Abstract: A steel member with surface modified during manufacture has good anti-corrosion properties. The steel member includes a steel substrate, a metallic diffusion layer formed on the steel substrate, and an alloy deposition layer formed on the metallic diffusion layer. The steel substrate is made of low-carbon steel or low-carbon alloy steel. After cleaning and heating processes are applied, the metallic diffusion layer includes pearlite and ferrite crystals and hardness of the surface is also enhanced. The alloy deposition layer includes zinc ferrum alloy.

Abstract: A steel member with surface modified during manufacture has good anti-corrosion properties. The steel member includes a steel substrate, a metallic diffusion layer formed on the steel substrate, and an alloy deposition layer formed on the metallic diffusion layer. The steel substrate is made of medium-carbon steel or medium-carbon alloy steel. After cleaning and heating processes are applied, the metallic diffusion layer includes pearlite and ferrite crystals and hardness of the surface is also enhanced. The alloy deposition layer includes zinc ferrum alloy. The metallic diffusion layer and the alloy deposition layer have a total Micro Vickers Hardness in a range from 240 to 500.

Abstract: Metal substrates comprising a colored coating and/or a protective coating disposed on at least a surface of the substrate. The colored coating can include a metal oxide coating integrally bonded to the terminal and produced by heat tinting or a titanium nitride containing material. The protective coating is derived from a material comprising one or more of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, a superhydrophobic material, wherein the protective coating has a Scratch Resistance of at least about F, as determined by ASTM D336. Methods of making and using the coated metal substrates are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metal sheet, on a first surface of which a resist pattern having a narrow width can be stably provided. This manufacturing method for a metal sheet includes a preparation step of preparing a sheet material comprising an iron alloy that contains nickel. When a composition analysis of the first surface of the metal sheet obtained from the sheet material is performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the ratio A1/A2 obtained by the result of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy does not exceed 0.4, where A1 is the sum of the peak area value of nickel oxide and the peak area value of nickel hydroxide, and A2 is the sum of the peak area value of iron oxide and the peak area value of iron hydroxide.

Abstract: A coated cutting tool includes a body and a PVD coating disposed on the body. The body being cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics, polycrystalline diamond, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride based materials or a high speed steel. The coating includes a first layer of (Ti1-xAlx)N wherein 0.3?x?0.7, and a second layer of (Ti1-p-qAlp Siq)N with 0.15?p?0.45, and 0.05?q?0.20, wherein the second layer is deposited outside the first layer as seen in a direction from the body.

Abstract: A method of making a tantalum sputtering target providing the steps of: a) providing a tantalum ingot; b) forging and annealing the tantalum ingot to provide a grain refined tantalum billet; and c) processing the grain refined tantalum billet to produce a tantalum sputtering target with a reduced grain size and a reduced grain size standard deviation. A tantalum sputtering targeting having a purity of at least 99.9%, a grain size of about 30 ?m or less, and a grain size standard deviation of about 20 ?m or less. A sputtering target manufactured in accordance with this invention will have a more consistent and stable voltage performance throughout target life, compared to prior methods with a larger grain size and grain size deviation. A more consistent and stable voltage performance leads to improved film uniformity.

Abstract: A sputtering target according to this invention comprises an alloy of Al and Sc and contains from 25 at. % to 50 at. % of Sc. The sputtering target has an oxygen content of 2000 ppm by mass or less, and a variation in Vickers hardness (Hv) of 20% or less.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of coating a substrate with at least one cathode assembly having a sputter target and a magnet assembly that is rotatable around a rotation axis is provided. The method comprises: Coating of the substrate while moving the magnet assembly in a reciprocating manner in a first angular sector; and subsequent coating of the substrate while moving the magnet assembly in a reciprocating manner in a second angular sector different from the first angular sector. According to a second aspect, a coating apparatus for performing said method is provided.

Abstract: Provided is a method for forming a tungsten film in which a tungsten film is formed on the surface of a substrate, the method including: disposing a substrate having an amorphous layer on the surface thereof inside a treatment container under a depressurized atmosphere; heating the substrate inside the treatment container; and supplying, into the treatment container, WF6 gas which is a tungsten raw material and H2 gas which is a reducing gas, and forming a main tungsten film on the amorphous layer.

Abstract: A method of modifying a surface of a medical device for implantation or disposition inside a patient is described. The medical device comprises a structure having at least one surface. The method includes the steps of: placing the medical device into a plasma chamber substantially free from contaminants and substantially sealing the plasma chamber from the atmosphere; removing at least an outermost layer of any oxide layer from the at least one surface of the structure by a plasma oxide-removal process, whilst maintaining the plasma chamber under seal from the atmosphere; and subsequently forming a new oxide layer at the least one surface of the structure by introducing at least one gas into the plasma chamber, whilst maintaining the plasma chamber under seal from the atmosphere. A medical device including a bulk material and an oxide layer disposed over at least one surface of the medical device. The oxide layer is substantially pure and free from contaminants.

Abstract: A method for coating an inside of a polyethylene terephthalate bottle with an oxide of silicon includes cooling the bottle within a covered cooling segment while transporting it toward a coating chamber, immediately after having cooled and transported said PET bottle to said coating chamber, forming a plasma, creating an under-pressure, and coating an inner surface of said bottle with an oxide of silicon.

Abstract: The process for producing an orthopedic implant having an integrated silicon nitride surface layer includes steps for positioning the orthopedic implant inside a vacuum chamber, mixing nitrogen gas and vaporized silicon atoms in the vacuum chamber, emitting a relatively high energy beam into the mixture of nitrogen gas and vaporized silicon atoms in the vacuum chamber to cause a gas-phase reaction between the nitrogen gas and the vaporized silicon atoms to form reacted precipitate silicon nitride molecules, and driving the precipitate silicon nitride molecules with the same beam into an outer surface of the orthopedic implant at a relatively high energy such that the precipitate silicon nitride molecules implant therein and form at least a part of the molecular structure of the outer surface of the orthopedic implant, thereby forming the integrated silicon nitride surface layer.

Abstract: A PCVD apparatus includes a waveguide member which supports the workpiece with a portion of the waveguide member positioned in a reactor and causes microwaves output from a high-frequency output device to propagate to the workpiece. In a process of gradually increasing an intensity of the microwaves propagating to the workpiece through the waveguide member from “0”, the intensity of the microwaves output from the high-frequency output device when step-up of a bias current of the workpiece occurs is referred to as a first intensity, and in a process of gradually increasing the intensity of the microwaves from the first intensity, the intensity of the microwaves when step-up of the bias current occurs again is referred to as a second intensity. During film formation, the microwaves having an intensity of higher than the first intensity and lower than the second intensity are output from the high-frequency output device.

Abstract: A process of preparing polycrystalline group III nitride chunks comprising the steps of (a) placing a group III metal inside a source chamber; (b) flowing a halogen-containing gas over the group III metal to form a group III metal halide; (c) contacting the group III metal halide with a nitrogen-containing gas in a deposition chamber containing a foil, the foil comprising at least one of Mo, W, Ta, Pd, Pt, Ir, or Re; (d) forming a polycrystalline group III nitride layer on the foil within the deposition chamber; (e) removing the polycrystalline group III nitride layer from the foil; and (f) comminuting the polycrystalline group III nitride layer to form the polycrystalline group III nitride chunks, wherein the removing and the comminuting are performed in any order or simultaneously.

Abstract: Apparatus for making atomic layer deposition on powdered materials is provided. Inside a vacuum deposition chamber, a stationary but tilted pan-shaped vessel, or non-stationary pan-shaped vessel that is doing tilting movement continuously or intermittently, is used to accommodate powdered samples. A plowing device with teeth or blades is positioned above the pan-shaped vessel, configured to make rotary or sliding movement so as to make plowing actions to the powdered samples, thereby agitate the powdered samples on the pan-shaped vessel. A flattening structure is positioned above the pan-shaped vessel, configured to make rotary or sliding movement, thereby even out the distribution of the powdered samples. The apparatus may comprise multiple pan-shaped vessels or multiple vacuum chambers.

Abstract: A method of changing an oxidation level of graphene oxide includes the steps of: providing a graphene oxide including functional groups containing oxygen; and implementing an atomic layer chemical process to perform an oxygen stripping reaction or an oxygen increasing reaction of the graphene oxide with a reaction gas. A wafer including graphene oxide treated by the method and an optical coating including graphene oxide quantum dots treated by the method are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a substrate processing apparatus and method which facilitates to sequentially or repetitively carry out a thin film deposition process and a surface treatment process inside one process space, wherein the substrate processing apparatus comprises a process chamber for providing a process space; a substrate supporter for supporting at least one of substrates and moving the supported substrate in a predetermined direction; a chamber lid confronting the substrate supporter; and a gas distributor for spatially separating process gas for depositing a thin film on the substrate from a surface treatment gas for performing a surface treatment of the thin film, and locally distributing the process gas and the surface treatment gas on the substrate supporter, wherein the gas distributor confronting the substrate supporter is provided in the chamber lid.

Abstract: There is provided a method of forming a tungsten film on a surface of a target substrate having a base film by repeating a cycle plural times, the cycle including alternately supplying a tungsten chloride gas and a reducing gas for reducing the tungsten chloride gas, with a purge interposed therebetween, into a process container in which the target substrate is accommodated and that is maintained under a depressurized atmosphere. The method includes setting a supply flow rate of the tungsten chloride gas and a time of the cycle such that a ratio of a thickness of the base film etched by repeating the cycle the plural times to a thickness of the base film before repeating the cycle the plural times becomes smaller than a predetermined ratio in a state where an integrated flow rate of the tungsten chloride gas per one cycle is kept substantially constant.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas control system which introduces carrier gas into a tank containing a material and leads out material gas generated by vaporization of the material from the tank together with the carrier gas, the gas control system being provided with: a flow rate control unit that is configure to control the flow rate of the material gas led out from the tank by adjusting the flow rate of the carrier gas introduced into the tank; and a control limit detection unit that is configured to detect a control limit state and output detection of the control limit state, the control limit state is a state that the adjustment of the flow rate of the carrier gas performed by the flow rate control unit cannot secure the flow rate control of the material gas at a predetermined performance level.

Abstract: A method comprises the following steps: a) Providing a body having an internal surface which defines an internal pathway within the body, the body having an inlet and an outlet both communicating with the internal pathway; b) Introducing a liquid solution into the internal pathway so as to fill at least a portion of the internal pathway with the liquid solution, the liquid solution comprising a solute capable of undergoing thermal decomposition; c) Heating the liquid solution while the liquid solution fills said at least a portion of the internal pathway to a sufficient temperature so that the solute undergoes thermal decomposition to form a decomposition product within said at least a portion of the internal pathway. The heating step forms a coating comprising the decomposition product on at least a part of the internal surface that borders the internal pathway.

Abstract: Methods for producing Non-Equilibrium Alloy (NEA) feedstock powders are disclosed, as are methods for fabricating articles from such NEA feedstock powders utilizing Additive Manufacturing (AM) cold spray processes. In various embodiments, the method includes the step or process obtaining an NEA feedstock powder, which is composed of an alloy matrix throughout which a first minority constituent is dispersed. The first minority constituent precipitates from the alloy matrix when the NEA feedstock powder is exposed to temperatures exceeding a critical temperature threshold (TCRITICAL) for a predetermined time period. An AM cold spray process is carried-out to produce a near-net article from the NEA feedstock powder, which is exposed to a maximum temperature (TSPRAY_MAX) during the cold spray process. The near-net article is then further processed to yield a finished article.

Abstract: A terminal material in which galvanic corrosion is not occurred using a copper or copper alloy base material as a terminal crimped to an end part of an electrical wire formed from an aluminum wire material: an intermediate zinc layer 4 formed from zinc or zinc alloy and a tin layer 5 formed from tin or tin alloy are layered in this order on a base material 2 formed from copper or copper alloy; the intermediate zinc layer 4 has a thickness of 0.1 ?m to 5.0 ?m inclusive and a zinc concentration equal to or more than 5 mass %; and the tin layer 5 has a zinc concentration of 0.4 mass % to 15 mass % inclusive and a grain size of the tin layer 5 is 0.1 ?m to 3.0 ?m inclusive preferably.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preventing corrosion of a cable including a plurality of bundled wires and a covering tube which covers the plurality of wires, the method including a mixed gas generation step of mixing a low-oxygen gas having an oxygen concentration lower than an oxygen concentration of air with the air, and a mixed gas supply step of supplying the mixed gas into the covering tube to flow the mixed gas around each of the wires.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an IrO2 electrodeposited porous titanium composite layer of a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis apparatus serving as both a diffusion layer and an oxygen electrode, the apparatus including: a porous titanium (Ti) layer; and an electrodeposited iridium oxide (IrO2) layer on the porous Ti layer. The IrO2 layer may be uniformly deposited on a porous Ti layer through an electrolysis process, and the electrodeposited IrO2 layer may play multiple roles as not only a catalyst layer toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the surface of the Ti layer, but also a corrosion-protection layer which prevents an inner Ti layer from corrosion.

Abstract: A solid ion-conductive material can be used in a compartment of an electrochemical cell, such as between an anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane, for improving energy efficiency and at least partially replacing electrolyte solution. The formed product can be obtained for instance in demi water.

Abstract: Hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) fluid can be transported through an electrochemical device, which has a proton exchange membrane (PEM) disposed between a pair of gas-permeable electrodes that include respective catalysts. At an inlet side, the catalyst facilitates reaction of HFO with hydrogen carrier gas. The resulting cation is transported across PEM in the presence of an electric field applied to the electrodes. At an outlet side, the catalyst of the opposing electrode facilitates dissociation of the cation back into HFO and hydrogen. In some embodiments, the transported HFO has a higher pressure than that before the electrochemical device. In some embodiments, the electrochemical device can be operated in reverse to expand HFO fluid and/or to recapture power. The electrochemical device can thus be used as a compressor or expander for vapor-phase HFO or as a pump or expander for liquid-phase HFO, for example, in power generation or heating/cooling cycles.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrolytic reactor, in particular for separating phosphate from phosphate-containing liquids and recovering phosphate salts, comprising a housing, an inlet and an outlet for the liquid and two electrodes of different polarity, which enclose a reactor chamber between them, whereby at least one of the two electrodes is a sacrificial electrode and consists of a magnesium-containing material, whereby the sacrificial electrode is constructed of trapezoid bars which have a first and a second upper surface, whereby the first upper surface is smaller than the second upper surface, and whereby four lateral surfaces connect the first upper surface with the second upper surface.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for ammonia synthesis including the steps of: preparing a single-crystalline metal thin film; and synthesizing ammonia by using the single-crystalline metal thin film electrode. More particularly, it relates to improvement of the production yield and synthesis rate of ammonia trough the method for preparing ammonia by using an electrochemical reactor which includes a cathode including a single-crystalline metal thin film on the surface thereof, an anode and an electrolyte, wherein the method includes the steps of: supplying nitrogen to the cathode; supplying aqueous electrolyte solution to the anode; and applying an electric voltage between the cathode and the anode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a graphite electrode and manufacturing process thereof, and a carbon dioxide generator, wherein the graphite electrode comprises the following in weight percentage: graphite powder 50%-90%; adhesive 10%-40%; first additive 1%-30%; second additive 0.1%-10%; wherein the adhesive comprises at least one of phenolic resin, bisphenol A epoxy resin and urea formaldehyde resin; the first additive is selected from at least one of the following: polylactic acid, carbonate, monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polymethacrylates; the second additive is selected from at least one of the following: carbon black, carbon nanotubes, silicon carbide, boron nitride, silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, stearic acid, zinc stearate and calcium stearate. The carbon dioxide concentration of the gas obtained by the electrolysis of the present invention reaches 10 v % or more, and the gas produced is stable in quantity.

Abstract: The electrolysis system of the present invention has a water electrolysis unit equipped with a water electrolysis cell using a solid polymer electrolyte membrane as its diaphragm, a DC power source for supplying the water electrolysis cell with a DC current, and a mitigation unit for mitigating, when a counter electromotive force or abrupt potential fluctuation occurs in the water electrolysis cell, the counter electromotive force or the potential fluctuation. The mitigation unit is preferably a coil+diode (A) connected in parallel between the DC power source and the water electrolysis cell or a diode (B) connected between the DC power source and the water electrolysis cell. The electrolysis system is preferably equipped further with a lowering rate controller for controlling the lowering rate of a current supplied from the DC power source to the water electrolysis cell.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electrolytic reactor, in particular for separating phosphate from phosphate-containing liquids and recovering phosphate salts, comprising a housing, an inlet and an outlet for the liquid and two electrodes of different polarity, which enclose a reactor chamber between them, whereby at least one of the two electrodes is a sacrificial electrode, whereby between the inlet and the reaction chamber a pre-chamber is provided in which the inserts are arranged such that the inlet stream is divided by the inserts into two partial streams and directed around the inserts.

Abstract: An electrolysis apparatus for producing ammonia, the apparatus comprising: a cathode; an anode; an electrolyte; a current source; a supply for nitrogen; and a supply for an acid, wherein the acid comprises at least one acid selected from the group consisting of: HCl, HBr, and HI.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a additives for electroplating and a copper plating composition comprising the same. Excellently smooth plated surfaces with minimized defects can be obtained when a feature formed on a substrate are plated by using the copper plating composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a leveling agent and electroplating composition comprising the same. When features are plated using the electroplating composition of the present invention, excellently leveled plated surfaces with minimized defects may be obtained.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a porous filter for fine spraying and a porous filter manufactured by the method. A nickel-palladium alloy material porous filter manufactured according to the present invention exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and metal ion elution mitigating effects and can adjust the size of drug particles, thereby allowing a drug to arrive at the desired site. In addition, a plating liquid having a particular composition in the present invention allows the manufacture of a porous filter with a desired thickness by effectively lowering the stress of palladium (Pd), and thus, in a fine sprayer for treating a respiratory disease, a microporous filter, which is capable of delivering a drug to the vicinity of alveoli while effectively preventing the elution of metal elements due to a drug, apparatus vibration, and the like, and a fine sprayer, which uses the microporous filter, can be manufactured.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electroplated steel sheet by continuously performing electroplating on a steel sheet, the method including disposing a slit gas nozzle having an ejection port having a width wider than a width of the steel sheet in a width direction of the steel sheet on a side of an exit of an electroplating cell for the steel sheet to pass through, and ejecting a gas through the slit gas nozzle toward the steel sheet.

Abstract: An aluminum member comprises a base material made of aluminum or art aluminum alloy, and an anodized coating provided on a surface of the base material and having a thickness of 100 ?m or less. The anodized coating comprises a barrier layer formed on the surface of the base material and having a thickness of 10 to 150 nm, and a porous layer formed on the barrier layer and having a thickness of 6 ?m or more. The porous layer comprises a first pore extending in a thickness direction of the porous layer from a boundary between the porous layer and the barrier layer, and a second pore connected to the first pore and extending so as to branch radially in the thickness direction of the porous layer toward a surface of the porous layer.

Abstract: A surface treatment process for a metal article provides a uniform and unblemished surface finish to the metal article. The surface treatment process anodizes the metal article to form an anodic oxide layer on a surface, and the metal article is activated using a pre-dyeing solution. The pre-dyeing solution contains complex organic acid and sodium acetate. The anodic oxide layer of the metal article is dyed for color and the dyed anodic oxide layer of the metal article is finally sealed.

Abstract: Damascene templates have two-dimensionally patterned raised metal features disposed on an underlying conductive layer extending across a substrate. The templates are topographically flat overall, and the patterned conductive features establish micron-scale and nanometer-scale patterns for the assembly of nanoelements into nanoscale circuits and sensors. The templates are made using microfabrication techniques together with chemical mechanical polishing. These templates are compatible with various directed assembly techniques, including electrophoresis, and offer essentially 100% efficient assembly and transfer of nanoelements in a continuous operation cycle. The templates can be repeatedly used for transfer of patterned nanoelements thousands of times with minimal or no damage, and the transfer process involves no intermediate processes between cycles. The assembly and transfer processes employed are carried out at room temperature and pressure and are thus amenable to low cost, high-rate device production.

Abstract: An optimum electric power supply position to an anode in an electroplating apparatus possibly changes depending on various conditions. Accordingly, for optimum plating, the electric power supply position to the anode is preferably adjustable. There is disclosed an anode unit of an electroplating apparatus. The anode unit includes an anode, a power feeding element, and a power feeding element fixing portion. The power feeding element is fixed to the anode. The power feeding element is configured to supply an electric power from a power supply to the anode. The power feeding element fixing portion is disposed at the anode. The power feeding element fixing portion is configured to fix the power feeding element to the anode. The power feeding element fixing portion is configured such that a fixed position of the power feeding element to the anode is changeable.

Abstract: A SiC epitaxial growth apparatus includes: a susceptor having a mounting surface on which a wafer is placable; a heater which is provided apart from the susceptor on a side opposite to the mounting surface of the susceptor; and an annular radiation member which is in contact with a back surface of the susceptor opposite to the mounting surface and is located at a position which is overlapped with an outer peripheral portion of the wafer placed on the susceptor in a plan view, in which the radiation member has a higher emissivity than that of the susceptor and has an exposed portion as viewed from the heater.

Abstract: A SiC epitaxial growth apparatus includes: a susceptor having a mounting surface on which a wafer is placable; and a heater which is provided apart from the susceptor on a side opposite to the mounting surface of the susceptor, in which an unevenness is formed on a radiation-receiving surface of the susceptor, which faces a first surface of the heater provided at the susceptor side, and the unevenness is located at a position which is overlapped with an outer peripheral portion of the wafer placed on the susceptor in a plan view.

Abstract: A method of growing crystalline materials on two-dimensional inert materials comprising functionalizing a surface of a two-dimensional inert material, growing a nucleation layer on the functionalized surface, and growing a crystalline material. A crystalline material grown on a two-dimensional inert material made from the process comprising functionalizing a surface of a two-dimensional inert material, growing a nucleation layer on the functionalized surface, and growing a crystalline material.

Abstract: A single crystal silicon plate-shaped body as cut out from an upper portion of a straight body portion of a CZ method single crystal silicon ingot has an interstitial oxygen concentration in a crystal is 25 ppma to 45 ppma and a substitutional carbon concentration is 0.5 ppma or less in a radial center. In the radial center, oxygen precipitates are not observed in a bulk in an image of 200,000 times by a transmission electron microscope, and after heating the single crystal silicon plate-shaped body at 950° C. for 60 minutes, oxygen precipitates are observed in an image of the 200,000 times, and a shape of the oxygen precipitates is observed in a polyhedral structure in an image of 2,000,000 times.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward an apparatus comprising a high speed rotating disk or bowl for nanofiber spinning from the rotational sheared thin film fibrillation at the enclosed serrations with the optimized stretching zone to produce the defects-free nanofibrous web and nanofibrous membrane comprising a nanofiber network with a number average nanofiber diameter less than 500 nm that yield the crystallinity higher than the polymer resin used in making the web.

Abstract: A partially separated fiber bundle includes separation-processed sections and not-separation-processed sections that are alternately formed along the lengthwise direction of a fiber bundle that includes a plurality of single fibers, wherein the separation-processed sections include a plurality of separated bundles. The content of the not-separation-processed sections is 3% or more and 50% or less of the partially separated fiber bundle.

Abstract: A multi-effect woven fabric (MEWF) for energy harvesting and heat management includes a combination of a predetermined number of yarns woven to each other in a repeating pattern. The yarns include a first yarn for absorbing, storing, and releasing heat energy through a phase change, a second yarn for converting heat energy from a wearer's skin, the first yarn, and a third yarn into far infrared radiation energy and radiating the far infrared radiation energy to other yarns and to the wearer's skin, the third yarn for absorbing moisture from the wearer's skin and/or ambient environment and generating heat energy through an exothermic process, and a fourth yarn with a hydrophobic property. The MEWF maintains a uniform temperature on the wearer's skin by a combination of heat energy generation, heat energy harvesting, and radiation of heat energy within the MEWF and between the MEWF and the wearer's skin.

Abstract: A fabric having a first side and a second side and comprising weft yarns and warp yarns woven together in pattern. At least some of the weft, or warp, yarns float over a number of warp yarns, or weft yarns, and below a number of warp yarns, or weft yarns, to provide weft, or warp, over portions on the first side and under portions on the second side. The under portions and/or over portions of the yarns form loops. At least some of the yarns that form the loops are conjugate yarns comprising a plurality of filaments that are separable, i.e., splittable into sub-filaments. The loops of the conjugate yarns extend for a length of at least three adjacent warp, or weft, yarns.

Abstract: Provided is a flame-retardant fabric having a color that satisfies the criteria required by the international standard for high visibility ISO20471. The fabric includes polyetherimide-based fibers that contain a white pigment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a braiding machine and a braiding method of a seamless wound braided rope. The braiding machine of the seamless wound braided rope has simple structure, good stability and high yield; and colors of an inner core and an outer skin of the braided rope braided by the braiding machine are different, as an early-warning effect.