Abstract: A nanopore cell includes a conductive layer. The nanopore cell further includes a titanium nitride (TiN) working electrode disposed above the conductive layer. The nanopore cell further includes insulating walls disposed above the TiN working electrode, wherein the insulating walls and the TiN working electrode form a well into which an electrolyte may be contained. In some embodiments, the TiN working electrode comprises a spongy and porous TiN working electrode that is deposited by a deposition technique with conditions tuned to deposit sparsely-spaced TiN columnar structures or columns of TiN crystals above the conductive layer.

Abstract: A nucleic acid sequencing method involving contacting a spatially defined target nucleic acid sequence with N labeled oligonucleotide probes and performing measurements, at least at the spatially defined site (1), at M time instances during ligation or hybridization to form M data sets. The M data sets are co-processed in order to identify a label or absence of any label at the spatially defined site (1). A sequenced based of the target nucleic acid sequence is then determined based on the identified label of the identified absence of any label. The time-resolved measurements conducted during the actual hybridization of the oligonucleotide probes to the target nucleic acid sequence or the ligation of oligonucleotide probes to anchor probes on the target nucleic acid sequence improves the speed and accuracy of the sequencing as compared to the state of the art sequencing methods.

Abstract: The present invention provides for stable nucleotide reagents used for nucleic acid amplification by PCR and RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-PCR) that comprises modified nucleoside triphosphates. The present invention also provides for methods for using the modified nucleoside triphosphates for detecting the presence or absence of a target nucleic acid sequence in a sample in an amplification reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of selecting donors for production of anti-angiogenic vaccines in order to ensure maximal elicitation of immunity. In one embodiment, the invention teaches the purposeful mismatching of major and/or minor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) between the donor and recipient. In other embodiments the invention provides a system for generating a cell bank, said cell bank comprising different donor originals that are subsequently matched with recipients for optimal immune response. In another embodiment cells are transfected to induce immunogenicity, in some embodiments, transfected with allogeneic and/or syngeneic antigens.

Abstract: The use of a marker for determining the composition or purity of a cell culture, wherein the marker is at least one marker selected from the group consisting of MMP1, ACE, POSTN, SYNPO, SULF1, ARH-GEF28, IGF2BP1, BAIAP2L1, LIMCH1, SCIN, DCLK1, PPL, CRABP2, NES, XPNPEP2 and SLIT3, and the expression level of the at least one marker is determined.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward novel methods to identify and treat subjects having inflammatory asthma subphenotypes.

Abstract: This application is directed to the use of biomarkers for predicting the sensitivity to treatment with an FGF-18 compound of a patient having a cartilage disorder, such as osteoarthritis, cartilage injury, fractures affecting joint cartilage or surgical procedures with impact on joint cartilage (e.g., microfracture), in order to reduce the risk of adverse events and increase the overall benefit after therapy.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for assessing the risk of a human subject for developing colorectal cancer. These methods may be combined with the subjects clinical risk to improve risk analysis. Such methods may be used to assist decision making about appropriate colorectal cancer screening regimens.

Abstract: Methods are provided for identifying the clinical outcome of cancer patients following a therapy comprising cetuximab or irinotecan plus bevacizumab. The methods entail screening a cell or tissue sample isolated from the patient for an rs3853839 or rs5743618 polymorphism. After determining if a patient is likely to be successfully treated, the disclosure also provides methods for treating the patient.

Abstract: Provided herein is technology for pancreatic high-grade dysplasia screening and particularly, but not exclusively, to methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting the presence of pancreatic high-grade dysplasia (IPMN-HGD, PanIN-3, or PDAC).

Abstract: Provided herein is technology for breast cancer screening and particularly, but not exclusively, to methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting the presence of breast cancer.

Abstract: Provided herein is technology for breast cancer screening and particularly, but not exclusively, to methods, compositions, and related uses for detecting the presence of breast cancer.

Abstract: The invention discloses in vitro methods and a system for determining a predisposition of a subject for developing a cancer on the basis of analyzing a sample of the subject for an alteration of at least one allele of the RAD51C gene. Further disclosed are in vitro methods for assessing clinical features or a pathological progression of a cancer and for assessing at least one RAD51C gene alteration in a cell. In addition a kit for determining a predisposition of a subject for developing a cancer, and certain uses of oligonucleotides for determining the presence of at least one mono-allelic germ-line mutation of the RAD51C gene.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients by using gene deletions and, more particularly, to: a method for detecting a marker for the prognosis of triple negative breast cancer patients in order to provide information necessary for the breast cancer prognosis diagnosis, comprising the steps of obtaining a sample of a subject, extracting genomic DNA from the sample, examining deletions of genes in the extracted genomic DNA, and determining that a subject, in which gene deletions in genomic DNA are confirmed, has a poor prognosis for breast cancer; and a composition for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer patients, containing a preparation enabling the examination of gene deletions and a kit comprising the same as an active ingredient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to refined prognostic clinical tools, methods, and kits for the evaluation of risk and treatment of distant recurrence in ER+/HER2? breast cancer patients.

Abstract: Provided are a method for assisting in determining the hematological stage of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (child ALL), and an in-vitro diagnostic pharmaceutical product usable in the method. The method for assisting in determining the hematological stage of child ALL comprises the steps of (1) obtaining the mRNA level of Wilms' tumor-1 gene (WT1) in at least one of the biological samples of peripheral blood and bone marrow fluid from a test subject; (2) obtaining the GAPDH mRNA level in the biological sample; and (3) calculating an index value necessary for assisting in the determination based on the ratio of the WT1 mRNA level obtained in step (1) to the GAPDH mRNA level obtained in step (2).

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention is a non-invasive detection method for screening for a well-developed blastocyst. A DNA methylation profile of a few of trophoblastic cells in a blastocyst is detected, and the average methylation level and the methylation pattern of embryos identified as having a good morphology in Gardner morphological blastocyst grading process are used as the standard for screening for well-developed blastocysts. The nearer the methylation level of the trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst to be tested approaches the methylation level or state of the good embryo, the better the embryo development is and the higher the suitability for being implanted into a maternal subject is. Furthermore, results of methylation sequencing may be analyzed to determine whether a chromosome is abnormal, so as to directly exclude chromosome-abnormal embryos.

Abstract: Provided are methods and mRNA expression chips for identifying genes that are defined by certain nitrogen and water content relationships in soil. The genes can be up or down regulated under low nitrogen or arid conditions to increase the yield or biomass of crops.

Abstract: Methods of determining infection type are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises measuring the amount of a determinant which is set forth in Tables 1 or 2 in a sample derived from the subject, wherein said amount is indicative of the infection type.

Abstract: This invention relates to new formulation aids, as well as to the production thereof, to the uses thereof and to the formulations comprising them.

Abstract: The present invention describes a fully bio-degradable probiotic composition and its method of use as leather tanning auxiliary to offer a green technology to reduce waste and increase the value of by-products reducing the need of synthetic chemicals and improving the quality of effluents. Probiotics or beneficial microorganisms are used to obtain biochemicals through a controlled fermentation of natural ingredients. The result of the process is a consortium of metabolites used in conjunction with probiotic bacteria wherein product has properties very similar to traditional leather auxiliaries extensively used during the leather making process, such as wetting, dispersing, degreasing and solubilizing agents. Therefore, they have clear applications not only in the beam house operations, but also in wet-end and finishing.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a metallurgical electric furnace, and a smelting method for the metallurgical electric furnace. The metallurgical electric furnace includes a furnace body, an oxygen lance and a coal lance, wherein the furnace body is provided with a furnace chamber; the oxygen lance is located on a side wall of the furnace chamber and is used for blowing oxygen into the slag promoting the smelting process, and the outlet of the oxygen lance is higher than the slag; and the coal lance is located on the side wall of the furnace chamber beside the oxygen lance and is used for spraying coal into the slag, and the outlet of the coal lance is higher than the slag.

Abstract: Provided is a technique to reduce the variations in magnetic properties in a coil. A hot-rolled steel sheet for a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a chemical composition containing, by mass %, C: 0.002% or more and 0.080% or less, Si: 2.00% or more and 8.00% or less, Mn: 0.02% or more and 0.50% or less, acid-soluble Al: 0.003% or more and less than 0.010%, and at least one of S or Se: 0.001% or more and 0.010% or less in total, with N limited to less than 0.006%, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities, where regions from an outermost surface layer and a bottommost surface layer to a depth of 1/4 sheet thickness have a recrystallization ratio of 90% or less.

Abstract: The invention relates to a collet chuck for clamping a dental tool, wherein the collet chuck has at least temporarily a mechanical stress applied to it and is made of steel. The collet chuck according to the invention is characterized in that the steel, at least in a surface layer, has a nitrogen content of at least 0.1 wt %.

Abstract: A method to produce a component from a workpiece via a press which includes at least one die to form the workpiece. The workpiece comprises at least one of a metal, a metal alloy and a coating and has a form of a hollow part. The method includes internal high-pressure forming and/or hydraulic back-pressure forming the workpiece via a fluid and the at least one die at a temperature below a first hardening temperature of the workpiece, and subsequently partially or completely hardening the workpiece by heating the workpiece above the first hardening temperature and then immediately cooling the workpiece. The heating and the cooling are each essentially conducted without a forming so that a fabricated component results.

Abstract: There is provided a hot-rolled steel sheet in which a composition contains: in mass %, C: 0.01% to 0.2%; Si: 2.5% or less; Mn: 4.0% or less; P: 0.10% or less; S: 0.03% or less; Al: 0.001% to 2.0%; N: 0.01% or less; 0: 0.01% or less; Ti: 0.01 to 0.30%; and the balance being composed of iron and impurities and a structure is composed of by volume fraction, 90% or more of tempered martensite with an average aspect ratio of 2 or less, or 90% or more in total of both tempered martensite and lower bainite.

Abstract: A steel sheet for hot pressing includes a specific chemical composition and further includes a steel structure in which an area ratio of ferrite in a region ranging from a surface to 100 ?m in depth is 30% to 90% and an area ratio of pearlite including an average grain diameter of 5 ?m or more in a region excluding the region ranging from the surface to 100 ?m in depth is 10% to 70%.

Abstract: A high-strength steel sheet having a specified chemical composition and a method for producing the same. The steel sheet including a multi-phase structure including, by volume fraction, ferrite of 35% to 65%, residual austenite of 7% or less (including 0%), martensite of 20% to 60%, bainite of 20% or less (including 0%), the ferrite having an average crystal grain size of 8 ?m or less and an average aspect ratio of 3.5 or less, the martensite having an average crystal grain size of 3 ?m or less, and the bainite having an average crystal grain size of 3 ?m or less when contained. A standard deviation of Vickers hardness of the steel sheet being 30 or less when measured at 200 ?m intervals from a position of 100 ?m from a surface to a central portion in a thickness direction of the sheet.

Abstract: Provided are a steel sheet with excellent weldability, and a production method therefor. The steel sheet is characterized by having a specific composition and a metallographic structure containing, in terms of an area ratio, ferrite of 25% or more and 65% or less, martensite having iron-based carbides precipitated in the grains of 35% or more and 75% or less, and the balance structure other than the ferrite and the martensite of 20% or less (including 0%) in total, the average grain diameters of the ferrite and the martensite being respectively 5 ?m or lower, the total of concentration of Si and Mn at interface between the ferrite and the martensite being, in terms of an atomic concentration, 5% or more, and having a tensile strength of 900 MPa or higher.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for extracting precious metals from supported catalysts. The precious metal in one embodiment is rhodium. The supported catalyst may be from equipment, such as a used catalytic converter. The method is carried out at low temperature, and does not require harsh conditions, such as the use of a strong acid. The method involves contacting the catalytic material with a polar molecule and a reactive gas.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for recycling magnesium alloy cuttings are provided. A structure of the apparatus includes: a smelting furnace, configured to hold molten magnesium, where the smelting furnace is segmented into a refining chamber and a molten metal tapping chamber in communication with each other; a mixing unit, rotatably disposed in the refining chamber, and configured to generate a sinking whirlpool toward a bottom of the smelting furnace during rotation; and a waste material treatment unit, including a feeding module, where the feeding module includes a material rod capable of continuously rotating and a material channel in communication with the refining chamber, the material rod is configured to drive magnesium cuttings to enter the refining chamber through the material channel, and the material channel is configured to feed a protective gas.

Abstract: The present invention encompasses a method of selectively separating Ga from wastewaters with the aid of a dialysis method. This exploits the particular complexation behaviour of Ga, which forms an unstable tetrahalo complex. This forms only in the case of a sufficiently high halide concentration. Since the halide concentration becomes lower across the membrane, the Ga-tetrahalo complex breaks down in the membrane, as a result of which the Ga is retained. Other metals such as In and Fe do not show this behaviour, and therefore the tetrahalo complexes of these metals can pass through the membrane and hence can be selectively separated off.

Abstract: A method is provided for extracting scandium values from an ore feedstock. The method includes providing a feedstock of a copper ore which contains scandium values; extracting scandium values from the ore with a leaching solution, thereby obtaining a pregnant leachate; contacting the pregnant leachate with an ion exchange resin, thereby extracting scandium values from the pregnant leachate and forming a loaded extractant; stripping the scandium values from the loaded extractant with a stripping solution, thereby forming a loaded stripping solution; and precipitating the scandium values from the loaded stripping solution as a scandium-containing precipitate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a scandium-containing concentrate from the wastes of alumina production and extracting high-purity scandium oxide from the same. Provided is a method for producing a scandium-containing concentrate from a red mud, wherein the Sc2O3 content therein is least of 15 wt. % (in terms of dry matter), the TiO2 content not more than 3 wt. % (in terms of dry matter), the ZrO2 content not more than 15 wt. % (in terms of dry matter), and wherein scandium in the concentrate is in form of a mixture of Sc(OH)3 hydroxide with ScOHCO3×4H2O. Also provided is a method for producing high-purity scandium oxide, with a purity of approximately 99 wt. %.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparation of the intermetallic compound Nb3Sn by melt metallurgical procedure. The process comprises the steps of pressing Nb particles and Sn particles to form a start electrode, whereby the pressed start electrode is remelted in a vacuum in an electric arc, whereby a first moulded body is obtained. Alternatively, the process comprises the steps of remelting an Nb start electrode in an electric arc in a vacuum, whereby Sn particles are being introduced into the molten Nb forming during the remelting, whereby a first moulded body is obtained. The molar ratio of Nb and Sn is selected appropriately such that the first moulded body obtained contains at least 50% by weight of the intermetallic compound Nb3Sn as the A15 phase as well as free Nb and/or Sn and inevitable impurities, if applicable.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a copper pipe that is capable of exhibiting higher corrosion resistance with respect to formicary corrosion, can be suitably used in air conditioners and freezing equipment, and has excellent long-term anti-corrosion properties, and to advantageously improve the service life of equipment configured using such copper pipe. The copper pipe is configured from a material, which contains P (phosphorus) in a proportion of 0.15-0.50 weight %, in which oxygen content is 30 ppm by weight or less, and the balance is made of Cu and unavoidable impurities.

Abstract: A softening resistant copper alloy, a preparation method, and an application thereof, the softening-resistant copper alloy, comprising 0.1%-1.0 wt % Cr, 0.01%-0.2 wt % Zr, 0.01%-0.10 wt % Si, and ?0.10 wt % Fe, and with the remaining of copper and inevitable impurities, wherein the microstructure of the copper alloy contains comprises: an elemental Cr phase, a Cu5Zr phase, and a Cr3Si phase. In the copper alloy of the present invention, the high-temperature softening resistance effect of the material is improved by adding a proper amount of Si to form a compound Cr3Si, and the strength and the high-temperature softening resistance of the material are further improved by strengthening the copper alloy matrix by the elemental Cr phase and the Cu5Zr phase, using the synergistic effect of the Cr3Si phase and the elemental Cr phase and by controlling the content of the impurity Fe. The copper alloy can be applied to contact lines and welding materials to prolong the service life of the materials.

Abstract: There is provided a shape memory alloy wire with a length of polycrystalline shape memory alloy having an alloy composition including at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cu in at least 10 wt. %, Fe in at least 5 wt. %, Au in at least 5 wt. %, Ag in at least 5 wt. %, Al in at least 5 wt. %, In in at least 5 wt. %, Mn in at least 5 wt. %, Zn in at least 5 wt. % and Co in at least 5 wt. %, and having a martensite crystal structure consisting of one of 2H, 18R1, M18R, and 6R. The length of polycrystalline shape memory alloy has a cross sectional wire diameter greater than 1 micron and less than 500 microns, an oligocrystalline morphology including polycrystalline grains that span the wire diameter and a wire surface with a surface roughness that is no greater than about 100 nanometers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-strength copper-nickel-tin alloy with excellent castability, hot workability and cold workability, high resistance to abrasive wear, adhesive wear and fretting wear and improved resistance to corrosion and stress relaxation stability, consisting of (in weight %): 2.0-10.0% Ni, 2.0-10.0% Sn, 0.01-1.0% Fe, 0.01-0.8% Mg, 0.01-1.5% Si, 0.002-0.45% B, 0.004-0.3% P, selectively up to a maximum of 2.0% Co, selectively up to a maximum of 0.25% Pb, the residue being copper and unavoidable impurities, characterised in that—the ratio Si/B of the element contents in wt. % of the elements silicon and boron is a minimum 0.4 and a maximum 8; such that the copper-nickel-tin alloy has Si-containing and B-containing phases and phases of the systems Ni—Si—B, Ni—B, Fe—B, Ni—P, Fe—P, Mg—P, Ni—Si, Mg—Si and other Fe-containing phases and Mg-containing phases which significantly improve the processing properties and use properties of the alloy.

Abstract: A high-strength aluminum alloy for die casting having excellent corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity includes, based on the total weight of the alloy, 5 to 7 wt % of silicon (Si), 0.1 to 1.0 wt % of iron (Fe), 0.1 to 3.0 wt % of magnesium (Mg), 0.1 to 1.0 wt % of nickel (Ni), 0.15 to 0.45 wt % of titanium (Ti), 1.0 to 3.0 wt % of tin (Sn), and the remainder aluminum (Al).

Abstract: Some variations provide an additively manufactured aluminum alloy comprising from 84.5 wt % to 92.1 wt % aluminum; from 1.1 wt % to 2.1 wt % copper; from 1.8 wt % to 2.9 wt % magnesium; from 4.5 wt % to 6.1 wt % zinc; and from 0.5 wt % to 2.8 wt % zirconium. The additively manufactured aluminum alloy is in the form of a three-dimensional component. The zirconium functions as a grain-refiner element within the additively manufactured aluminum alloy. The additively manufactured aluminum alloy may be characterized by an average grain size of less than 10 microns. The additively manufactured aluminum alloy may have a substantially crack-free microstructure with equiaxed grains.

Abstract: Some variations provide an aluminum alloy feedstock for additive manufacturing, the aluminum alloy feedstock comprising from 79.8 wt % to 88.3 wt % aluminum; from 1.1 wt % to 2.1 wt % copper; from 3.0 wt % to 4.6 wt % magnesium; from 7.1 wt % to 9.0 wt % zinc; and from 0.5 wt % to 2.8 wt % zirconium as a grain-refiner element. The aluminum alloy feedstock may be in the form of an ingot powder. In some variations, the aluminum alloy feedstock comprises from 81.3 wt % to about 87.8 wt % aluminum; from 1.2 wt % to 2.0 wt % copper; from 3.2 wt % to 4.4 wt % magnesium; from 7.3 wt % to 8.7 wt % zinc; and from 0.5 wt % to 2.8 wt % zirconium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a powder mixture for three-dimensional (3D) printing of a cermet or a cemented carbide body. The powder mixture includes 65-85 wt % of porous cemented carbide or cermet particles of a median particle size (D50) of 10-35 ?m, and 15-35 wt % of a dense cemented carbide or cermet particles of a median particle size (D50) of 3-10 ?m. The present invention also relates to a method of making a cermet or cemented carbide body, the method including the steps of forming the powder mixture, 3D printing a body using the powder mixture and a printing binder and thereby forming a 3D printed cermet or cemented carbide green body and sintering the green body and to form a cermet or cemented carbide body.

Abstract: A high-strength steel alloy and automotive components produced therefrom, as well as a method for forming a steel alloy, are provided. The high-strength steel alloy includes iron, about 0.24 to about 0.80 weight percent carbon, about 0.40 to about 2.10 weight percent manganese, about 0.20 to about 1.60 weight percent silicon, about 0.05 to about 0.14 weight percent sulfur; about 0.10 to about 12.0 weight percent chromium, about 0.10 to about 2.50 weight percent nickel, and about 0.02 to about 0.07 weight percent aluminum. The steel alloy may also include boron, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, and/or nitrogen. The method includes air quenching a steel alloy component after mold shakeout until the component reaches a temperature in the range of 420 to 530 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: A rail according to an aspect of the present invention is manufactured by melting steel using an electric furnace, satisfies a predetermined range as a chemical composition and particularly includes Pb: 0.0003% to 0.0020%, 95 area % or more of a region from an outer surface of a head portion to a depth of 20 mm is a pearlite structure, and a hardness in the region from the outer surface of the head portion to the depth of 20 mm is in a range of Hv 300 to Hv 500.

Abstract: A formation of multielement nanoparticles is disclosed that includes at least three elements. Each of the at least three elements is uniformly distributed within the multielement nanoparticles forming nanoparticles having a homogeneous mixing structure. At least five elements may form a high-entropy nanoparticle structure. A method for manufacturing a formation of multielement nanoparticles includes providing a precursor material composed of the at least three component elements in multielement nanoparticles; heating the precursor material to a temperature and a time; and quenching the precursor to a temperature at a cooling rate to result in a formation of multielement nanoparticles containing at least three elements and the heating and the quenching representing a multielement nanoparticle thermal shock formation process. A corresponding system for manufacturing the formation of multielement nanoparticles and a method of using the multielement nanoparticles are also disclosed.

Abstract: A copper alloy wire and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The copper alloy wire includes: by weight percentage of components, 0.3 to 0.45 of silver (Ag), 0.01 to 0.02 of titanium, and a remaining part that is formed by copper and unavoidable impurities. The method for manufacturing the copper alloy wire is performing two-phase vacuum melting: first performing vacuum electric arc melting into a copper-titanium mother alloy, and then performing vacuum induction melting with remaining components into a copper alloy wire material by means of continuous casting; then drawing the copper alloy wire material into a copper alloy fine wire by a non-slip wire drawing device in a material even-flow wire drawing manner, and finally performing thermal treatment on the copper alloy fine wire by using argon as a protection gas, so as to complete a process of the copper alloy wire.

Abstract: A steel processing line includes a roller submerged in a quantity of molten metal. The roller includes two journals. Each journal is received by an opening defined by a roller sleeve having a ceramic or refractory material. The roller sleeve is disposed between each journal and a bearing block to reduce or prevent wear on the journal. An inner dimension of each roller sleeve and an outer dimension of each respective journal defines a clearance. The inner dimension of each roller sleeve and the outer dimension of each respective journal is configured such that the clearance persists as the roller and the pair of roller sleeves are heated by the molten metal.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing a ceramic thermal barrier coating layer including (a) preparing a first suspension in which first oxide particles for thermal barrier coating are dispersed and a second suspension in which second oxide particles for thermal barrier coating are dispersed, respectively; (b) forming a first coating layer on a base material by suspension plasma spraying (SPS) using the first suspension; (c) forming a buffer layer on the first coating layer by the suspension plasma spraying using a mixed suspension of the first suspension and the second suspension; and (d) forming a second coating layer on the buffer layer by the suspension plasma spraying using the second suspension.

Abstract: A method of coating a component using a robotic spray system is provided. The robotic spray system includes a scanning apparatus operable to measure and store surface characteristics before and after coating; a robotic arm operable to move the robotic spray system relative to a surface of a component, the component including one or more reference features which remains uncoated during the coating; a spray nozzle operable to deposit a sprayed coating onto the surface; and a device driver module including circuitry configured to operate the scanning apparatus, the robotic arm, and the spray nozzle.