Abstract: A mounting structure of an air intake apparatus includes an air intake apparatus including a first mounting portion made of resin and a second mounting portion made of resin, a first collar member made of metal positioned within a first mounting bore at the first mounting portion, a second collar member made of metal positioned within a second mounting bore at the second mounting portion, and a large diameter annular portion made of metal provided between the first and second collar members, the first collar member, the large diameter annular portion and the second collar member being fastened while making contact with one another in a state where the first mounting portion and the second mounting portion are fastened together relative to the cylinder head by a fastening member inserted to be positioned within the first collar member, the large diameter annular portion and the second collar member.

Abstract: A spar as a carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic structure according to the present invention includes a carbon fiber prepreg, and a conduction layer provided on a surface of this carbon fiber prepreg to limit conduction in a thickness direction of a carbon fiber and secure conduction in a surface direction of the carbon fiber.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for aging a new plastic fuel tank in a vehicle. In one example, during a plug-in event to recharge a battery of the vehicle, the fuel tank is isolated and the fuel pump is actuated to agitate fuel within the tank and increase fuel vapors until the plastic fuel tank becomes aged to a predetermined degree by fuel vapors generated therein. In this manner, the fuel tank is aged more rapidly, resulting in more accurate fuel level readings and less noise and vibration.

Abstract: A modular transmission support secures a variety of transmissions to various vehicle frames. The modular transmission support comprises a crossmember that provides user-selectable positioning and attachment of vehicle transmissions. The crossmember comprises one or more trusses and a mounting pad or a set of mounting pads that may be secured at various positions at a concave section of the crossmember's trusses. One or more truss supports secure the crossmember to a vehicle at one or more predefined locations.

Abstract: A planetary wheel drive uses a thrust washer residing between a cover and a thrust plate to absorb axial loads. The thrust washer is has a slip fit to the cover. The surface area of the thrust washer engaging the cover is larger than the surface area of the thrust washer engaging the thrust washer.

Abstract: A work vehicle according to the present invention includes an engine installed in a traveling machine body supported by traveling units, and a transmission case incorporating a hydraulic continuously variable transmission. The transmission case incorporates a forward/backward traveling switching mechanism. The work vehicle includes forward traveling valves for forward traveling hydraulic clutches, a backward traveling valve for a backward traveling hydraulic clutch, and a master valve configured to control hydraulic oil supplying to the forward traveling valves and the backward traveling valve. A part of a hydraulic circuit is formed on a front lid member of the transmission case. The forward traveling valves, the backward traveling valve, and the master valve are attached on a front surface side of the front lid member.

Abstract: A transmission includes a transmission housing having an output shaft flange including a central passage. An output shaft extends through the central passage. The output shaft defines a shaft axis and including an axial end portion. A vibration dampener is mounted to the axial end portion of the output shaft, and a mechanical fastener is received by the axial end portion of the output shaft. The mechanical fastener operatively connects the vibration dampener to the output shaft.

Abstract: A four-wheel drive vehicle includes a friction clutch that transmits a driving force to rear wheels, a hydraulic circuit including a control valve that reduces a pressure of hydraulic oil discharged from a hydraulic pump down to a control pressure corresponding to a control current, and the cylinder and a piston that receives the oil from hydraulic circuit the to press the friction clutch. In the hydraulic circuit, a ratio of an change amount in a feeding pressure to the cylinder to an change amount in the control current, when the feeding pressure to the cylinder is lower than a predetermined value, is lower than when the feeding pressure applied to the cylinder is equal to or higher than the predetermined value. The control apparatus controls a pressure of the hydraulic oil fed to the cylinder lower than the predetermined value when switching the driving state.

Abstract: A clutch actuator for a manual-shift motor vehicle transmission, includes a driver-operated clutch pedal or lever, a clutch linkage between a clutch of the motor vehicle and the pedal or lever, and a damper adapted to delay clutch engagement on a fast release of the clutch pedal or lever. The damper is effective to delay clutch engagement only within a limited range of a whole clutch engagement movement and is substantially ineffective outside the limited range and within the whole range of a clutch disengagement movement.

Abstract: In one embodiment, speeds of an autonomous driving vehicle (ADV) are captured in response to a series of speed control commands issued at different points in time represented by a series of command cycles. For each of the command cycles, a first speed-changing rate is calculated based on a corresponding speed of the ADV and a second speed-changing rate is calculated based on the corresponding speed and a corresponding speed control command using a predetermined algorithm or function. A unit gain of speed control is determined using a cost function based on the first speed-changing rates and the second speed-changing rates, such that the cost representing a difference between the first speed-changing rates and the second speed-changing rates. The unit gain is then utilized to generate subsequent speed control commands for operating the ADV.

Abstract: A system and approach for a vehicle system. The vehicle system may include a vehicle, a propulsion device (e.g., a combustion engine or electric motor), and a controller. The propulsion device may at least partially power the vehicle. The controller may be in communication with the propulsion device and may control the propulsion device according to a target speed of the vehicle. The controller may include a model of energy balances of the vehicle and may use the model to estimate energy losses over a travel horizon of the vehicle. The controller may optimize a cost function over the travel horizon of the vehicle based at least in part on the estimated energy losses to set an actual speed for the vehicle. The estimated energy losses may include one or more of aerodynamic drag, vehicle friction, and conversion efficiency from the propulsion device.

Abstract: There is provided an information display system for supporting a high safety driving, so that a driver can clearly recognize an obstacle. A shape of a virtual image indicating an outline or a frame line of the obstacle is changed according to a risk level of the obstacle against a vehicle, and a display position of the virtual image is adjusted according to a viewpoint position of the driver, so that a deviation in displaying between an actual obstacle and the virtual image is suppressed. In addition, there is provided an information display system which can make the driver intuitively recognize the obstacle without hindering the driving by displaying an estimated traffic line of the obstacle as the virtual image.

Abstract: A method performed by a vehicle tow bar control system for controlling position of a movable tow bar of a vehicle during parking is provided, wherein the tow bar is movable between an extended position and a retracted position in relation to the vehicle. The method comprises receiving parking activity input, sensing the position of the tow bar, and transmitting a notification signal for notifying a driver of the vehicle of the position of the tow bar.

Abstract: A vehicle display device includes a digital display configured to display together a first integer value representing travel speed in kilometers per unit time and a second integer value representing travel speed in miles per unit time, and a controller configured to perform, at a time the second integer value is zero and the first integer value is positive, one of a correction to set the first integer value to zero and a correction to set the second integer value to a positive value, and display the first integer value and the second integer value on the digital display.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide an automated driving system and a method for providing an indication of a driver's responsibilities in a vehicle having an automated driving system. The system includes a display device for displaying information to a driver of the vehicle, and a controller configured to display, at the display device, a driver and vehicle responsibility matrix (DVR matrix). The DVR matrix includes a first set of indicators each indicating a driving responsibility of the driver, a second set of indicators each indicating a driving responsibility of the automated driving system. In one example, the controller is configured to display the DVR matrix corresponding to an automation state.

Abstract: A system and method displays information using a vehicle-mount computer. The system includes (i) an input device and a display device for inputting and displaying information; (ii) a motion detector for detecting vehicle motion; (iii) a proximity sensor for detecting proximity to an item; and (vi) a vehicle-mount computer in communication with the input device, the display device, the motion detector, and the proximity sensor, the vehicle-mount computer including a central processing unit and memory. The vehicle-mount computer's central processing unit is configured to store information associated with user-selected information from the input device and to display a zoomed view of the user-selected information on the display device. Further, the vehicle-mount computer's central processing unit is configured to override screen-blanking when user-selected information is displayed.

Abstract: A vehicle powertrain includes a variable voltage converter, a bypass diode and a controller. The bypass diode may be coupled in parallel with the converter and configured to clamp an output of the converter to a battery voltage. The controller may be configured to, while in a boost mode and in response to a rate of change of a converter inductor current exceeding a boost threshold, open switches of the converter to divert propulsive energy through the bypass diode. The controller may also be configured to, while in buck mode and in response to a magnitude of a converter inductor current exceeding a buck threshold, open switches of the converter to divert regenerative energy through the bypass diode, while reversed biased, to the battery.

Abstract: The Safety, Power and Shade Device is a system usable with wheelchairs providing an upright and horizontal frame attachable by brackets to a wheelchair seat back. The frame allows for the installation of safety and illumination lights, a solar panel for supplemental recharging of an electric wheelchair battery and a means of shelter or shade. The frame assembly is constructed to allow the horizontal frame to fold over and behind the wheelchair for a vertical relationship with the frame upright.

Abstract: The invention provides a powertrain for an electric vehicle, and an electric vehicle as such. The powertrain has an electric motor and a drivetrain for transmitting rotary power from the electric motor to at least one of the vehicle wheels. A mechanical rotary transmission is provided in association with a flywheel. The mechanical rotary transmission is controllable to transmit power in a direction from the vehicle wheels to the flywheel and further transmit power in the reverse direction. Power from both the electric motor and the flywheel is concurrently used to accelerate the vehicle. The vehicle kinetic energy is recovered and stored at the flywheel during vehicle deceleration. The motor vehicle has at least one battery unit to supply the electric motor. The battery unit is removable from the vehicle, without tools, and is portable so that it is carried away from the vehicle for charging.

Abstract: A hybrid energy system for providing power to a load and for providing a fast variation of DC link voltage to improve system efficiency is disclosed. The system includes a load, a direct current (DC) link electrically coupled to the load, an energy storage system having a first energy storage device and a second energy storage device arranged in series, and a bi-directional DC-DC converter electrically coupled to the DC link and to the energy storage system, the bi-directional DC-DC converter being connected to a node located between the first energy storage device and the second energy storage device and to a node connecting the second energy storage device to the DC link.

Abstract: A wireless power supply system is a wireless power supply system provided with a travel lane for wirelessly transmitting power to a moving body and includes a power transmitting coil that is disposed such that the axial direction of the coil is substantially parallel to the width direction of the travel lane, and electromagnetic shielding walls that are disposed on the respective sides of the travel lane in the extension direction of the travel lane.

Abstract: A system includes a slidable bar, a connecting bar attached to the slidable bar, and a charging device carried by the connecting bar and movable with the slidable bar. The charging device may be automatically aligned to a receiving device of an electrified vehicle using motion of the electrified vehicle to move the charging device.

Abstract: A method of intelligent power distribution for a charging system with double charging terminals is provided. The method of the present invention comprises the following steps, determining whether a first vehicle is requesting for charging or not. Then, the next step is determining whether a second vehicle is charging in the system or not. If the determination is affirmative, the first vehicle is then charged by remainder power modules. In the following, it is determining whether remainder power modules can be used for a second output terminal. Subsequently, it is determining whether the first vehicle needs more power by charging. If the determination is affirmative, the remainder power modules are charging to the first vehicle via the second output terminal.

Abstract: An EVSE is equipped with voltage and current monitors to monitor V and I values over the time of charging. Normal V & I charging values for EV charging have been previously established and plotted as a threshold curve. During present charging, the V and Z values are plotted and compared to the threshold values and the slope of the V/I curve. If present value of V is less than the threshold value, or drops over time, or the Z value increases over time; current (I) to the EV is reduced and a new V/I curve is plotted. Slope of the new V/I curve is compared to the threshold and also checked for change of slope over time. If the new V/I curve slope is greater than the threshold slope, or is changing over time, corrective action is taken.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining availability of a vehicle charging station are provided. One vehicle system includes a telematics unit configured to wirelessly communicate with a second telematics unit of a second vehicle electrically coupled to a charging station; a processor configured to obtain a remaining charge time from the second vehicle, using the telematics unit; and a display for displaying the remaining charge time in association with information related to the second vehicle. One method includes establishing, using a telematics unit, wireless communication with a second telematics unit of a second vehicle electrically coupled to the charging station; obtaining, using a processor, a remaining charge time from the second vehicle via the telematics unit; and displaying, on a display, the remaining charge time in association with information related to the second vehicle.

Abstract: A charging control apparatus for a vehicle is provided. The vehicle includes a motor generator and an electric power storage device. The charging control apparatus includes: a communication device configured to receive data from a server; and a controller that executes external charging. The controller is configured to execute the external charging in accordance with a target value of State of Charge of the electric power storage device. The controller is configured to lower the target value from a first target value to a second target value in the case where the controller predicts that the State Of Charge exceeds the target value by a specified amount or larger in a section in accordance with record data that is aggregated in the server when the vehicle starts traveling after completion of the external charging.

Abstract: An electronic control device for controlling a vehicle battery pack comprises a non-programmable monitoring and actuation unit and a two-way serial communication interface. The non-programmable monitoring and actuation unit is electrically and operatively connectable to the battery pack and to each of the battery cells C to detect analog battery parameters P, including at least the magnitudes of battery voltage Vb and battery current Ib, in addition to temperature (Tc1, Tcn), current (Ic1, Icn) and voltage (Vc1, Vcn) of each battery cell C. The non-programmable monitoring and actuation unit generates monitoring signals Sm representative of the detected analog battery parameters P. The two-way serial communication interface is connected to the non-programmable monitoring and actuation unit to receive the monitoring signals Sm and to supply the aforesaid at least one command signal Sc.

Abstract: A cooling structure for a battery pack is provided. The battery pack is positioned in a luggage space of a vehicle. The cooling structure includes an intake port, a blower, a first duct, and a second duct. An intake port is positioned in an occupant space. A blower is positioned on a side opposite to the occupant space across the battery pack, and configured to supply air blowing in from the intake port to the battery pack. A first duct is configured to connect the intake port and an inflow port of the blower to each other. A second duct is configured to connect an outflow port of the blower and a suction port of the battery pack to each other.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling charging of a low-voltage battery are provided. The method includes determining a state of charge of the low-voltage battery of a vehicle based on a voltage of the low-voltage battery and determining a state of charge of the low-voltage battery based on a magnitude of consumed power of a low-voltage direct current (DC) converter (LDC) providing charged power to the low-voltage battery during a period in which vehicle start-up is performed. A charged voltage of the low-voltage battery is then set based on a determination result of the state of charge of the low-voltage battery.

Abstract: A starting control method and system of a fuel cell vehicle are provided. The method includes detecting a cold-running-mode condition including a fuel-cell coolant temperature during stoppage of the vehicle and determining whether the coolant temperature is less than a first set value that is preset in a memory. A vehicle restarting process in the memory is then set using information regarding a vehicle state during the stoppage of the vehicle when the coolant temperature is less than the first set value.

Abstract: A flow control valve 26 can adjust the percentage of the flow rate of cooling water to a radiator 23 to a predetermined value (50%) or smaller. When the temperature of the cooling water in a fuel cell 11 is determined to be a predetermined temperature (0° C.) or higher after the cooling water is supplied to the fuel cell 11 with the percentage of the flow rate of the cooling water to the radiator 23 set to the predetermined value (50%) or larger, a controller 41 performs a predetermined percentage supply operation for controlling the flow control valve 26 and a pump 22 to supply the cooling water to the fuel cell 11 with the percentage of the flow rate of the cooling water to the radiator 23 set to the predetermined value (50%) or larger.

Abstract: The main cushion (3) of an automobile seat (e.g. the seat pan cushion, or a backrest cushion) is provided with a shield (2). The shield surrounds at least part of the lateral sides of the main cushion and is formed of a less compressible (i.e. harder) foam than the main cushion, such that when the seat is upholstered, creases in the upholstery are reduced/prevented and gapping is avoided.

Abstract: A vehicle seat is provided in which a seat back is constrained from tilting down when a seat cushion is moved to a position in which the seat back cannot be tilted down. The vehicle seat includes a base frame, a seat cushion frame (3) horizontally movable relative to the base frame between a first position and a second position different from the first position, a seat back frame (4) rotatable relative to the seat cushion frame (3), a lock member (5) configured to constrain the seat back frame (4) from tilting rearward, and an unlock mechanism (6) configured to release a lock applied by the lock member (5) when the seat cushion frame (3) is moved from the first position to the second position.

Abstract: A seat slide device for vehicles includes a lower rail, an upper rail, a lock mechanism, a spring member, and an unlocking handle. The upper rail is supported in a slidable manner by the lower rail. The lock mechanism is provided within the upper rail and restricts the movement of the upper rail relative to the lower rail. The spring member is provided within the upper rail. The unlocking handle is operated against the pressing force of the spring member to remove restrictions on the movement of the upper rail imposed by the lock mechanism. The upper rail has inner walls and outer walls. The inner walls have engagement holes formed through the inner walls in the width direction. The spring member has engagement sections inserted through and engaged with the engagement holes. The engagement sections face the outer walls in the width direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a seat recliner for a vehicle. The seat recliner includes: a lower plate; a rotary flange that has a ring shape, is fitted around the lower plate to relatively rotate to the lower plate, and has inner teeth around the inner side of the rotary flange; locking gears that are disposed on the top of the lower plate, have outer teeth at an end, and engage with inner teeth of the rotary flange when moving forward; locking guides that are disposed between the locking gears and guide the locking gears moving forward and backward; and an upper plate that covers the locking gears and the locking guides, rotates relative to the rotary flange. In particular, a bottom of the locking guides is fixed to the top of the lower plate, and a bottom of the upper plate is fixed to the top of the locking guides.

Abstract: A child safety seat includes a seat shell for receiving a child and having a backrest and a front end opposite to the backrest, an extension member connected with the seat shell, and a latching mechanism. The extension member is positionable in a first configuration where the extension member rises upward at the front end of the seat shell, and in a second configuration where the extension member stretches forward and downward from the front end of the seat shell. The latching mechanism is operable to lock the extension member with respect to the seat shell in any of the first and second configurations.

Abstract: A securing system for supporting an object within a vehicle and for translating forces occurring therebetween. The system includes a component adapted to support the object within the vehicle, a mount adapted for attachment to the vehicle for concurrent movement with the vehicle, and an interface member operatively attached to and spaced from the mount. A coupler is operatively attached to one of the component and the interface member, and a receiver is operatively attached to the other of the component and the interface member. The receiver is selectively movable between a first position where the receiver secures the coupler for concurrent movement therewith and a second position where the coupler can be removed from the receiver. A translation module is interposed in force-translating relationship between the mount and the interface member to support the component when the coupler is secured to the receiver in the first position.

Abstract: A vehicle seat comprises a seat cushion part, having a cushion element, and a backrest part, at least one of which has an air conditioning device with a fan unit and an air conditioning insert. The air conditioning insert has an air distribution space, which is delimited on one side by at least one top layer. The air distribution space supplies air through the fan unit via the bottom layer located opposite the top layer and the air from the air distribution space is dispersed via the top layer. The air distribution space is separated by at least one separating element extending between the top layer and the bottom side, such that one air outlet plate is associated with the fan unit. At least one air outlet opening rests on the plane of the separation element that is associated with the bottom side of the air distribution space such that the at least one air outlet opening supplies air to both the one and the other partial region.

Abstract: A method of altering the temperature of an external surface of a seating assembly for a vehicle comprising: providing a seating assembly for a vehicle comprising an external surface and multiple temperature altering systems disposed beneath the external surface; presenting an object on the external surface; determining which of the multiple temperature altering systems to activate as a function of the size of the object and the position of the object on the seating assembly, such that, the larger the size, the more of the multiple temperature altering systems are activated, and such that, if the object is not positioned in thermal communication with one or more of the multiple temperature altering systems, then those temperature altering systems are not activated; and activating only the temperature altering systems that the method determined to activate as a function of the size and the position of the object on the seating assembly.

Abstract: An upper-front of a seatback is cut, providing a hole at a position the occupant's shoulder may lie, and an engaging means able to engage with a shoulder webbing is fitted in the hole. The engaging means holds the shoulder webbing, which is wrapped around the occupant. The engaging means is, for example, a (second) buckle fitted in the hole. A second tongue (intermediate tongue) is mounted on a middle part of the shoulder webbing. The shoulder webbing is wrapped slantwise around the occupant's shoulder when the second tongue is engaged with the second buckle.

Abstract: In a seat in which an armrest is attached to a side frame of a seatback, a reinforcing member that inhibits lateral torsion deformation of the side frame at a location where the armrest is attached to the side frame when a lateral load is applied to the armrest, is cross-linked between the side frame and a lower panel arranged in a different location than the side frame.

Abstract: A vehicle seat includes: a seat cushion; a seat back that is connected to a rear part of the seat cushion; a head rest; and a connected member that is provided in the head rest. The head rest is arranged on top of the seat back in a standing state through the connecting member. The connecting member has a frame part, which constitutes a frame of the head rest, and a bracket part, which is fixed to the seat back side, in an integrated manner.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a headrest capable of, when a user touches the headrest, preventing the user's finger from being inserted into the inner space of the headrest. The vehicle seat headrest according to the present invention includes: a stay (402) held on the seat back side; and a headrest main body (4A) supported forward rotatably from a using position with respect to the stay (402). The headrest main body (4A) has: a main body frame (401) forming a strength member; hinge parts (403a), (403b) which connect the main body frame (401) rotatably with respect to the stay (402); a locking mechanism (500) which fixes the main body frame (401) in the using position with respect to the stay (402); and cushion material (407) which covers the main body frame (401) and the hinge parts (403a), (403b). In the vehicle seat headrest, a resin lower cover (408), having an opening (408a) through which the stay (402) is inserted, covers a lower surface of the headrest main body (4A).

Abstract: A cup holder includes a support, a first arm connected by a first pivot to the support and a second arm connected by a second pivot to the support. The cup holder further includes a first link connected by a third pivot to the first arm and by a fourth pivot to the second arm and a second link connected by a fifth pivot to the first arm and a sixth pivot to the second arm whereby the first arm and second arm are displaceable between a stowed position and a deployed position to hold a cup.

Abstract: One 3-position selector valve is used as a main control valve that controls hoist cylinders. A control valve is provided for supplying hydraulic oil from a low-pressure hydraulic pressure source to rod chambers of the hoist cylinders upon lowering a vessel. Provided between the rod chambers of the hoist cylinders and an oil tank is a check valve that enables to supply hydraulic oil from the oil tank to the rod chambers upon a vessel FLOAT operation. When an operation command from a control device is a vessel-lowering command, a controller switches the main control valve to a FLOAT position, and also switches the vessel LOWER operation control valve and supplies hydraulic oil of a low pressure from the low-pressure hydraulic pressure source to the rod chambers of the hoist cylinders.

Abstract: Gravel boxes, open top containers with rolling roofs, and related methods. The rolling roof is used to cover open top containers for dry or liquid loads. The rolling roof may be manually operated with a ratcheting handle or motor in combination with two rolling mechanisms placed on each side of the roof. The rolling roof mechanism may be implemented by sliding the roof either to the left or to the right side of the container, and turning it from a horizontal position to a vertical position along the side wall. Such allows loading from either side of the container by using the full area of the opening.

Abstract: A trailer with a trailer bed (2) and a wheel axis (4) that is mounted on a shaft (3), wherein the trailer bed (2) along with the shaft (3) and the wheel axis (4) are connected by a lifting device (10), the lifting device (10) is pivotable around the wheel axis (4) mounted on the shaft (3), the trailer bed (2) is tiltable around a hanging axis (14) connected with the lifting device (10), which hanging axis (14) is mounted fixed with the trailer bed (2), and the distance (B) between the hanging axis (14) and the wheel axis (4) is at least equal to the distance (D/2) between the wheel axis (4) and the front-end (7) of the trailer bed (2).

Abstract: A lift system for supporting cargo on a vehicle comprising a vehicle frame, the lift system comprising a cargo platform assembly and a displacement system. The displacement system comprises a lift frame assembly, a drive system, at least one drive link assembly, and at least one stabilizer link assembly. Operation of the drive system causes axial rotation of the at least one drive axle. Axial rotation of the at least one drive axle causes the at least one drive link assembly to pivot about the drive axle axis. Pivoting of the at least one drive link assembly the drive axle axis displaces the cargo platform between a stowed configuration and a lowered configuration. Displacement of the cargo platform between the stowed configuration and the lowered configuration causes rotation of the at least one stabilizer link assembly.

Abstract: A product for retaining objects that may include a base that may have a central body. A leg may extend from the central body. An anchor arm may extend from the leg. An offset portion may extend from the anchor arm. The leg, the anchor arm and the offset portion may define three sides of a receptacle. The receptacle may have a fourth side that may be open and that may face toward the central body. An anchor loop may extend from the central body. The anchor loop may have an anchor leg extending from the base, and may have a loop segment on the anchor leg.

Abstract: A heated light enclosure having an adaptable heating system is provided with a controlled heating system to deliver enough heat to a lens on a lamp assembly to remove snow, frost, and/or condensation without overheating the lens. By heating the lens using a combination of one or more of PTC heaters, heat sinks and heat pipes, accumulation of snow, ice, or vapor is mitigated or eliminated from a surface of the lens, thereby enabling light to transmit through the lens. Applications include lamps and bulbs on conveyance devices, including vehicles, boats, planes, and trains, as well as sedentary structures, such as lamp posts, street lights, railroad crossing markers and lights, and airport ground and runway lighting systems.