a measurement-value reading unit configured to read a measurement value from an exterior view image of the target measurement tool imaged by the image capturing unit.

Abstract: A technique for estimating the location of a wireless terminal at an unknown location in a geographic region. The technique is based on a two-part recognition, the first part being that a transient in atmospheric pressure attributed to a particular source, such as an entry door of a building opening and closing, is detectable in some environments while not being present in others. The second part of the recognition is that a correlation exists between i) the presence of a transient in the characterization of a pressure wave in the vicinity of a wireless terminal and ii) whether the wireless terminal is indoors or not. Transients in pressure waves are often present indoors but not outdoors. By accounting for the transients being detected or not being detected in the vicinity of the wireless terminal, the disclosed technique is able to estimate whether the wireless terminal is indoors.

Abstract: A mountable sensor assembly with a ratcheting cover attachment is provided. The sensor assembly may include a sensor circuit, a sensor housing, and a cover. The sensor housing may have walls that define a cavity with an opening for receiving the sensor circuit. The cover may be configured to extend over and seal the opening. The cover may be configured to interface with the walls through a ratcheting mechanism. The ratcheting mechanism may include a plurality of flexible latching fingers that engage solid ridges. The flexible latching fingers have one attached end and one unattached end, such that the flexible latching fingers deflect from the attached end.

Abstract: A fluid monitoring assembly includes a conduit having a wall defining a lumen for carrying fluid. A sensor mount is integrally formed with the wall of the conduit and extends generally transverse with respect to a longitudinal axis of the conduit, the sensor mount including an aperture defining an inner surface extending to the lumen. The assembly includes a sensor configured to be removably secured within the sensor mount, the sensor having an elongate body terminating at one end thereof in a sensing portion, the elongate body having a male projection on a portion thereof and configured to rest within the inner surface of the sensor mount. The assembly further includes a housing having first and second portions connected to one another, the housing defining an interior portion configured to encapsulate the conduit, at least a portion of the elongate body of the sensor, and the sensor mount.

Abstract: A mountable sensor assembly for mounting on the sheet metal of a vehicle assembly. The sheet metal may have an opening for mounting the mountable sensor assembly. The mountable sensor assembly may include a sensor circuit, a sensor housing with a mounting post, and a clip. The sensor housing may include a cavity that receives the sensor circuit. The sensor housing may include a mounting surface and a mounting post extending from the mounting surface. The mounting post may include a gap allowing the diameter of the post to expand and contract. A clip is configured to lock onto the mounting post and extend into the gap to expand a perimeter of the mounting post. By expanding the perimeter, the mounting post is locked through the opening in the sheet metal.

Abstract: A mountable sensor assembly for mounting on a vehicle assembly is provided. The mountable sensor assembly may include a sensor circuit, a sensor housing, a connector pin, and a clip. The sensor circuit may have at least one conducting pad. The sensor housing may include a sensor cavity that receives the sensor circuit. The sensor housing may have a connector cavity that is separated from the sensor cavity by a housing wall. The connector pins may extend through the housing wall between the connector cavity and the sensor cavity. The clip may be fastened to the sensor housing and may be formed of a conductive material. The clip may be configured to engage the conducting pad and the corresponding connector pin to provide electrical continuity between the conducting pad and the corresponding connector pin.

Abstract: A mountable sensor assembly for mounting on the sheet metal of a vehicle assembly. The sheet metal may have an opening for mounting the mountable sensor assembly. The mountable sensor assembly may include a sensor circuit and a sensor housing assembly. The sensor housing assembly may include a first portion with a cavity that receives the sensor circuit and a second portion that slideably interacts with the first portion to lock the sensor housing into the opening in the sheet metal.

Abstract: Flow sensors are provided that can provide both leak detection and flow monitoring. The flow monitoring enables a determination whether there are blockages or leaks in a fluid system during normal operation of the system. The leak detection enables detection of leaks when the system is shut off. The flow sensors can use a frusto-conical flow guide to provide a more compact flow sensor. The flow sensor components can be designed to retrofit existing filter assemblies.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a fiber optical Fabry-Perot flow test device with local bending diversion structure, comprising an inlet flange, a test tube and an outlet flange, wherein a fiber optical Fabry-Perot pressure sensor at high-pressure-side is connected to a first circulator which is connected to a first light source and a first optical signal demodulation system, and the first optical signal demodulation system being connected to a first linear array CCD camera; and, a fiber optical Fabry-Perot pressure sensor at low-pressure-side is connected to a second circulator which is connected to a second light source and a second optical signal demodulation system, the second optical signal demodulation system being connected to a second linear array CCD camera, both the first linear array CCD camera and the second linear array CCD camera being connected to a signal conditioning and acquisition circuit which is connected to a data processing unit.

Abstract: An optical flow meter includes a substrate; a microchannel with a fluid receiver; a fluid transmitter; a fluid member with an optical interaction region; a photo interaction region; an analytical light path, such that analytical light interacts with an analyte in a photo interaction region subsequent to an interaction of a pre-analyte with activation light in an optical interaction region to produce analyte; and a detection light path disposed in the substrate, arranged at an oblique angle or right angle to the fluid member proximate to the photo interaction region, and that: receives the photoanalyte light from the photo interaction region; and communicates the photoanalyte light from the microchannel to a photodetector, the optical flow meter determines a flow rate of the analyte.

Abstract: The present invention addresses the problem of obtaining a thermal flow meter capable of reducing a pulsation error by preventing a discharge port and a main outlet from being blocked by a vortex during a transient period and reducing a difference between flow speed distributions in normal and pulsation states. This thermal flow meter is provided with a housing disposed in a main passage; and a sub passage provided in the housing. In addition, in the housing, a first outlet and a second outlet of the sub passage are disposed in a downstream end portion of the housing, and a curved surface section is provided adjacent to the first and second outlets.

Abstract: A physical quantity detection device includes: a housing; a circuit board; a resin material which covers the circuit board; a cover which forms a circuit chamber in which the circuit board is disposed and a flow path through which a gas to be measured passes together with the housing; and a conductor which is disposed to be exposed to the flow path, in which the conductor and the circuit board are electrically connected to each other.

Abstract: A powertrain controller of a vehicle provides a fuel pump actuator signal indicative of fuel flow to a vehicle bus. A processor is configured to receive data from the vehicle bus. The processor performs an integration of the actuator signal to accumulate fuel usage of the vehicle, and periodically sends the accumulated fuel usage, vehicle speed, engine speed, engine status, and vehicle location to a remote server. A subset of accumulated fuel usage is retrieved for a set of the vehicles of a fleet traversing a route during a timeframe, the accumulated fuel usage compiled from fuel pump actuator signals. Fuel waste is computed for identified idle time periods within the accumulated fuel usage. Monetary waste is computed from the fuel waste. A report is generated including the monetary waste.

Abstract: Safety monitoring systems and methods include a mesh communications network and an EVC (Electronic Volume Corrector) installed in one or more gas distribution components and/or industrial metering components in a gas distribution station and/or an industrial metering station. A group of sensors can be configured, which includes, for example, a gas leak sensor, a pressure transducer, a temperature transducer, an intrusion sensor and/or other types of sensors. Such sensors can be located within the gas distribution station and/or industrial metering station. The sensors communicate wirelessly with the EVC and the gas distribution and/or industrial metering components through the mesh communications network.

Abstract: In one example in accordance with the present disclosure a fluid property sensing device is described. The fluid property sensing device includes a substrate having a trench formed therein. The trench includes a bottom surface and opposite side surfaces. A first electrode is disposed on a first side surface of the trench and a second electrode is disposed on a second side surface of the trench. The first electrode and second electrode form a capacitor to measure a complex impedance of a fluid that fills a space between the first electrode and the second electrode. This complex impedance indicates a property of the fluid. A fluid level sensing die, having a number of fluid level sensing components disposed thereon, may be attached to the substrate, preferably in such a way that the fluid level sensing die is surrounded by the trench. In this way the surface area of the electrodes provided in the trench can be increased. The number of level sensing components may be thermal sensing components.

Abstract: A capacitance measuring apparatus and method detects gas/liquid and liquid/gas transitions by monitoring a sensing capacitor having a gap in fluid communication with a monitored volume. The capacitor electrodes can be any arrangement that does not obstruct drainage, such as parallel plates or concentric cylinders. Embodiments have smooth and/or low wetting surfaces. Detection thresholds are automatically set to account for remnant drops and coatings of liquid, and can be automatically readjusted if additional liquid drains or a different liquid is introduced. Embodiments include an insulating layer to prevent conduction through a conductive liquid. A second capacitor can be included in series and/or the insulating layer can create a second virtual capacitor in series with the sensing capacitor gap to provide high sensitivity at low capacitance. The sensing capacitor can be combined in a cluster with a pressure sensor and/or temperature sensor.

Abstract: An arrangement includes a shaft, a case, and a capacitor having a first electrode and a second electrode. A gap is formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The shaft extends through an opening in the case. The capacitor is arranged such that lubricant leaking out of the case through the opening at least partially enters the gap.

Abstract: A liquid sensor is configured to detect presence or absence of a liquid in a tube having a light-transmitting property. The liquid sensor includes a main body case including an elastic piece configured to hold the tube such that the tube is allowed to be inserted therein and extracted therefrom in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the tube, a light projecting unit configured to irradiate the tube with detection light, and a light receiving unit configured to receive the detection light that has passed through the tube. A holding member configured to cover the tube in an insertion and extraction direction of the tube is attachable to and detachable from the main body case only in a direction that is not identical with the insertion and extraction direction of the tube.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing a laboratory sample contained in a laboratory sample container is presented. The apparatus comprises an optical sensing unit for sensing a transmittance at different vertical positions through the laboratory sample container and a tip sensing unit having a tip. The tip sensing unit is adapted to provide a tip sensing signal (tLDS) depending on a position of the tip relative to the sample. The apparatus also comprises a process control unit adapted to control the processing of the laboratory sample in response to the transmittance and the tip sensing signal (tLDS) provided by the tip sensing unit.

Abstract: A liquid level indicating device includes a moving member which is arranged in a liquid tank storing a cooling liquid and moves vertically in conjunction with variation in a liquid level of the cooling liquid, a string member having one end portion connected to the moving member, the string member being configured to be bendable and non-extendable in a longitudinal direction, an indicator connected to the other end portion of the string member and which indicates a height position of the moving member as a remaining amount of the cooling liquid by operating in conjunction with movement of the moving member through the string member, and a tube member which is configured to be bendable and non-extendable in the longitudinal direction, has the string member passed therethrough, and connects the liquid tank and the indicator.

Abstract: A weight estimation system for estimating weight of an aerospace vehicle while grounded, the weight estimation system comprising a measurement subsystem including at least one sensor configured to measure a physical property in an interface that interfaces at least one of a fuselage and a wing with an undercarriage of said aerospace vehicle, in at least one area exhibiting a measurable change in geometry that is at least partly due to said weight, said measurement subsystem configured to produce measured data indicative of said weight of said aerospace vehicle; and a processor for receiving at least part of said measured data, said processor configured to estimate said weight, by relating said measured data with predetermined physical-property-to-weight correspondence data associated with said aerospace vehicle.

Abstract: The present disclosure is to a scale for measuring a weight of a mass inside of an intermodal freight container. The scale includes a first bottom side rail, a second bottom side rail, a first cross-member and a second cross-member, where the cross-members join the first bottom side rail and the second bottom side rail. The scale further includes a jointed member having a first elongate section joined to the first bottom side rail with a first hinge, a second elongate section joined to the second bottom side rail with a second hinge, and a third hinge that connects the first elongate section and the second elongate section.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for empting bottles containing frozen blood product. The apparatus comprises an automatic unit for checking the weight of emptied bottles. The automatic unit comprises a load detection system for measuring the weight of emptied bottles, an air pressure measuring unit for measuring the pressure in the room in which the emptying apparatus is located, and a measurement compensation unit for correcting the load value on the basis of the room pressure measurement. The weight-checking unit generates a “not empty” signal if the value of the corrected load is greater than or equal to a predetermined value.

Abstract: The present application proposes a circuit and method for detecting ambient light, and a display panel. The circuit for detecting ambient light includes a light sensing sub-circuit configured to output a voltage pulse signal related to present intensity of the ambient light; and a detection sub-circuit electrically connected to the light sensing sub-circuit, and configured to acquire a frequency of the voltage pulse signal, and obtain the present intensity of the ambient light according to the frequency of the voltage pulse signal.

Abstract: The invention discloses a flexible, energy-self-sufficient UV dosimeter which optically indicates the absorbed dose on the basis of the intensity and duration of the irradiation via a color change. The invention contains one or more UV dosimeter modules. Exemplary UV dosimeter modules include at least one UV-sensitive photodiode (common electrode (11), hole conductor layer (21), UV absorber layer (22), cathode (23)) and an electrochromic element (common electrode (11), ion storage layer (12), electrolyte layer (13), electrochromic layer made of redox active material (14), transparent electrode (15)), between which an insulator (4) and a conductor track (5) are arranged. The electrochromic element accumulates the charge generated by the UV-sensitive photodiode and indicates this by means of a color change. The UV dosimeter can be produced as an integrated circuit using thin-film technology by successively applying and structuring organic or inorganic functional layers.

Abstract: A combination sensor may include a first infrared light sensor and a second infrared light sensor. The first infrared light sensor may be configured to sense light in a first wavelength within an infrared wavelength spectrum. The second infrared light sensor may be configured to sense light in a second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength within the infrared wavelength spectrum. The first infrared light sensor and the second infrared light sensor may be stacked in relation to each other.

Abstract: An analysis system 10 includes a plurality of spectrophotometers 1, a memory storage 11, and a control terminal 12. The spectrophotometer 1 further includes a light source 2, a light detector, and an optical element that introduces light from the light source 2 to the light detector. The memory device 11 stores the information as the control information 110 relative to the light amount of the light detected by the light detector 6 right after replacement when replacing the light source of the spectrophotometer 1. A replacement timing determination unit 125 of the control terminal 12 reads out a control information 110 in the memory device 11 and determines the replacement timing of the optical element based on the value of the light amount information of the read-out control information 110.

Abstract: A multi-analyte sensor system based on hollow core photonic bandgap fiber and Raman anti-Stokes spectroscopy. The system includes: i) an inlet to introduce an analyte sample into an analyzer chamber which analyzer includes; ii) a measurement system to derive the anti-Stokes spectral peaks and/or spectra of the sample; iii) a set of reference calibrants corresponding to the analytes of which the sample is primarily comprised; iv) a second inlet to introduce said calibrants into the analyzer chamber; v) a second measurement system to derive the anti-Stokes spectral peaks and/or spectra of the calibrants vi) an outlet through which the sample and calibrants are expelled from the analyzer chamber.

Abstract: An optical measurement apparatus includes: a moving mirror that changes an optical path length of one of two beams generated by splitting light subject to measurement; a drive mechanism that causes the moving mirror to reciprocate a predetermined distance in linear motion; a measured light receiver that detects intensity of light generated by superimposing the two beams; and a computation processor that sets a plurality of measurement ranges within the predetermined distance and calculates a measurement value based on a change in the light intensity detected by the measured light receiver for each of the measurement ranges.

Abstract: A computer-implemented intelligent alignment method for a color sensing device (12) which initially obtains a raw sense value measured by the color sensing device and converts the raw sense value to a tristimulus value (S401). The color sensing device may be calibrated using a known set of colors (S402). Raw readings received from the color sensing device may be mapped to known tristimulus values (S403), and mapped values may be converted to a standard reference illuminant color space (S404). A client-server system may be provided in which a color sensing device and one or more servers collectively execute operations according to the present disclosure.

Abstract: A spectro-colorimeter system for imaging pipeline is provided, the system including a camera system; a spectrometer system; and a controller coupling the camera system and the spectrometer system. In some embodiments the camera system is configured to provide a color image with the first portion of the incident light. Also, in some embodiments the spectrometer system is configured to provide a tristimulus signal from the second portion of the incident light. Furthermore, in some embodiments the controller is configured to correct the color image from the camera system using the tristimulus signal from the spectrometer. An imaging pipeline method for using a system as above is also provided. Further, a method for color selection in an imaging pipeline calibration is provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a press operator target for facilitating visual verification of colour accuracy in printed colour matter against an ideal colour proof. The invention also includes so-called Light/Master/Dark (“LMD”) standards for visually accessing colour variation that is acceptable in a particular print design and to aid a press operator in decision making in order to achieve a better proof to print match. Finally the aforementioned items are assembled into a colour proof assembly, which includes the press operator target, as well as the LMD standards.

Abstract: The panoramic-reconstruction temporal imaging (PARTI) system is a single-shot optical waveform measurement apparatus that achieves scalable record length and sub-picosecond resolution simultaneously for ultrafast non-repetitive waveform characterization, in analogy with the wisdom of stitching multiple mosaic images to achieve larger-field-of-view in the spatial domain. It consists of a high-fidelity optical buffer, a low-aberration time magnifier and synchronization-control electronics. For specific measurement circumstances, the PARTI system can also be carried out based on a passive optical buffer, which reduces the system complexity. The PARTI system is configured for real-time single-shot characterization of non-repetitive optical dynamic waveform that evolves over a time scale much larger than that of its ultrafast temporal details, i.e., optical dynamics with large time-bandwidth product.

Abstract: A temperature-sensitive element including an element main body and a pair of lead wires that is drawn out from the element main body; a case accommodating the temperature-sensitive element and having a heat transfer surface configured to come into contact with a measurement object for temperature; a pair of lead frames electrically connected with each of the lead wires and drawn out from the case; and a filler covering the temperature-sensitive element accommodated in the case and the lead frames and holding the temperature-sensitive element and the lead frames in the case while maintaining a state of the connection.

Abstract: Provided herein may be a temperature sensing circuit and a semiconductor device having the same. The temperature sensing circuit may include an analog voltage generation circuit configured to convert a temperature into a voltage and output a temperature voltage, an analog-digital converter configured to convert the temperature voltage into a digital code, and a compensation circuit configured to adjust the digital code and then output an operation code to remove noise from the temperature voltage.

Abstract: A sub-threshold MOSFET temperature sensor is provided in which a sub-threshold leakage current through a sub-threshold transistor having its source connected to its gate is mirrored through a diode-connected transistor to produce an output voltage. Feedback maintains a drain voltage for the sub-threshold transistor to equal the output voltage.

Abstract: A temperature-sensing device configured to monitor a temperature includes: a first conductive line; a second conductive line, wherein the first and second conductive lines have respective different cross-sectional dimensions; a sensing circuit, coupled to the first and second conductive lines, and configured to determine a logic state of an output signal based on a difference between respective signal levels present on the first and second conductive lines; and a control circuit, coupled to the sensing circuit, and configured to determine whether the monitored temperature is above or below a pre-defined threshold temperature based on the determined logic state.

Abstract: A nanocomposite has reduced Graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles. A method synthesizes a nanocomposite and fabricates a nanocomposite film on a substrate for sensor applications based on the principle of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of piezoresistive temperature sensing elements.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a printed circuit board (PCB), a control circuit, and a sensing circuit. The control circuit is configured to determine whether over temperature occurs at one or more detecting points arranged at a first surface of the printed circuit board according to at least one voltage signal. The sensing circuit is arranged at a second surface opposite to the first surface of the printed circuit board and configured to sense the temperature of the one or more detecting points and correspondingly output the voltage signal to the control circuit.

Abstract: A temperature measurement substrate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a substrate which is any one of a semiconductor wafer and a substrate for a flat panel display; and at least one optical fiber laid on a surface of the substrate and having a first pattern portion and a second pattern portion formed more densely than the first pattern portion.

Abstract: Disclosed here is an apparatus that includes a sensor including a plurality of sense nodes, a plurality of first latch circuits including a plurality of first input nodes and a plurality of first output nodes, respectively, the plurality of first input nodes coupled to the plurality of sense nodes, respectively, a plurality of second latch circuits including a plurality of second input nodes and a plurality of second output nodes, respectively, the plurality of second input nodes coupled to the plurality of first output nodes, respectively, and a selector including a plurality of third input nodes coupled respectively to the plurality of first output nodes, a plurality of fourth input nodes coupled respectively to the plurality of second output nodes and a plurality of third output nodes.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to a method for monitoring optical power in a HAMR device. In one embodiment, the method includes enhancing a thermal sensor bandwidth through advanced electrical detection techniques. The advanced electrical detection techniques include obtaining calibration waveform data for a thermal sensor by calibrating the thermal sensor, obtaining real-time waveform data for the thermal sensor that may deviate from the calibration waveform data, updating the calibration waveform data to include the real-time waveform data, repeating obtaining real-time waveform data and updating the calibration waveform data during writing operations. By updating the calibration waveform data, the bandwidth of the thermal sensor is determined by a fixed sampling time interval, and the thermal sensor rise time to steady state would not be a limitation to its response time.

Abstract: A device has two machine parts that are movable relative to one another and are connected to each other by a supply line along which a sensor line is mounted for measuring torsion of the supply line. The sensor line is connected to a measurement unit which is configured in such a way that an electrical parameter of the sensor line is measured, the torsion being ascertained using the parameter.

Abstract: This invention provides cement-based material system for the self-sensing of the force (compressive, tensile, flexural, shear, torsional, and combinations thereof) exerted on the cement-based material. It also provides cement-based material system for weighing and a method of the self-sensing. No particular admixture is required in the cement-based material. The measurement involves using two electrodes on the same surface of the cement-based material. The force to be sensed is exerted on the cement-based material, particularly on a part of the material surface between the electrodes. The capacitance measured between the two electrodes serves as an indicator of the force. This invention also provides a method of the self-sensing of force exerted on a cement-based material.

Abstract: An on-chip strain gage for monitoring strain on an integrated circuit (IC) chip, the IC chip and method of monitoring and mitigating stress induced chip warpage. The strain gage sensor includes a strain sensor element in a single layer. The strain gage sensor quantifies and digitizes local strain which reflects local chip stress from chip warpage. During normal chip usage, the strain information may be used to alter chip operation.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a pressure sensor configured to generate an electrical output according to a fluid pressure in a detection space applied to a diaphragm. The diaphragm is flexibly deformable in a thickness direction. The pressure sensor includes a pressure receiving recess defining the detection space and a protection film covering the pressure receiving recess. The protection film has a corner portion provided in an inner corner area of the pressure receiving recess. The corner portion is located outside the diaphragm in an in-plane direction orthogonal to the thickness direction.

Abstract: A pressure sensor designed to detect a value of ambient pressure of the environment external to the pressure sensor includes: a first substrate having a buried cavity and a membrane suspended over the buried cavity; a second substrate having a recess, hermetically coupled to the first substrate so that the recess defines a sealed cavity the internal pressure value of which provides a pressure-reference value; and a channel formed at least in part in the first substrate and configured to arrange the buried cavity in communication with the environment external to the pressure sensor. The membrane undergoes deflection as a function of a difference of pressure between the pressure-reference value in the sealed cavity and the ambient-pressure value in the buried cavity.

Abstract: A composite piezoelectric coating (CPC) method includes entraining a powder in a first carrier gas stream; heating a second carrier gas stream to a predetermined temperature; combining the first carrier gas stream and second carrier gas stream into a combined carrier gas stream; ejecting the combined carrier gas stream at a target at a predetermined velocity, and consolidating the powder on the target by impact of the ejected combined carrier gas stream with the target.