Abstract: Jammer location is based on detected powers received by at least one receiver of signals from the satellite navigation system on board a carrier, by estimation, for each satellite, of the power of the noise at the output of each receiver according to the bearing and distance with respect to the carrier, a calculation of the sum of estimated powers, and extraction of the local maxima in terms of bearing and distance by using a synthetic aperture antenna carrying out a coherent integration of received signals in the direction of each bearing angle by using the known movement of the carrier, in which estimation of the power of the noise at the output of each receiver uses a plurality of coherent integrators and non-coherent integrators, with durations matched to the transit time of a source in the beam of the antenna for various distances for the non-coherent integrators.

Abstract: The disclosure generally relates to position sensors, and more particularly to repair of carrier-phase cycle slips using displacement data. An apparatus for use in position sensing may include a displacement sensor, a positioning signal receiver, a memory, and a processor coupled to the displacement sensor, the positioning signal receiver, and the memory. The processor and memory may be configured to processor and memory are configured to detect a loss of lock of a first carrier tracking loop associated with the first set of carrier-phase measurements, wherein the first carrier tracking loop is associated with a first integer ambiguity, estimate, based on the displacement data, an ambiguity increment to the first integer ambiguity subsequent to the detected loss of lock, and resolve a second integer ambiguity associated with the second set of positioning signals based on the first integer ambiguity and the estimated ambiguity increment.

Abstract: Techniques are provided to quickly estimate a temporal shift of a GPS signal based on an analysis of a GLONASS signal. The shift can be a result of applied leap-second adjustments affecting GLONASS signals but not GPS signals. By identifying this shift, GPS and GLONASS signals can be considered together in order to estimate locations. The temporal shift can be determined, e.g., by estimating a separation between a GPS-signal frame feature (e.g., frame onset) and a GLONASS-signal frame feature (e.g., frame onset), or identifying coinciding frame features (e.g., a GPS-signal subframe coinciding with a GLONASS-signal string number). The techniques allow the temporal shift to be estimated based on an analysis of just a portion of the GPS-signal and GLONASS-signal frames, such that a speed of location estimations can be improved.

Abstract: Methods and systems detect physical locations of vessels. A first satellite includes a first image sensor. A second satellite includes a second image sensor. The processor receives a first image of a target area from the first image sensor, and a second image of the target area from the second image sensor. Both images are taken within a predetermined time frame. The processor performs image recognition to identify a vessel that appears in both the first image and the second image. The processor receives the first satellite's location and orientation when the first image is taken and the second satellite's location and orientation when the second image is taken. Each satellite's location and orientation are determined by the satellite's geographic determination module. The processor determines the vessel's location by performing triangulation based on the first satellite's location and orientation and the second satellite's location and orientation.

Abstract: A plurality of GNSS satellite signals feeds multiple signal processing engines, each operating in certain processing mode including carrier smoothed pseudorange positioning, precise point positioning (PPP), pseudorange differential (DGNSS), carrier phase differential (RTK). Each processing engine (or processing thread of the same engine) runs the same unified numerical algorithm and uses the same or different sets of parameters. All engines can use the same set of signals, or the set of signals can be split into non-intersecting subsets, or the set of signals can be split into the overlapping subsets. Each engine produces estimates of certain parameters, namely carrier phase ambiguities and ionospheric delays for each satellite. These estimates are then combined into a resulting estimate which in turn is used for calculation of the final position reported by the receiver.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a process obtains a first compensated directional reading from a first directional sensor of a directionally sensitive system, and obtains a second compensated directional reading from a second directional sensor of the directionally sensitive system. The process may then determine, a difference between the first compensated directional reading and the second compensated directional reading, and declares, in response to the difference being greater than an acceptable threshold, an inaccurate directional reading. As such, the process may then prevent performance of a directionally sensitive action by the directionally sensitive system in response to an inaccurate directional reading.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for estimating count loss in a gamma camera comprising injecting a synthetic pulse at a given rate into a data stream emanating from a photo detector; integrating the synthetic pulse into the data stream to form an integrated data stream; determining a number of synthetic pulses from the data stream that pass onto a final image; and determining the count loss from the Equation (2) Percent ? ? Count ? ? Loss = ( Number ? ? of ? ? pulses ? ? introduced - Number ? ? of ? ? pulses ? ? detected ) × 100 Number ? ? of ? ? pulses ? ? ? introduced .

Abstract: In a method of making pixelated scintillators, a block of an amorphous scintillator material is divided into plural sections. The plural sections of the block are rejoined with plural first reflective septa to form an assembly. In the assembly, each of the plural first reflective septa separates two adjacent sections of the block. The assembly is then divided into plural sections in a way such that each of the plural sections of the block is divided into plural pixels. The plural sections of the assembly are rejoined with plural second reflective septa. Each of the plural second reflective septa separates two adjacent sections of the assembly, forming an array comprising plural rows and columns of pixels of the amorphous scintillator material. In the array, each pixel is separated from adjacent pixels by a portion of at least one of the plural first reflective septa and at least one of the second reflective septa.

Abstract: An X-ray image pickup system (10) includes an X-ray source (16), an image pickup panel (12), a scintillator (13), and an X-ray control unit (14E). The image pickup panel includes a photoelectric conversion element (26), a capacitor (50), a thin film transistor (24), and TFT control units (14A, 14B, 14F). To the photoelectric conversion element (26), scintillation light is projected. The capacitor (50) is connected to the photoelectric conversion element (26), and accumulates charges. The thin film transistor (24) is connected to the capacitor (50). The TFT control units (14A, 14B, 14F) control an operation of the thin film transistor (24). The thin film transistor (24) includes a semiconductor active layer (32) made of an oxide semiconductor. The X-ray control unit (14E) intermittently projects X-ray to the X-ray source (16). The TFT control units (14A, 14B, 14F) cause the thin film transistor (24) to operate when the X-ray is not projected, so as to read out the charges accumulated in the capacitor (50).

Abstract: An X-ray detector includes a direct-conversion converter element and an evaluating unit in a stacked arrangement. In an embodiment, the X-ray detector includes a voltage source, configured to provide a first potential and a second potential different from the first potential; a pulse generating unit for generating voltage pulses; and a connecting unit, for applying the voltage pulses onto the first potential, configured at the output to provide a pulsed potential. In an embodiment, through the application of the pulsed potential to a first surface of the direct-conversion converter element and through the application of the second potential to a second surface of the converter element opposed to the first surface, a pulsed potential difference is formed in the direct-conversion converter element.

Abstract: A radiation detector according to an embodiment includes a photodiode array and a scintillator array. The photodiode array has a plurality of active areas arranged in a grid formation. The scintillator array is laminated on the photodiode array, is configured to emit light in response to incidence of radiation thereto, and has a plurality of modification parts that do not penetrate therethrough, in regions each corresponding to a position between two of the active areas, for a purpose of preventing crosstalk.

Abstract: A method for determining a pair of compliance events is provided. A set of event data collected by a PET detector may be divided into N sub-sets, and each of the N sub-sets of event data may be sorted according to an occurrence time of each event included in the event data, wherein N is an integer greater than or equal to 2. A K stage heapsort may be performed on the sorted N sub-sets of event data according to the occurrence time of each event, so as to sequentially output data of each event in the sorting order, wherein K is an integer greater than or equal to 1. A time compliance determination and a space compliance determination may be performed on the sequentially-outputted event data, and a pair of compliance events may be determined if both the time compliance determination and the space compliance determination are passed.

Abstract: A system and method of a PET imaging are provided. According to an example, a detector, a movement control module, a power control module and a reconstructing computer may be connected to a switch in a form of a star-shaped network topology. The detector may include M*N detector units distributed in an annular structure, each detector unit may be allocated with an IP address, M detector units are evenly distributed on each circumferential direction of the annular structure, and N detector units are evenly distributed on each axial direction of the annular structure. Each of the detector units may transmit a set of acquired data to the reconstructing computer through the switch via a network bus; and the set of data may include location information, acquiring time information and IP address.

Abstract: A device for determining the location of a source of radiation, based on data acquired at a single orientation of the device without iteration or rotations. Embodiments may comprise two side detector panels flanking a shield layer, plus a front detector positioned orthogonally in front of the side detectors. The various detectors thereby have contrasting angular sensitivities, so that a predetermined angular correlation function can determine the sign and magnitude of the source angle according to the detection rates. Rapid detection and localization of nuclear and radiological weapon materials enables greatly improved inspection of cargo containers and personnel. Advanced detectors such as those disclosed herein will be needed in the coming decades to protect against clandestine weapon transport.

Abstract: A geophysical sensor deployment sleeve includes an electrically non-conductive fiber woven into a shape of a tube open at one end and closed at the other end. The fiber has a tensile strength such that upward force applied to the open end of the tube is capable of removal of a sensor or sensor recording node disposed in the tube in a hole below a ground surface irrespective of consolidated materials infiltrating and/or covering the tube below ground level.

Abstract: A section of a streamer for acoustic marine data collection, the section comprising a carrier for accommodating seismic sensors, wherein the carrier includes, a single body, a first particle motion sensor located on the single body, and a second particle motion sensor being located on the single body, with a 90° angular offset, about a longitudinal axis of the carrier, relative to the first particle motion sensor; and a tilt sensor coupled to the carrier and having a known direction relative to the first and second particle motion sensors so that the tilt sensor determines an angle of tilt of the carrier about a vertical, wherein the first and second particle motion sensors measure a motion related parameter and not a pressure.

Abstract: A device, system, and method for displaying seismic image data may include computing, from a wide-azimuth data set, a discrete data set associated with an image function at a seismic image point. The discrete data set may be mapped onto a continuous curved three-dimensional surface. The mapped data set may be projected onto a continuous planar surface. The projected data may be displayed as a planar disk. A plurality of continuous planar surfaces, each representing a single image point, may be assembled to form a three-dimensional body, representing a seismic gather of image points. The three-dimensional body may be displayed. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A device, system and method for performing a 3D interpolation in a 2D interpolation stage and a 1D interpolation stage to generate a refined geological-time. A 3D model may be obtained of a subsurface region defined by an initial geological-time in the past when particles in the subsurface region are determined to have been originally deposited. The stages of the 3D interpolation may include a 2D interpolation along one or more initial 2D reference horizon surfaces to generate one or more reshaped 2D reference horizon surfaces, and a 1D interpolation based on the initial geological-time along one or more 1D interpolation lines to generate a refined geological-time, wherein each 1D interpolation line is approximately orthogonal to the initial 2D reference horizon surfaces. The 3D model may be displayed according to the refined geological-time.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for noise attenuation. The method includes receiving seismic data associated with at least two vintages (di, dj) collected for a same subsurface, wherein the first and second vintages (di, dj) are taken at different times; calculating a set of filters (fi, fj) that minimizes an energy function (E), wherein the energy function (E) includes a term representing a 4D difference between the first and second vintages (di, dj); calculating primaries (pi, pj) corresponding to the first and second vintages (di, dj) based on the set of (fi, fj); and calculating a 4D difference (?ij) based on the primaries (pi, pj). The 4D difference (?ij) is minimized.

Abstract: A hydrophone free from internal leads and further including a stabilizing jacket is described. The hydrophone uses the metallic end caps of the stabilizing jacket to complete the circuit thereby eliminating the need for internal leads. Further, the stabilizing jacket results in a hydrophone configuration that can withstand harsher conditions while nonetheless providing excellent detection capabilities.

Abstract: Current supplied to electrical submersible pumps in wells is monitored, and signal processing based on wavelet analysis and phase diagram analysis is performed on the data obtained from monitoring. An incipient malfunction of the electrical submersible pump, such as one due to scale build-up in and around the pump, can be detected at an early stage.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved method of identifying which electrical conductor is supplying a signaling-point that is located on that conductor, in the electrical grid. The present invention makes the identification by measuring currents flowing into and out of a common connection-point, such as a power bus, and analyzing concurrent portions of these currents to determine whether they are ingress-current or egress-current over the analysis-intervals, and by a subsequent intra-bus and inter-bus analysis of the ingress/egress patterns. This is in contrast to prior art systems that rely on the measurement of signal strength, an approach that does not take best advantage of information in the signal because it fails to consider polarity of instantaneous voltages, reflective of the direction of current flow, or the intra-bus and inter-bus ingress/egress current-relationships.

Abstract: A capacitive detection system including an upper electrode printed on an upper film layer and a lower electrode printed on a lower film layer. The system includes a plurality of nodes of dielectric material printed in a spaced apart pattern on the lower film layer. The upper film layer is positioned over the lower film layer so that when a downward force is applied to the upper film layer the distance between at least a portion of the upper conductor and the lower conductor decreases. The system includes a controller operatively connected to the upper and lower electrodes. The controller includes a sensing circuit or processor configured to detect the presence of the occupant using a measure of the capacitance between the upper and lower electrode.

Abstract: An electromagnetic (EM) receiver system for measuring EM signals. The EM receiver system includes a platform; a coil for measuring EM signals; and first to third suspension mechanisms located between the platform and the coil so that the coil oscillates relative to the platform, and the first to third suspension mechanisms attenuate motion induced noise introduced by towing the receiver system above ground.

Abstract: An electromagnetic energy source for emitting pulses of electromagnetic energy includes a sonde assembly having a first section axially aligned with, and spaced from, a second section. An energy storage capacitor includes an electrode mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and operable to generate an electric field. A capacitive charge storage medium is mounted in each of the first section and the second section of the sonde assembly and surrounds each electrode, where the capacitive charge storage medium is a giant dielectrics and giant permeability ferrite. A fast-closing switch is located between the first and second sections of the sonde assembly.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for investigating a downhole formation using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tool. While the tool is moving through the borehole, the formation is magnetized and resulting signals are obtained. In accordance with the present approach, the acquired signals can be resolved azimuthally and/or laterally and can be reconstructed to obtain an indication of a parameter of the formation at multiple locations along the length of the borehole.

Abstract: A method for generating a porosity log for a reservoir in an organic shale. The method includes receiving data representing one or more parameters in a reservoir in an organic shale. At least one of the parameters includes porosity. By stochastically inverting the data, a distribution of porobodon features is estimated that matches an observed pulse decay curve. The porosity data relates to petrophysical restrictions on at least one of the porobodon features.

Abstract: Various resistivity logging tools, systems, and methods are disclosed. At least some system embodiments include a logging tool and at least one processor. The logging tool provides transmitter-receiver coupling measurements that include at least direct coupling along the longitudinal tool axis (Czz), direct coupling along the perpendicular axis (Cxx or Cyy), and cross coupling along the longitudinal and perpendicular axes (Cxz, Cyz, Czx, or Czy). The processor combines a plurality of the coupling measurements to obtain inversion parameters. Based at least in part on the inversion parameter, the processor performs an inversion process to determine a vertical conductivity and, based in part on the vertical conductivity, determines borehole corrected values for said transmitter-receiver coupling measurements. One or more of the borehole corrected values can be provided as a function of borehole position.

Abstract: The wettability of a formation may be estimated using a multi-frequency dielectric measurement tool. Multi-frequency dielectric dispersion measurements are made using the multi-frequency dielectric measurement tool on a sample. The bulk density and the total porosity of the sample are also otherwise acquired. The bulk density, matrix permittivity, total porosity, and multi-frequency dielectric dispersion measurements are input into a petrophysical dielectric model and the petrophysical dielectric model is applied to obtain inversion results. A wettability state of the sample is determined using the inversion results and one or more reservoir management decisions are made based on the determined wettability state of the sample. A non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium may be provided that has stored on it one or more programs that provide instructions.

Abstract: A gravimeter for measuring the gravitational field of the Earth without an inertial reference comprises accelerometer pairs disposed on a platform where the sensitive axis of each accelerometer is arranged on the platform to measure plumb gravity. At least one accelerometer pair is spatially configured to define a baseline therebetween. The gravimeter is positioned so that the baseline is maintained parallel to a linear survey path. Each accelerometer outputs a signal representative of the sum total of the accelerations detected, including accelerations due to gravity and kinematic accelerations of the host vehicle and mounting structure. A processor subtracts the accelerometer pair outputs for common-mode rejection determination of a down gravity gradient and combines with a direct plumb gravity measurement to obtain an enhanced gravity data output that is not subject to frequency limits attributed to the performance limitations of inertial reference devices.

Abstract: Among other things, one or more systems and/or techniques for improving performance of a dispensing system are provided herein. The dispensing system may comprise an emitter and a detector. The emitter may be configured to transmit light (e.g., and/or one or more other signals). The detector may be configured to measure light, for example. The detector may determine a first measurement of light while the emitter is not transmitting light. The detector may determine a second measurement of light responsive to the emitter transmitting light. The detector may determine a third measurement of light based upon a comparison of the first measurement of light with the second measurement of light. The detector may be direct current (DC) coupled while determining the third measurement of light.

Abstract: Differing from conventional optical sensing device used in smart phones often lacks self-calibration function, a novel proximity sensing device having self-calibration function is disclosed by the present invention, and comprises: a driving module, a lighting element, a first a light receiving module, a conversion module, a judge circuit, a synchronous sequential module, an analog front-end module, and an analog-to-digital convertor. When executing a noise calibration process, a sensing signal outputted from the first light receiving module is converted to a voltage signal by the conversion signal comprising a signal-amplifying MOSFET, a current mirror circuit, N number of cascode MOSFET pairs, and a current-to-voltage converting resistor. After that, the voltage is transmitted to the judge circuit, and then the noise calibration process would be completed under the cooperation of the judge circuit, the synchronous sequential module, and the analog front-end module.

Abstract: An inspection system to measure the condition of at least a wall of a ground opening, the inspection system having a head unit for lowering into a borehole during a data collection phase wherein at least one set of test data is collected concerning one or more physical characteristics of the borehole during the data collection phase, the head unit having an internal measurement system and a sensor arrangement with a plurality of sensors facing radially outwardly of a head axis that is generally parallel to at least a portion of a borehole axis, the plurality of sensors allowing the head unit to be moved during the data collection phase without rotation about the head axis, the plurality of sensors at least partially producing the at least one set of test data collected during the data collection phase.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the processing of well data obtained from a completed wellbore. This processing comprises receiving initial well data comprising at least one lithologic segment, each segment representing a lithologic layer each of which comprises a line of inclination or a surface of inclination. This processing furthermore comprises converting the initial well data into restored well data; and delivering the restored well data. The conversion of the initial well data comprises, for each lithologic segment, projecting said lithologic segment onto a normal to the line of inclination or to the surface of inclination to form a projected lithologic segment, and the concatenation of at least one projected lithologic segment to form restored well data.

Abstract: In some aspects, the present disclosure includes systems and methods for modeling a fracturing operation in a subsurface formation. The method includes generating an earth model of the subsurface formation, wherein the earth model is generated considering unstructured gridding; generating a fracture model of the subsurface formation based, at least in part, on the earth model of the subsurface formation, and wherein the fracture model is generated considering unstructured gridding; and performing a reservoir simulation of at least one reservoir in the subsurface formation based, at least in part, on the earth model and the fracture model, wherein the reservoir simulation is performed using unstructured gridding.

Abstract: A sensor based system for capturing localized weather data and a server system for communicating with a plurality of reporting and recipient mobile communication devices. The communication devices are enabled to capture additional weather information to supplement the sensor based system.

Abstract: Provided are methods, devices, and non-transitory computer readable storage mediums to generate a weather timeline such as a succession of weather information on a continuous time scale. For example, a timeline may include first weather information associated with a first time in a first territorial location, second weather information associated with a second time, and third weather information associated with a third time. At least one of the first, second and third weather information may comprise a forecasted weather value indicative of a probability of having a specific type of precipitation at a specific intensity. A weather timeline may follow a specific location (e.g. city, town, any region with a definite boundary), a specific weather event (e.g. a specific precipitation type, a specific temperature level, a specific wind intensity), and/or a specific user.

Abstract: A photochromic polyurethane laminate wherein the photochromic polyurethane layer of the laminate has been crosslinked with an isocyanate-active prepolymer using a crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agent is formulated to have at least three functional groups that are reactive with functional groups of the polyurethane or of the isocyanate-active prepolymer. A method of making the photochromic polyurethane laminate includes steps of causing the crosslinking.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a resin composition for a polarizer protective film, a polarizer protective film, a polarizing plate including the same, and a preparation method of a polarizing plate, and, more specifically, to a resin composition for a polarizer protective film and a polarizer protective film exhibiting high hardness and excellent properties, a polarizing plate including the same, and a preparation method of a polarizing plate. According to the polarizing plate of the present invention, it can be usefully utilized in various fields because of its excellent hardness, flexibility, and optical properties.

Abstract: A display device having a display element, such as a light-emitting device or a light-reflecting device, such as a MEMS device, and a glass touch panel covering the display element, the outer surface of the panel being textured. The panel is thin, having a thickness of 1.1 mm or less between the inner and outer surfaces.

Abstract: Provided is an anisotropic optical film, which can, while keeping excellent display characteristics (e.g., brightness and contrast) in the direction of a viewing angle, suppress decreased display characteristics in the other directions, when the anisotropic optical film is used as a diffusion film of a display panel.

Abstract: A cover glass assembly comprises a sheet having a first surface and a second surface below the first surface. The second surface comprises a textured portion. The cover glass assembly also includes a pigment layer below the textured portion, and a mirror layer below the pigment layer. The textured portion diffusely reflects a first portion of light that enters the cover glass assembly through the first surface. The pigment layer diffusely reflects a second portion of the light. The mirror layer reflects, onto the pigment layer, a third portion of the light. The cover glass assembly provides a high-luminance surface. A method of forming the cover glass assembly is also disclosed.

Abstract: A retroreflective device securable to a highway by bonding thereto preferably with a viscous strip applied to the highway prior to solidifying cure of the strip includes a generally globular glass central member, a desirably pigmented adhesive layer over the central member and a plurality of peripheral globular glass members connected to the central member by the pigmented adhesive layer. A method for fabricating the retroreflective device is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display exhibiting high anti-counterfeiting effects and special visual effects. The display of the present invention includes a relief structure-forming layer having a plurality of relief structure-forming areas that are provided on one principal surface side of a light transmissive base, a light reflection layer covering at least a part of the relief structure-forming layer, and a light scattering layer provided on a light reflection layer side of the relief structure-forming layer. The plurality of relief structure-forming areas have a plurality of convexities or a plurality of concavities having a first surface substantially parallel to the principal surface and a second surface substantially parallel to the first surface.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed comprising an optical filter array including an array of optical filter elements; wherein each optical filter element has opposing mutually parallel principal faces connected by sidewalls including at least one pair of opposing trapezoidal sidewalls and at least one pair of opposing sidewalls that are not mutually parallel; and wherein the opposing mutually parallel principal faces of the filter elements collectively define optical entrance and exit apertures of the optical filter array and include interference filters. Further disclosed is a method of illuminating such a filter array.

Abstract: A display apparatus may include a back light unit including a light source and a selective light absorption sheet configured to absorb light of a predetermined wavelength range among light emitted from the light source and an image forming unit configured to transmit or block light emitted from the back light unit to form an image. The selective light absorption sheet may include a selective light absorption film configured to absorb light of a predetermined wavelength range among light emitted from the light source, at least one light blocking film configured to absorb at least one of UV light and IR light, and at least one barrier film configured to block at least one of oxygen and moisture.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a near-infrared shielding film having low initial haze and resistance to haze increase in weathering tests, to provide a method for producing such a near-infrared shielding film, and to provide a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition. The near-infrared shielding film of the present invention includes a transparent substrate and a component layer that is provided on at least one surface of the substrate and includes, as compounds, resin A shown below, at least one of resin B or C shown below, and oxide fine particles D shown below. Resin A: A resin having an acid value of less than 0.5 mgKOH/g and a hydroxy value of 5 to 60 mgKOH/g Resin B: A resin having an acid value of 1 to 60 mgKOH/g Resin C: A resin having an acid value of at least 1 mgKOH/g and a hydroxy value of 5 to 60 mgKOH/g Oxide fine particles D: Tungsten oxide fine particles or composite tungsten oxide fine particles.

Abstract: A polarizing plate includes: a bonding layer; a polarizer on a first surface of the bonding layer; and a polarizer protective film on a second surface of the bonding layer, and a ratio (?1/?3) of a measured tensile modulus (?1), in a transverse direction (TD), of the polarizing plate to a sum (?3) of a measured thickness (?1) of the polarizer and a measured thickness (?2) of the polarizer protective film is greater than 0.27 and less than 0.50, and a ratio (?2/?3) of a measured tensile modulus (?2), in the TD, of the polarizer to a measured tensile modulus (?3), in the TD, of the polarizer protective film is greater than 0 and less than 0.2.

Abstract: Provided are a pressure-sensitive adhesive optical film, a crosslinkable composition, and a display device. A pressure-sensitive adhesive layer using a polymer component exhibiting excellent crosslinking efficiency even at a low molecular weight to exhibit excellent workability, durability and dimension stability, and the optical film to which such a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is applied may be provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polarizing plate including a polarizer and a polyester film formed on an upper side of the polarizer, wherein the polyester film has a maximum thermal shrink angle of about 10° or less, and any one of a refractive index of x-axis direction nx at a wavelength of 550 nm and a refractive index of y-axis direction ny at a wavelength of 550 nm of about 1.65 or more; a method of preparing the polarizing plate; and a liquid crystal display apparatus comprising the polarizing plate.