Abstract: An emission lifetime measuring method, in particular for measuring a mean lifetime of electronically excited states of a sample, comprises the steps of illuminating the sample with at least one excitation light pulse, time-resolved detecting an emission response from the sample and creating a temporal detector response function, and calculating the mean lifetime of the electronically excited states on the basis of the detector response function, wherein the at least one excitation light pulse is shaped such that the sample achieves an equilibrium excited steady-state including a linearly increasing or constant number of the electronically excited states, the detector response function has a linear response function section with a constant slope, and the mean lifetime (?) of the electronically excited states is calculated on the basis of at least one of a time position of the linear response function section relative to a reference time of the at least one excitation light pulse and the slope of the linear res

Abstract: Disclosed is apparatus (1) for measuring fluorescence and absorbance of a substance in a sample, said apparatus (1) comprising: a flow cell (2) for containing a sample, a first light source (3), a first conductor (5) for transmitting light from the first light source (3) to the flow cell (2) for irradiating a sample contained therein, a second conductor (7) for transmitting light from the flow cell (2) to a sample detector (9) arranged to detect an electromagnetic radiation that has passed through said cell (2), and a processing unit (16) arranged to receive a first signal (31) from a reference detector (15) and a second signal (32) from the sample detector (9) and to determine an absorbance based on said first and second signals (31,32), said apparatus (1) further comprising a second light source (4), a third conductor (6) for transmitting light from the second light source (4) to the cell (2) and wherein the sample detector (9) is further arranged to also detect fluorescence signals in the light that has pa

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to predicting precursor to coating spallation. Heat is provided to a first surface of a member. A time sequence of thermal images is captured of the first surface and/or a second surface of the member. Each of the images includes a two-dimensional array of image data. Each of the image data of the two-dimensional array of image data corresponds to an xy-coordinate pair. A two-dimensional array of thermal diffusivities is calculated based on the captured time sequence of thermal images. Each of the thermal diffusivities of the two-dimensional array of thermal diffusivities corresponds to the xy-coordinate pair. Each of the calculated thermal diffusivities of the two dimensional array of thermal diffusivities are compared with a predetermined threshold. If the calculated thermal diffusivity is greater than the predetermined threshold, then precursor to coating spallation of the thermal barrier coating at the corresponding xy-coordinate pair is predicted.

Abstract: Methods, analytical devices and analytical systems are provided for determining at least one analyte concentration in a body fluid sample. The methods, which may be incorporated into the devices and systems, can include the following steps: applying a body fluid to a test carrier; illuminating the test carrier by at least one light source, where the at least one light source is modulated by using at least two modulation frequencies; receiving light remitted by the test carrier by using at least one detector; determining an analyte concentration by evaluating at least one detector signal generated by the detector, where the detector signal is demodulated with the at least two modulation frequencies to generate at least two demodulated detector signals, each demodulated signal corresponding to one of the modulation frequencies; and detecting a fault by comparing the at least two demodulated detector signals.

Abstract: A method for evaluating the pH of an aqueous solution by utilizing the optical properties of a pH sensing material includes optically active nanoparticles fixed to a substrate. The optically active nanoparticles have a localized refractive index modulation over a pH range from 2.0 to 12.0 of at least 1% and, where the plurality of optically active nanoparticles have an average nanoparticle diameter of less than about 500 nanometers. The method includes contacting the pH sensing material with the aqueous solution, illuminating the pH sensing material, and monitoring an optical signal generated through comparison of incident light and exiting light to determine the optical transmission, absorption, reflection, and/or scattering of the pH sensitive material. The optical signal of the pH sensitive material varies in response to the pH of the aqueous solution, providing a means by which the pH and any changes in the pH may be analyzed.

Abstract: A guided mode resonance (GMR) sensor assembly and system are provided. The GMR sensor includes a waveguide structure configured for operation at or near one or more leaky modes, a receiver for input light from a source of light onto the waveguide structure to cause one or more leaky TE and TM resonant modes and a detector for changes in one or more of the phase, waveshape and/or magnitude of each of a TE resonance and a TM resonance to permit distinguishing between first and second physical states of said waveguide structure or its immediate environment.

Abstract: A test pad comprising multiple test patches and urine detection patches in an array is described. The test pad is suitable for automated urine analysis of multiple animals in a cage. Urine detection patches may be arranged in a BAYER pattern or as rings. Multiple layers, including a substrate, a wicking layer, a test patch layer, and optional protection layer serve to manage puddles of urine. Various isolation elements are described that keep urine puddles from spreading. Color reference spots on the pad are used for dynamic color determination of test patches. Urine detection patches start a read clock and identify which test patches are valid. Elements to hold and align the test pad are described. Methods of detection and reading are described.

Abstract: A method includes optically interacting a bulk material or powder stored in a storage bin with an integrated computational element (“ICE”) configured to modify an electromagnetic radiation according to a characteristic of the bulk material or powder. The method also includes detecting the modified electromagnetic radiation with a detector, and producing an output signal correlated to a value for the characteristic of the bulk material or powder, and receiving and processing the output signal with a signal processor to yield a value for the characteristic of the bulk material or powder. Also, the method includes transmitting a message flagging the storage bin when it is determined that the bulk material or powder is not suitable for continued storage. The bulk material or powder includes a dry cement or a dry cement component.

Abstract: A data analysis method and system are presented for use in determining one or more parameters of a patterned structure located on top of an underneath layered structure. According to this technique, input data is provided which includes first measured data PMD being a function ƒ of spectral intensity I? and phase ?, PMD=ƒ(I?;?), corresponding to a complex spectral response of the underneath layered structure, and second measured data Smeas indicative of specular reflection spectral response of a sample formed by the patterned structure and the underneath layered structure. Also provided is a general function F describing a relation between a theoretical optical response Stheor of the sample and a modeled optical response Smodel of the patterned structure and the complex spectral response PMD of the underneath layered structure, such that Stheor=F(Smodel; PMD).

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method of detecting the presence of a foreign substance, such as ice, in an air-flow path within an operating jet engine by providing one or more electromagnetic sensors that are tuned to receive electromagnetic waves at one or more frequencies generated by the operating jet engine that change upon the presence of the foreign substance. In at least one embodiment, the waves can be transmitted to the electromagnetic sensor through an electromagnetically transparent window in a wall of the jet engine. In at least another embodiment, the electromagnetic sensor can be coupled with a connector that penetrates an operating chamber in the jet engine to measure the electromagnetic parameters of one or more components from within the chamber of the jet engine. In some embodiments, the amount of ice or other foreign substances can be measured or estimated.

Abstract: A micro-CT sample holder for placing a sample under hydrostatic pressure during scanning, a micro-CT scanning system using the sample holder, and method of rock sample inspection under hydrostatic pressure. The sample holder includes a pressure vessel having a thinned-walled region and an interior chamber fixed reference stops inside the interior chamber. A position-locating anvil holds the sample and rests on the one or more fixed reference stops so the position of the sample is fixed under pressure. The thin-walled region surrounds the sample to minimize radiation interactions yet sufficient for maintaining a design pressure within the pressure vessel. The pressure vessel includes threads near the top opening to receive a compression screw assembly for closing the top opening and applying a variable pressure on the pressure vessel with a piston acting on a fluid inside the interior chamber.

Abstract: A method for observing deformation of an elastic material including rubber or elastomer, includes a first step of capturing projection images of at least a part of the elastic material from directions perpendicular to an arbitrary axis of the elastic material and a second step of constructing a three-dimensional image of the elastic material from the projection images. The first step includes deforming the elastic material in predetermined constant cycles, outputting capture signals at the same time points of the predetermined constant cycles, and capturing the projection images based on the respective capture signals.

Abstract: There is provided a method for processing a radiographic image acquired with at least two energy levels. A first step (S1) involves providing energy-resolved image data representative of the radiographic image with at least two energy levels, e.g. from a detector or from an intermediate storage. A second step (S2) involves decomposing the provided image data into at least one basis image representation, based on a model where a combination of at least two basis functions is used to express a representation of at least one linear attenuation coefficient, and where at least one basis function models a physical material and at least one other basis function models the Non-Linear Partial Volume, NLPV, effect.

Abstract: A method includes generating a graphical display based on chemical analysis data. The method also includes receiving input selecting a graphical component of the graphical display. The graphical component corresponds to a chemical or elemental constituent represented in the chemical analysis data. The method also includes receiving a specimen identifier indicating a specimen that was analyzed to generate the chemical analysis data. The method further includes generating a search query based on the specimen identifier and based on a constituent identifier of the chemical or elemental constituent and performing a search based on the search query to identify potential sources of the chemical or elemental constituent.

Abstract: Generating an image of an object and/or a representation of data about the object uses a particle beam apparatus. The particle beam apparatus comprises at least one control unit for setting a guide unit by selecting a value of a control parameter of the control unit. A functional relationship is determined between a first control parameter value and a second control parameter value depending on the predeterminable range of a landing energy of the particles. A desired value of the landing energy is set. The value of the control parameter corresponding to the desired value of the landing energy is selected on the basis of the determined functional relationship and the guide unit is controlled using the value of the control parameter corresponding to the desired value of the landing energy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an analytical device for the elementary analysis, which is improved with regard to the feeding of samples, with a sample holder, a line for oxygen and inert gas, a reactor for catalytic combustion of a sample, a reduction reactor that is provided downstream of the reactor, an adsorber that is provided downstream of the reduction reactor, a detector that is provided downstream of the absorber and a logic unit for processing of the data transmitted by the detector, wherein the sample holder includes a perforated field plate that can be moved by means of a drive on a base that is equipped with an ejection opening to eject one of the samples.

Abstract: A urea concentration identification method is provided. By providing an identical sine-wave AC signal to each of the urea concentration identification devices placed in urea solutions of different concentrations, different impedance values are output by the urea concentration identification devices since the urea solutions of different concentrations have different electrical interactions with the electrodes of the urea concentration identification device. Differences of the impedance output by the urea concentration identification device function as a data set for determining the concentration of the urea solution to be determined.

Abstract: A device for resistive measurement of the moisture of a material, which is mineral, rigid and which has open porosity, the device including a block of material of which it is desired to measure the resistance variations as a function of its water content, at least two detection electrodes which are rigid, non-oxidising and bare, applied parallel against the material, and sealed on to the latter by a blend of powder of material and lime, wherein each detection electrode is connected to an electronic unit able to generate a measuring current and an electronic unit able to measure the resistance between the said electrodes.

Abstract: A method for measuring the presence of water in gas oil filters and a water sensor for carrying out is provided by a functional assembly associated with a pair of electrodes that are arranged in the area for decanting water which is separated from the fuel in the gas-oil filters, an electrical current being applied to said electrodes by a current source and a switching bridge, in measurement cycles separated by periods of electricity, each cycle being determined as a current pulse train, the polarization of the electrodes being adapted in the first measurement cycle in order to optimize the detection of water in the medium containing same, adjusting the functional activity acting on the duration of the current pulses when the presence of water is detected.

Abstract: Disclosed are a gas sensor member, a gas sensor using the same, and manufacturing methods thereof, and specifically, a gas sensor member using a one-dimensional porous metal oxide nanotube composite material having a double average pore distribution in which mesopores (0.1 nm to 50 nm) and macropores (50 nm to 300 nm) are simultaneously formed on the surface of a nanotube through decomposition of a spherical polymer sacrificial template and continuous crystallization and diffusion of a metal oxide and a nanoparticle catalyst embedded in an apoferritin is uniformly loaded in the inside and on the outer wall and inner wall of a one-dimensional metal oxide nanotube through a high-temperature heat treatment, a gas sensor using the same, and manufacturing methods thereof are disclosed.

Abstract: Detection sensitivity of a single-filament thermal conductivity detector is to be increased. A thermal conductivity detector is a single-filament thermal conductivity detector, and includes a measurement cell, a phase switching mechanism, and a measurement section. The measurement section starts measurement of thermal conductivity of a sample gas after a lapse of a sample gas measurement start time that is set in advance, after a reference phase is switched to a sample phase by the phase switching mechanism, and starts measurement of thermal conductivity of a reference gas after a lapse of a reference gas measurement start time that is set in advance as a length of time different from the sample gas measurement start time, after the sample phase is switched to the reference phase by the phase switching mechanism.

Abstract: A method and a test fixture for evaluating a weld seam joining an electrode foil element and a terminal of a battery cell include segmenting the weld seam joining the electrode foil element and the terminal into a plurality of zones. For each of the zones, an electrical current is applied between the terminal and the electrode foil element in the zone, and a resistance is determined across the terminal and the electrode foil element in the zone. Integrity of the weld seam is evaluated for each of the zones based upon the resistance between the terminal and the electrode foil element in the zone.

Abstract: An inter-digital capacitive sensor and control system are used to distinguish between rain, ice, dirt and debris on the outer lens surface of a surveillance camera. The electrodes of the capacitive sensor are made from a conductive coating such as printed epoxy or a transparent conductive oxide, that is directly deposited onto the inner surface of the lens. A defroster is spaced radially-outward from the capacitive sensor and is formed by metal deposition directly on the substrate surface.

Abstract: A capacitive environmental sensor and a method for determining the presence of a target substance (e.g. water) using differential capacitive measurements. The sensor includes a semiconductor substrate having a surface. The sensor also includes a plurality of sensor electrodes located on the surface. The electrodes are laterally separated on the surface by intervening spaces. The sensor further includes a sensor layer covering the electrodes. The sensor layer has a permittivity that is sensitive to the presence of the target substance. The surface of the substrate, in a space separating at least one pair of electrodes, includes a recess. The surface of the substrate, in a space separating at least one pair of electrodes, does not include a recess. The sensor may be provided in a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag. The sensor may be provided in a smart building.

Abstract: This work provides an affordable approach for detecting environmental contaminants (e.g., arsenic in groundwater). Electro-chemical analysis of a sample is performed using a disposable three-electrode sensor that can be connected to an electrochemical analyzer (which is not disposable). The disposable sensor has a sample chamber to admit a liquid sample. The sensor includes a substrate disposed within the sample chamber that includes at least one conditioning reagent to condition the sample for electrochemical analysis. Analysis results can be displayed via a mobile device application.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device for stimulation and/or data recording of biological material to a such semiconductor device. The method comprises providing a semiconductor substrate comprising a first insulating layer; providing a patterned conductive layer on top of the first insulating layer; depositing and patterning a second insulating layer atop the patterned conductive layer; growing carbon nano-sheets atop the second insulating layer; and defining carbon nano-sheet electrode areas on the second insulating layer by etching away the carbon nano-sheets outside of the carbon nano-sheet electrode areas.

Abstract: Nanostructured microelectrodes and biosensing devices incorporating the same are disclosed herein.

Abstract: To measure target component concentration in a liquid with higher accuracy without any dedicated apparatus or skill, a method is adapted to include: receiving a successive measurement value obtained by performing successive measurement of the target component concentration with use of a first measurement device immersed in the liquid; receiving a batch measurement value obtained by, with use of a second measurement device, performing batch measurement of the target component concentration in a part sampled from the liquid; and, when the batch measurement value is received, successively calculating a correlation value indicating the correlation between multiple successive measurement values and multiple batch measurement values respectively obtained in mutually corresponding multiple times of successive measurement and multiple times of batch measurement.

Abstract: An electrical circuit element, defined as “pixel”, can include at least one silicon nanowire open for contact with a medium for sensing; a metal electrode open for contact with said medium and used for feeding a high-frequency sinusoidal stimulation in impedance measurements and for sensing properties of said medium; implanted source and drain electrodes connected to said silicon nanowire and leaving the gate area and parts of said electrode open for contact with said medium; electrical metal contacts for connecting said pixel to an electrical circuit; and a reference electrode open for contact with said medium for creating a three-electrode-cell system and providing a constant gate potential in the circuit. Some embodiments provide a microelectronic sensor and wearable-patch sensor based on the array of these pixels. Also, some embodiments provide methods for performing DC readout, AC readout and a triple readout combining both DC and AC readouts and temperature sensing.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sensing target molecules such as redox reactive agents, comprising a sample compartment and a sensing compartment being in fluid communication, are disclosed. A sensing compartment which comprises nanostructures to which a functional moiety is covalently attached and which is such that upon contacting a redox reactive agent a change in electrical property of the nanostructure occurs, and integration of such a sensing compartment with sensing systems as described herein are also disclosed. Methods of monitoring a metabolic activity of cells, and uses thereof, are also disclosed.

Abstract: A measuring device for measuring a concentration of a gas component in a gas includes a flow generating device, a first conduit, a second conduit, and an electrochemical detector configured for sensing the gas component concentration in the gas. The first and second conduits are arranged in parallel, and the flow generating device is connected with an inlet of the first conduit and an inlet of the second conduit. The flow generating device is arranged for generating a gas flow in each of the conduits. The measuring device is arranged to alternately couple either an outlet of the first conduit or an outlet of the second conduit to an inlet of the detector, wherein the first conduit is provided with a reactant for absorbing or stripping the gas component.

Abstract: A method for detecting a surface coating performance of a cathode active material comprising: providing an acid solution with a predetermined concentration; putting a coated cathode active material in a container; adding the acid solution into the container until the coated cathode active material is completely soaked to form a solid liquid mixture; sealing the container, heating and stirring the solid liquid mixture, and recording a series of pH values of a liquid phase of the solid liquid mixture at different points in time; and determining the surface coating performance of the coated cathode active material by comparing the recorded pH values with standard pH values. A method for detecting a surface coating performance of a cathode active material by detecting metal ion concentrations in the solid liquid mixture is also provided.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention includes performing electrophoresis of a nucleic acid sample to be analyzed labeled for each base type, generating waveform data of detected intensity by detecting a label signal for the each base type, selecting another peak position for each peak position of the waveform data for each base type, calculating relative signal intensity of signal intensity in each position relative to the signal intensity in the other selected position, and analyzing existence of each base type in a base sequence coordinate position of the nucleic acid sample by comparing the relative signal intensity of the nucleic acid sample to be analyzed and the relative signal intensity of a known nucleic acid sample in each peak position. Accordingly, acquiring information about a gene mutation in trace amounts existing in a target gene region highly sensitively with high precision is realized.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to an apparatus for conducting a capillary electrophoresis assay. The apparatus can comprise a capillary array comprising an anode end and a cathode end, the capillary array provided in a housing further comprising a reservoir configured to house a separation medium and an anode buffer. The system can also comprise an injection mechanism configured to deliver sample to the cathode end of the capillary array, and a temperature control zone, wherein the temperature control zone is configured to control the temperature of the interior of the housing.

Abstract: Nanochannel arrays that enable high-throughput macromolecular analysis are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of preparing nanochannel arrays and nanofluidic chips. Methods of analyzing macromolecules, such as entire strands of genomic DNA, are also disclosed, as well as systems for carrying out these methods.

Abstract: A device for improving the accuracy and precision of measuring equipment changes due to corrosion, erosion, build-up of material, and combinations thereof. Increased control over the placement and removal of a coupon within the equipment is provided. Embodiments of the coupon provide multiple approaches for such measurements such as e.g., weight changes, thickness changes, inspection and analysis of the contacting surface of the coupon, and combination. Improved measurements with coupons using probes such as e.g., ultrasonic transducers is also described.

Abstract: Analytical-scale separation column assemblies include a tube with a bore packed with a stationary phase through which a mobile phase flows. In one embodiment, thermal elements are disposed remotely from and unattached to the tube. The thermal elements are in thermal communication with an external surface of the tube for producing a spatial thermal gradient outside of and along a length of the tube. In another embodiment, discrete, spatially separated strips of thermally conductive material are disposed on and wrapped around an external surface of the tube. Thermal elements are disposed remotely from the tube. Each thermal element is in thermal communication with one strip of thermally conductive material by a heat-transfer device. The thermal elements produce a spatial thermal gradient outside of and along a tube length by controlling temperature of each strip of thermally conductive material disposed on and wrapped around the external surface of the tube.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to systems for separating chemical compounds via two-dimensional gas chromatography. Certain embodiments of the system are configured to rapidly heat and cool the second dimension column by a unique arrangement of heating and cooling elements.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus for polymer chromatography, comprising at least one column that comprises a first stationary phase comprising one of the following: A) a material comprising at least one non-carbon atom, excluding glass or a metal, selected from molybdenum sulfide MoS2, tungsten sulfide WS2, silicon carbide SiC, boron nitride BN, or combinations thereof, or B) glass, or a metal, or combinations thereof, and a material comprising at least one non-carbon atom selected from molybdenum sulfide MoS2, tungsten sulfide WS2, silicon carbide SiC, boron nitride BN, or combinations thereof. The invention also provides a method for polymer chromatography, comprising introducing a solution, comprising a polymer, into a liquid flowing through a first stationary phase, and wherein the first stationary phase comprises one of foregoing materials (A) or (B).

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for determining chromatography separation conditions; for example, separation of a polypeptide and its charge variants. The invention also provides methods to determine a buffer condition for chromatography separation conditions. The invention also provides a robust method to analyze multiple polypeptide products.

Abstract: The inventive concepts relate to a member for a gas sensor, a gas sensor using the same and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly, to a member for a gas sensor using a one-dimensional metal oxide nanofiber complex material containing hetero nanoparticle catalysts synthesized using apo-ferritins, a gas sensor using the same, and a manufacturing method thereof. According to embodiments of the inventive concepts, apo-ferritins containing hetero nanoparticle catalysts are mixed with an electrospinning solution, the mixture solution is electrospun to form complex nanofibers, and then a high-temperature thermal treatment process is performed to remove the apo-ferritins. Thus, the hetero nanoparticle catalysts are uniformly fastened to an inside and a surface of one-dimensional metal oxide nanofibers to form a member for a gas sensor.

Abstract: A method for testing for the presence of a trivalent chromium conversion coating on a metal substrate is provided. According to one embodiment, the method comprises contacting a surface of the metal substrate with at least one solvent to generate a test solution, adding an indicator capable of detecting zirconium to the test solution in an amount sufficient to induce a color change of the test solution if zirconium is present in the test solution, and determining whether a color change indicating the presence of the conversion coating occurs in the test solution.

Abstract: A target odor detecting method for screening odor emitters in a relatively confined space using an animate and/or inanimate odor detector to detect one or more target odors.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for field testing an NOx-sensor in a diesel engine exhaust system are disclosed. The apparatus is connectable to a truck having a lean burn diesel type engine, via an on-board diagnostic connector. A test cycle is performed on a running engine in at least two different states of operation, while NOx related values issued by the at least one NOx-sensor are measured over a predefined period of time. One state of operation is obtained by simultaneously opening the exhaust gas recirculation valve and controlling the back pressure valve for increasing backpressure. A dedicated algorithm is used to compare the measured values to a predefined model, and to provide a numerical summary and statistical evaluation of the sensor functioning.

Abstract: A gas detection module is provided with a convenient detection mechanism of the alcohol gas. The gas detection module may include a gas sensor and a detection circuit. The gas sensor includes a substrate, a gate, an insulating layer, an active layer, a source and a drain. The gate is disposed on the substrate. The insulating layer is disposed on the gate and the substrate. The active layer is disposed on the insulating layer. Each of the source and the drain is partially arranged on the active layer and extends to the insulating layer. The active layer is exposed from between the source and the drain. The detection circuit is electrically connected to the source of the gas sensor. Based on this, the deficiency of the conventional gas detection module can be overcome.

Abstract: Information is obtained from a storage container that houses hazardous or potentially harmful waste. A sensor device is inserted into the container to allow a sensor using a sensor well to extend into the container. The sensor collects information on the conditions of the waste. The sensor well extends through a hole for a filter that vents gasses or vapors from the container. The sensor device also includes a housing with circuitry to perform the sensing as well as transmit and receive signals. In this manner, the sensor device transmits signals with information about the materials within the container for remote monitoring.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sensor for sensing hydrogen. The sensor of the present invention comprises: a core which reacts with hydrogen to change a resistance value; at least two electrodes connected to the core; and a variable resistor which is connected to at least one of the two electrodes and of which the resistance value changes in response to a control signal, wherein the core includes palladium having a thin film shape, and graphene which is applied on the palladium and has a thin film shape.

Abstract: Embodiments relate generally to systems and methods for providing a secure attachment between a gas detector and an external device. A gas detector may comprise a socket comprising a cable attachment configured to interface with an external device; and a holder configured to attach to the socket and to the external device, the holder comprising a first interface configured to attach to the socket of the gas detector; a second interface configured to attach to the external device; a first cable attachment located within the first interface, configured to attach to the gas detector; and a second cable attachment located within the second interface, configured to attach to the external device.

Abstract: An apparatus is configured to detect a beverage that is contaminated with a substance. The apparatus may include a testing material, wherein the testing material may comprise a cavity having a complementary shape to a molecule associated with the substance. The apparatus may include a taste substance filling the cavity, wherein the taste substance filling the cavity may bleed out into the beverage when the molecule associated with the substance in the beverage replaces the taste substance filling the cavity, wherein a taste of the beverage may change when the taste substance bleeds out into the beverage as an indicator that the substance is present in the beverage.

Abstract: A system for high-speed molecular diagnostics includes a self-resetting continuous-time integrator configured to integrate an input current on one of a plurality of integration capacitors to generate an integrated voltage. A self-resetting continuous-time differentiator is configured to differentiate the integrated voltage on one of a plurality of differentiating capacitors to generate an output voltage proportional to the input current. A fixed-threshold window comparator is configured to reset one of the plurality of integration capacitors, reset one of the plurality of differentiating capacitors, open a second one of the plurality of integration capacitors and open a second one of the plurality of differentiating capacitors in response to the integrated voltage exceeding a voltage range.