Abstract: Circular dichroism can be accurately measured even when a phase modulation element with a distortion component is used. A circular dichroism measuring method using a circular dichroism measuring device 2 includes a step of measuring Ip(t) (S101: phase amount change acquisition step), a step of measuring Is(t) (S102: sample data acquisition step), a step of converting Ip(t) to ?(t) (S103: phase amount change acquisition step), a step of converting Is(t) to Is(?) (S104: analysis step/Is(?) calculation step), and a step of performing curve fitting to calculate matrix elements S00, S02, and S03 (S105: analysis step/matrix element calculation step).

Abstract: This food-article analysis device is provided with a light-reception/detection unit that receives near-infrared light reflected off of at least one measurement region of a measurement target and/or near-infrared light that has passed through at least one measurement region of said measurement target and generates a signal corresponding to the intensity of the received light, a computation unit that computes sectional nutrition information containing information regarding the caloric content of at least one measurement region and/or information regarding the components thereof on the basis of the signal supplied by the light-reception/detection unit and generates a distribution image by combining a plurality of pieces of sectional nutrition information relating to a plurality of measurement regions with position information for said measurement regions, and a display unit that displays the distribution image supplied by the computation unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for measuring the isotope ratios of one or more trace gases based on optical absorption spectroscopy methods. The system includes an optical cavity containing a gas. The system also includes a laser optically coupled with the optical cavity, and a detector system for measuring absorption of laser light by the gas in the cavity.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that includes a plurality of reflectors arranged over an area, and a plurality of transceivers. A first of the transceivers is configured to transmit radiation at each of the plurality of reflectors at a first wavelength and a second wavelength, and receive radiation reflected from each of the plurality of reflectors. A second of the plurality of transceivers is configured to transmit radiation at each of the plurality of reflectors at a third wavelength and a fourth wavelength and receive radiation reflected from each of the plurality of reflectors. The apparatus includes a processor configured to calculate a change in concentration of a gas within the area between a first time and a second time based upon signals received from the transceivers.

Abstract: A system (20) for fiber-optic reflectometry includes an optical source (28, 40), a beat detection module (44, 48, 52, 56A, 56B) and a processor (36). The optical source is configured to generate a non-linearly-scanning optical interrogation signal having an instantaneous optical frequency that is a non-linear function of time. The beat detection module is configured to transmit the optical interrogation signal into an optical fiber (24), to receive from the optical fiber an optical backscattering signal in response to the optical interrogation signal, and to mix the optical backscattering signal with a reference replica of the optical interrogation signal, so as to produce a beat signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for particle characterization by optical phase modulation and detection of aerosol backscattering. In some aspects, a compact and cost effective particle detector device to measure the aerosol density and its size distribution by backscattered focusing using projected optical modified field distribution imaging into the aerosol medium (air). The disclosed device can be used in a variety of scientific and industrial applications, e.g., such as a particle sensor for automobiles able to detect harmful pollution which may then be filtered from the car cabin, or warnings provided to the driver. The device can also capture and store data, enabling detailed pollution maps of various roadways in real-time.

Abstract: The apparatus and method for testing the ability of materials to protect photolabile materials provides an accurate measurement by directly observing the degradation level in a photolabile material. The apparatus is an assembly having primary and secondary cells and a light source. The primary and secondary cells are arranged in different configurations with respect to one another such that any light that reaches the photolabile materials must first go through the protective material under test. The method includes placing a protective material under test in the primary cell; placing a photolabile material in the secondary cell; subjecting the assembly to a light source for a predetermined amount of time; and removing and testing the photolabile material for degradation.

Abstract: Apparatus for enhancing on-chip fluorescence detection. For example, an apparatus comprises a microfluidic channel, an excitation signal enhancing structure formed on a first side of the microfluidic channel and a photodetector structure formed on a second side of the microfluidic channel. For example, the excitation signal enhancing structure enhances an excitation signal and the enhanced excitation signal excites one or more samples in the microfluidic channel to emit signals at a fluorescence wavelength at a higher rate.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical device (110) and a corresponding detection apparatus (100) that may for example be used for monitoring the replication of nucleotide sequences at a surface. In a preferred embodiment, the optical device (110) comprises a waveguide substrate (130) with a wiregrid (140) on a bottom surface (132), wherein apertures (141) of the wiregrid are in at least one direction (x) smaller than a characteristic wavelength (?) of input light (IL). Moreover, a diffractive structure (120) is disposed on the opposite surface (131) of the substrate (130) for coupling input light (IL) into the substrate (130) such that constructive interference occurs at the apertures (141). Thus evanescent waves can be generated with high efficiency in these apertures, allowing for example for a surface-specific excitation of fluorescence (FL) that can be sensed by a detector (160).

Abstract: A carbon concentration can be measured using a small number of calibration curves even for a silicon wafer containing oxygen at a high concentration. A calibration curve determination method includes determining calibration curves using data sets each including a plurality of data, each data including irradiation dose, oxygen concentration, carbon concentration, and luminescence intensity, the data of each data set having the same irradiation dose and the same oxygen concentration, and the data sets being different in at least one of the irradiation dose and the oxygen concentration, selecting one or more combinations each being a pair of the calibration curves which are equal to each other in the irradiation dose and different from each other in the oxygen concentration, and obtaining a difference between slopes of the paired calibration curves on a log-log plot for each combination.

Abstract: The present invention includes nanotubes or rods, methods and arrays using plasmonic-magnetic bifunctional nanotubes or rods comprising: one or more silica nanotubes or rods; one or more nanomagnets embedded in a portion of the silica nanotubes or rods; and plasmonic metal nanoparticles uniformly coating in or on at least a portion of the surface of the nanomagnets and the silica nanotubes surface-coated.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for detecting single molecules on an object. The method includes: providing a carrier; attaching the carrier on a surface of the object so that the surface of the object is indirect contact with the carrier; and detecting the single molecules on the object with a detector. The carrier includes a flexible substrate and a metal layer on the flexible substrate. The flexible substrate includes a base and a bulge pattern located on a surface of the base. The bulge pattern includes a number of strip-shaped bulges intersecting with each other to form a net and define a number of recesses. The metal layer is located on the bulge pattern. The carrier has a relative higher SERS and can enhance the Raman scattering.

Abstract: An optical sensing platform with an array of sensors, a laser or broadband light source and an optical detector that utilizes surface plasmon resonance based transduction and optical detection is provided. The sensor structure of the platform has a low index support layer, a high contrast grating, a low index spacer and a thin metal film with a target recognition element. The surface plasmon resonance based sensor uses surface plasmon waves to detect changes on the surface of the sensor when a target interacts with the target recognition element. The binding of the target with a recognition element receptor will induce changes in the refractive index of the metal layer, which changes the resonance wavelength of the plasmon wave on the sensor surface, which is used to measure or observe the reaction.

Abstract: A highly portable, paper and swab-based detection kit is provided for identifying chemical and biological agents. A method of mass manufacture providing low cost kits with long term commercial shelf life and a method of use is also provided.

Abstract: An automated analyzer makes light from a light source incident on a liquid mixture consisting of a sample and a reagent in a reactor vessel and, by ascertaining with a photodetector the quantity of light transmitted or scattered and the change in the wavelength, performs quantitative and qualitative analysis of an object component. When light other than from the light source such as light from outside is incident on the photodetector, since it is no longer possible to accurately measure the quantity of light and the change in the wavelength, it is also no longer possible to accurately measure the analysis of the object component. In particular, in the constitution of an analysis unit provided with a plurality of analysis ports, during analysis at one analysis port, due to various mechanisms accessing other analysis ports, disturbance light such as light reflected on this mechanism would enter the analysis port under analysis and sometimes have an effect on the measurement result.

Abstract: A method of testing the color quality of a colored gemstone is disclosed, taking the gem color as an entirety visually composed of different color components, whose total amount of color components is constant, so as to calculate hue-purity, color-strength and relative chromaticity of the gem color to test the color quality. The method comprises the following steps: (1) determining blackness, chromaticness, and hue of the gem color; (2) calculating the hue-purity, color-strength and relative chromaticity in accordance with the blackness, chromaticness, and hue; (3) finding a matching color in a pre-established standard color library for this specific gemstone according to the hue-purity, color-strength and relative chromaticity calculated in step (2), and use the name of the matching color to indicate the gem color and color quality.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inspection apparatus and associated method for measuring a target structure on a substrate. The inspection apparatus comprises an illumination source for generating measurement radiation; an optical arrangement for focusing the measurement radiation onto said target structure; and a compensatory optical device. The compensatory optical device may comprise an SLM operable to spatially modulate the wavefront of the measurement radiation so as to compensate for a non-uniform manufacturing defect in said optical arrangement. In alternative embodiments, the compensatory optical device may be located in the beam of measurement radiation, or in the beam of pump radiation used to generate high harmonic radiation in a HHG source. Where located in in the beam of pump radiation, the compensatory optical device may be used to correct pointing errors, or impart a desired profile or varying illumination pattern in a beam of the measurement radiation.

Abstract: A process for detecting oil or lubricant contamination in a manufactured product, the process comprising adding a fluorescent taggant to oils or lubricants contained in processing machinery for said product, conveying said product past an infrared detection apparatus, irradiating said product with infrared radiation from said detection apparatus as it passes the detection apparatus, and detecting infrared radiation emitted from said irradiated product.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing micro defect inspection capabilities for optical systems such as wafer metrology tools and interferometer systems are disclosed. The systems and methods in accordance with the present disclosure may detect, classify and quantify wafer surface features, wherein the detected defects are classified and the important defect metrology information of height/depth, area and volume is reported. The systems and methods in accordance with the present disclosure therefore provide more values for quantifying the negative effect of these defects on the wafer quality.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of inspecting a substrate with a component mounted thereon, which are capable of inspecting whether the component is properly mounted or not without additional setting or changing inspection condition, are provided. The method comprises measuring a three-dimensional shape by irradiating the pattern image toward the substrate through at least one illumination unit and by taking a reflected image through an imaging unit, extracting a shield region from the three-dimensional shape, and inspecting a component mounting defect in an area excluding the shield region in the three-dimensional shape.

Abstract: An imaging system images near-field objects with focused microwave or terahertz radiation. Multiple antennas emit microwave or terahertz radiation, such that the radiation varies in frequency over time, illuminates a near-field object, reflects from the near-field object, and travels to a passive aperture. For example, the passive aperture may comprise a dielectric lens or a parabolic reflector. The passive aperture focuses, onto a spatial region, the microwave or terahertz radiation that reflected from the near-field object. One or more antennas take measurements, in the spatial region, of the microwave or terahertz radiation that reflected from the near-field object. A computer calculates, based on the measurements, an image of the near-field object and depth information regarding the near-field object.

Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic X-ray inspection apparatus for a SMT inline process, comprising: a stage unit for supporting an object to be inspected such that the object is attachable/detachable, the stage unit being movable on an X-axis and Y-axis in a plane and rotatable; an X-ray vacuum tube arranged beneath the stage unit so as to irradiate the object arranged on the stage unit with X-rays; and a detector arranged above the stage unit so as to swivel toward one side in order to detect X-rays transmitted through the object. The X-ray vacuum tube swivels in synchronization with the swiveling of the detector, and an X-ray emission surface of the X-ray vacuum tube is arranged so as to be parallel to the stage unit. The stage unit has a hollow shaft, and a hollow bearing that supports the hollow shaft such that the hollow shaft is rotatable.

Abstract: An apparatus for integrating metrology and method for using the same are disclosed. The apparatus includes a multi-chamber system having a transfer chamber, a deposition chamber, an etch chamber and a metrology chamber, and a robot configured to transfer a substrate between the deposition chamber or etch chamber and the metrology chamber.

Abstract: A spectroscopic method for calculating a limit of quantification and a relative error includes: 1. selecting an error function F(C); 2. providing a blank spectrum; 3. recording a reference spectrum with a signal content of the substance being investigated; 4. determining start concentrations; 5.a. multiplying the reference spectrum with the signal content of the substance by a factor; 5.b. adding the resulting spectrum to the blank spectrum and determining the corresponding concentration of the substance and calculating the corresponding relative error; 6. iteratively adapting parameters of the selected error function F(C): recording a measurement spectrum of the test sample and determining the concentration of the substance being investigated using 5.b. and comparing with the calculated limit of quantification and calculating the relative error by applying the error function from step 6.

Abstract: Methods and systems using low temperature thermo-luminescence to measure donor ionization energies in luminescence semiconductors are described.

Abstract: A heat source position inside a measurement object is identified with high accuracy by improving time resolution. An analysis system according to the present invention is an analysis system that identifies a heat source position inside a measurement object, and includes a condition setting unit that sets a measurement point for one surface of the measurement object, a tester that applies a stimulation signal to the measurement object, a light source that irradiates the measurement point of the measurement object with light, a photo detector that detects light reflected from a predetermined measurement point on the surface of the measurement object according to the irradiation of light and outputs a detection signal, and an analysis unit that derives a distance from the measurement point to the heat source position based on the detection signal and the stimulation signal and identifies the heat source position.

Abstract: Embodiments include a system and circuit for measuring characteristics of a material under test (MUT). In some cases, the system includes a circuit having level detectors to measure the change in strength between a reference signal and a return signal passed through the MUT. The system can include a computing device to evaluate the measured signals and adjust those signals within range of the level detectors and other circuit components. Circuits can include a time-of-flight digital convertor for determining the phase shift between the reference and return signals that pass through the MUT. The measured difference in signal strength and phase can be used to compute the complex impedance or dielectric properties of the MUT. This impedance or dielectric property can be correlated with a physical property of the MUT. The system may be operated at a single frequency, or over a range of frequencies.

Abstract: A wearable sensor badge utilizes a carbon nanotube (CNT) sensor array for selective sensing of chemicals from naturally diffused air or by sampling air using a pump/fan for higher sensitivity. An embedded microcontroller monitors the resistance of the sensing elements and by using an advanced detection algorithm the presence of TICs and/or CWAs are identified.

Abstract: A method to estimate water saturation in electromagnetic measurements includes making an electromagnetic measurement and performing at least one of (a) creating an analytical forward model of the EM measurement, (b) creating a numerical finite difference forward model of the EM measurement, and (c) performing an inversion. The method also includes removing at least one petrophysically-adverse alteration of EM measurements in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 100 MHz. A petrophysically-adverse alteration is due to the presence of at least one of the following: pyrite, graphitic-precursors, magnetite, and other conductive minerals.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring conductivity of a fluid containing dissolved ions, particularly for measuring conductivity of salt water, features a cylindrical tube (57) of poorly conductive material such as glass, a first electrode (51A) and a second electrode (51B) inside the tube, connected together (56) to maintain a common electrical potential, a first transformer (52,53) concentrically arranged around the tube (57) to drive current through the fluid in the tube, and a second transformer (54, 55) arranged to sense a value of the current flowing in the fluid, and a digital processing circuit (62) coupled to receive an output signal of the second transformer, and to derive therefrom a value representing the conductivity of the fluid. The sensor is adapted to be towed behind a research ship, or to be deployed on an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) or the like. Current signals are preferably processed by digital switching measurement technology (dMST).

Abstract: A detection device includes: a frequency property acquisition unit that acquires a frequency property when an alternating-current signal is input to at least two conductive bodies provided on a fiber sheet; and a detection signal output unit that outputs a detection signal when the frequency property acquisition unit acquires a predetermined frequency property.

Abstract: Provided is an electrolyte sensor that uses conductive elastomer electrodes. Examples of the intended analytes for sensor use include those found in urine, saliva, blood, feces, and spinal fluid, although other analytes exist for electrolyte detection. Conductive elastomer trace electrodes are separated by a channel or gap which can be bridged by an electrolyte and thereby complete an electrical circuit to an alarm or other circuitry. Channel or gap distances vary the level of electrical resistance associated with detecting certain analytes.

Abstract: An electrode includes a conductor, an insulator, and a housing. The insulator is positioned at least partially around the conductor. The housing is positioned at least partially around the conductor. An upper surface of the insulator may be at least partially concave, an outer surface of the housing may have a groove formed therein, or both.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting a liquid. Detection a liquid may include detecting liquid at a boundary of an area and reporting the presence of the liquid. Reporting liquid at a boundary may prevent leaking of the liquid from the area. Detecting also includes detecting liquid inside the area. The amount of liquid detected inside the boundary may relate to a range of amounts of liquid. The minimum amount of the range may represent the minimum amount of liquid that is permissible in the area prior to taking action to deal with the liquid.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for detecting an analyte are disclosed and described. In one embodiment, a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensor pixel with a MOS active material is exposed to the analyte in the gas environment. The MOS sensor pixel is heated to a sequence of different predetermined temperatures via a heating element wherein the heating occurs for a period of time for each of the different predetermined temperatures. Response signals are detected, via an electrode, generated by the MOS sensor at each of the different predetermined temperatures. The response signals are assembled into sample data with data features for machine learning. The sample data is compared with data in a standards database. A composition of the analyte is identified based on the data features.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for determining the void fraction of a multi-phase system in a channel. The method comprises the steps of measuring a void fraction dependent parameter of the multi-phase system, obtaining a flow regime of the multi-phase system, and determining the void fraction of the multi-phase system taking into account a set of one or more relationships between the void fraction dependent parameter and the void fraction, the set of relationships being specific for the obtained flow regime.

Abstract: A microfluidic electrochemical device and process are detailed that provide chemical imaging and electrochemical analysis under vacuum at the surface of the electrode-sample or electrode-liquid interface in-situ. The electrochemical device allows investigation of various surface layers including diffuse layers at selected depths populated with, e.g., adsorbed molecules in which chemical transformation in electrolyte solutions occurs.

Abstract: Biosensors and biosensor systems are disclosed that have manganese (III) oxide (Mn2O3)-based electrodes that can attenuate interference of a detection signal resulting from an analyte-relevant reaction caused by undesired reaction of interferents in a sample. Methods are also disclosed for making and using the same.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a nanoporous composition including a number of clusters of nanoparticles dispersed in a liquid, a nanoporous layer formed of the nanoporous composition, a glucose-oxidation electrode including the nanoporous layer, and a glucose-sensing device and system including the glucose-oxidation electrode. This disclosure also relates to a method of making the nanoporous composition, the nanoporous layer, the glucose-oxidation electrode and the glucose-sensing device and system. Further, this disclosure also relates to devices, systems and methods for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and blood glucose monitoring (BGM).

Abstract: During analyte analysis, errors may be introduced into an analysis by both the biosensor system used to perform the analysis and by errors in the output signal measured by the measurement device of the biosensor. For a reference sample, system error may be determined through the determination of relative error. However, during an analysis of a test sample with the measurement device of the biosensor system, true relative error cannot be known. A pseudo-reference concentration determined during the analysis may be used as a substitute for true relative error. The present invention introduces the determination of a pseudo-reference concentration determined during the analysis as a substitute for the true relative error and uses an anchor parameter to compensate for the system error in the analysis-determined pseudo-reference concentration.

Abstract: Fluid collection devices, analysis instruments and methods for making and using same are disclosed. The fluid collection device is provided with a device and an electrochemical cell. The device has first and second walls defining a microfluidic channel, and a sample application port communicating with the microfluidic channel. The first wall and the second wall are spaced a distance less than 150 microns. The electrochemical cell is disposed on the first wall to contact a sample travelling through the microfluidic channel. The electrochemical cell comprising molecule receptors such that a physical property of the first electrochemical cell is effected upon one or more of the molecule receptors binding to an electroactive species within the sample.

Abstract: A nanoscale-sized pore positioned between two reservoirs may sequence biomolecules by detecting changes in the emitted light due to a change in charge of portions of the biomolecules as they pass through the pore such as affect an emission frequency of a quantum structure proximate to the pore opening. The nanopores may be fabricated using local droplet etching whose randomness is accommodated by lowering the droplet density to permit isolation of nanopores in tiles that may be adhered to an underlying supporting substrate having an aligned opening. The nanopore-tiles may be integrated with commonly applied glass chips and may be employed in microfluidic circuitry.

Abstract: An system for recognition of a translocating polymeric target molecule includes a device having at least one constriction that is sized to permit translocation of only a single copy of the molecule. A pair of spaced apart sensing electrodes border the constriction, which may be a nanopore. The first electrode is connected to a first affinity element and the second electrode is connected to a second affinity element. Each affinity element may connected to its corresponding electrode via one or more intermediary compounds, such as a linker molecule and/or an electrode attachment molecule. The first and second affinity elements are configured to temporarily form hydrogen bonds with first and second portions of the target molecule as the latter passes through the constriction. During translocation, the electrodes affinity elements and first and second portions of the target molecule complete an electrical circuit and allow a measurable electrical current to pass between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: A system for communicating information from an array of sensors is disclosed. The system comprises a sensor array that includes a plurality of sensors, wherein each sensor senses a physical property of a material that is in communication with the sensor. The system further comprises signal processing circuitry associated with each sensor that integrates the output of the sensor over time and compares the integrated output to a threshold. The system further comprises a communication network coupled to the signal processing circuitry that outputs information indicating that the integrated output corresponding to a given sensor has reached the threshold.

Abstract: A non-enzymatic glucose sensor and method for fabricating the sensor are disclosed. The glucose sensor contains at least one non-enzymatic electrode configured to catalyze the electro-oxidation of glucose in preference to other bio-molecules. The surface of the electrode comprises CuO nanoparticles. The sensor shows sensitivity and selectivity exceeding enzyme based devices presently in use.

Abstract: A gas sensor is provided with: a sensor element having a solid electrolyte body, a measurement electrode and a reference electrode; a housing into which the sensor element is inserted; and an element cover arranged at the tip-end side of the housing. The element cover has an inner cover arranged so as to cover the tip-end portion of the sensor element from outside, and an outer cover arranged so as to cover the inner cover from outside. When L is defined as an axial distance from a base end of an internal space of the inner cover to the base end of the measurement electrode, an axial distance M from the base end of the internal space of the inner cover to the base end of an inner vent hole positioned in the most base-end side among the inner vent holes provided to the inner cover is 0.2L to 0.65L.

Abstract: A gas sensor element including a composite ceramic layer including a plate-shaped insulating portion containing an insulating ceramic and having a through hole formed therein and a plate-shaped electrolyte portion containing a solid electrolyte ceramic and disposed in the through hole; and a first conductor layer extending continuously from a first insulating surface on one side of the insulating portion to a first electrolyte surface of the electrolyte portion facing the same direction as the one side of the insulating portion. The first insulating surface is flush with the first electrolyte surface. The electrolyte portion has, on its first electrolyte surface side, an extension portion extending outward from the through hole so as to overlap the first insulating surface. Further, the thickness of the extension portion decreases toward the outer circumference of the extension portion. Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing the gas sensor element.

Abstract: A system and method for chemical sensing of multiple gases or vapors with an array of chemical sensitive field effect transistor (CS-FET) devices that are highly sensitive, small in size and have low energy consumption. The sensor layer is an ultrathin film of transition metal oxide, rare earth metal oxide or metal nanoparticles that is formed between the source and drain electrodes on a silicon substrate. The work functions of the sensor layer can be manipulated by the adsorption of chemicals onto their surfaces. These changes cause a change in the surface potential of the underlying Si channel, leading to the current modulation of the devices. By selecting appropriate sensor layers, different chemicals will produce different output signals. External signal processing of these signals enables and sensor and array profile matching permits multi-gas detection.

Abstract: A method for measuring the physical properties of a drug formulation suspended in a pressurized liquid propellant and a system to enable such measurements is disclosed. Drug formulations suspended in pressurized liquid propellant used in Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs) are propelled in their native liquid state into an analytical instrument with a measurement cell capable of withstanding the pressure required to retain the sample in liquid form by employing a device to rapidly release the contents of the pMDI canister into the measurement instrument wherein the sample's electrophoretic mobility and size may be determined by MP-PALS or other techniques. A series of valves permits the maintenance of the high pressure in the system. Once the measurements are made, the pressurized liquid is allowed to pass to waste or another analytical instrument by opening an exit valve.

Abstract: A method is provided of controlling the functionality of a substrate containing at least one nanopore. The method includes the steps of: introducing to the substrate a solution containing a molecular construct having a body formation which defines an aperture and a tail formation extending from the body formation; applying a potential difference across the substrate to thread the tail formation through the nanopore thereby docking the molecular construct to the substrate with the aperture aligned with the nanopore such that the sleeve formation lines the nanopore; and expelling the molecular construct from the substrate by varying the potential difference. A DNA construct for docking to a substrate having a nanopore is also provided, the construct having a body formation which defines an aperture, and a tail formation extending from the body formation for threading through the nanopore to dock the construct to the substrate with the aperture and nanopore in alignment.