Abstract: A medical system comprises an image capture probe having a camera at its tip, a sensor system, and a processor. The processor is configured to receive an image from the camera when the image capture probe is located within an anatomic region of a patient anatomy; identify the tip's position based on information received from the sensor system; identify a tissue structure in the image; and define a subregion of a model of the anatomic region that corresponds to an area surrounding the tip. The processor is configured to compare the tissue structure to at least a portion of virtual tissue structures in the subregion to identify a best matched virtual tissue structure. The processor is configured to register the image to the model based on identification of the best matched virtual tissue structure to identify a virtual probe position for the tip with respect to the model.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for respiration-controlled virtual experiences. In an embodiment, a controller presents a virtual experience via a user interface that is perceptible to a user. The controller receives a respiration-data stream from a respiration device with which the user is operably engaged. The respiration-data stream includes one or more respiration-parameter values of one or more respiration parameters associated with ongoing respiration of the user. The controller updates the virtual experience based at least in part on the one or more respiration-parameter values in the respiration-data stream. The virtual experience includes a plurality of sequential phases that have an associated phase sequence. Among the sequential phases is an active-induction phase that corresponds in time to the user receiving anesthetic induction via the respiration device, as well as one or more phases that each precede the active-induction phase.

Abstract: A sensor system is for determining a breathing type of a subject. It has first and second electromagnetic radiation (e.g. optical) sensors, for example PPG sensors. The sensors are for application to the skin of the subject at different sensor locations. The signals from the first and second sensors are analyzed to determine if there is predominantly a first breathing type (e.g. chest breathing) or predominantly a second breathing type (e.g. belly breathing), or a mixture of the first and second breathing types.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of medical monitoring, and in particular non-contact video monitoring to measure tidal volume of a patient. Systems, methods, and computer readable media are described for determining a region of interest of a patient and monitoring that region of interest to determine tidal volume of the patient. This may be accomplished using a depth sensing camera to monitor a patient and determine how their chest and/or other body parts are moving as the patient breathes. This sensing of movement can be used to determine the tidal volume measurement.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods are described for visualizing the anatomy of a patient. An expanding portion is configured to expand towards the tissue walls of a body space and be visible with one or more visualization instruments. Systems and methods are described which advance a probe from a first vessel toward a target in a second vessel.

Abstract: An orifice-expanding device for measuring an expanded heart valve. The device includes a proximal handle having a shaft and an orifice-expanding device with a hub mounted to a distal end of the shaft and a plurality of arms evenly spaced around the axis and connected to the hub and extending therefrom in a distal direction to distal ends of the arms. The distal end of each arm has an expanding portion with an outer surface, the expanding portions being configured to move radially outward with respect to each other, wherein expansion of the expanding portions causes the distal ends of the arms to flex outward. A pressure-measuring device measures a pressure applied to the aortic valve annulus, and a size-measuring device measures a dimension of the aortic valve annulus after the annulus has been expanded.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for performing the method are disclosed. The method includes obtaining cardiac output power data on a user; obtaining kinetic data characterizing physical exercise intensity of the physical exercise performed by the user; detecting that a measured cardiac output power exceeds a first threshold or that physical exercise intensity changes according to a rate exceeding a second threshold; upon the detecting, determining a synthetic cardiac output power parameter based at least partly on the kinetic data; and outputting the synthetic cardiac output power parameter.

Abstract: A wearable device and a method for monitoring a movement state by using the same are disclosed. A sensor is provided in the wearable device. The method comprises: controlling the sensor to collect movement data of a user when a monitoring process starts; extracting one or more features for identifying the movement state of the user from the movement data to obtain test data; and matching the test data with stored template data representing predetermined movement states, to obtain template data that successfully match the test data, and determining occurrence of a movement state corresponding to the matched template data associated with the test data.

Abstract: Methods for a touchscreen-based hand dexterity test are provided. In one aspect, a method includes providing for display, on a touchscreen, a model path. The method also includes receiving, from the touchscreen, a plurality of user touch points. The method also includes fitting the plurality of user touch points to a user path. The method also includes sampling an array of user points along the user path and sampling an array of model points along the model path. The method also includes associating each model point in the array of model points with a corresponding user point in the array of user points, wherein the associating enforces a perpendicularity constraint. The method also includes determining a test result based on the associating. Systems and machine-readable media are also provided.

Abstract: A computer implemented method for detecting an attempt to spoof and facial recognitions apparatus determines for a plurality of spatially separated regions of a surface, a respective measure of at least one vital sign. A determination is made from the respective measures of at least one vital sign, homogeneity information associated with the respective measures, the homogeneity information is used to determine if said spatially separate regions of said surface are living tissue.

Abstract: An audiometer is provided which has: a main body section; and multiple sets of a headphone section and a response operation section, wherein the main body section performs wireless communication with the headphone section and performs wireless communication with the response operation section independently of the wireless communication with the headphone section, thereby supplying a test sound output command to the headphone section to cause the headphone section to output the test sound and receiving information on operation by a subject from the response operation section, and performs the wireless communication with the headphone section and the response operation section of each set by a time-division multiplexing system.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for user-dependent conditioning of stimuli in tests to elicit user responses to variations of one or more adaptive parameters of a user stimulus signal. The user stimulus signal is generated based on first and second adaptive parameters. The first adaptive parameter is modified to thereby generate a plurality of successive variations in the user stimulus signal, over one or more ranges of values of the second adaptive parameter. In response to modifying the first adaptive parameter, a plurality of user responses from a given user are received. Each user response indicates that one of the plurality of successive variations in the user stimulus signal has occurred. Based on an expected user response curve for the given user and a calculated time interval between successive user responses, an instantaneous rate of change for modifying the first adaptive parameter is adjusted such that the user responses are steered toward a neutral state around the expected user response curve.

Abstract: A method of non-invasively monitoring advanced glycation end-product (AGE) concentrations includes providing incident light to patient tissue at one or more excitation wavelengths and monitoring the one or more emission responses at one or more emission wavelengths. Based on the emission responses monitored, a ratio is calculated based on a ratio of the first emission response to the second emission response.

Abstract: A method and device for optical detection of Kawasaki disease and of the treatment result of Kawasaki disease are provided. At least three light waves of different wavelengths are propagated through a to-be-detected body portion of a healthy subject and a to-be-detected body portion of a person with (or suspected of) Kawasaki disease and are received after absorption, and hence attenuation, by tissues in the respective to-be-detected body portions. Attenuation of the light waves is compared against the absorption spectrum of human tissues to obtain the hemoglobin levels and water contents of the to-be-detected body portions. The hemoglobin level and water content of the person with (or suspected of) Kawasaki disease are compared with those of the healthy subject respectively so that a medical professional can evaluate the treatment result of (or diagnosis) Kawasaki disease according to the differences obtained as well as clinical experience.

Abstract: Sensor devices including dissolvable tissue-piercing tips are provided. The sensor devices can be used in conjunction with dissolvable needles configured for inserting the sensor devices into a host. Hardening agents for strengthening membranes on sensor devices are also provided. Methods of using and fabricating sensor devices are also provided.

Abstract: Method and system for providing analyte sensor alignment and retention mechanism for improved connectivity with a transmitter unit for electrical connection, and further including transmitter unit contact pins with metal components to improve electrical conductivity with the analyte sensor in an analyte monitoring and management system is provided.

Abstract: An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte.

Abstract: A method of non-invasively monitoring hemoglobin concentration includes providing incident light to patient tissue at a first excitation wavelength. The method further includes monitoring a first emission response at a first emission wavelength, wherein the first emission wavelength is selected to correspond with a maximum of the emission response, and monitoring a second emission response at a second emission wavelength, wherein the second emission wavelength is selected to correspond with a minimum of the emission response. A hemoglobin concentration is calculated based on a ratio of the first emission response to the second emission response.

Abstract: A method of non-invasively monitoring hematocrit levels includes monitoring a first emission response to the light provided at the first excitation wavelength, wherein the first emission response is monitored at a first wavelength and monitoring a second emission response to the light provided at the first excitation wavelength, wherein the second zemission response is monitored at a second wavelength. A ratiometric value is calculated based on a ratio of the first emission response to the second emission response, wherein the ratiometric value corresponds with hematocrit level of the patient.

Abstract: A potentiometric sensor that includes a housing and working electrode is provided. The housing includes a reference electrode, a first hydrogel containing hydrogel that contains a reference solution, and a salt bridge. The sensor is wearable and can be used for continuous on-body sweat measurements.

Abstract: The invention encompasses novel methods of operating electrochemical sensors such as aptamer-based sensors to analyze complex samples, such as flowing whole blood both in vitro or in vivo. In such environments, electrochemical sensors are often subject to drift, which complicates the interpretation of sensor output in terms of target concentration. The method of the invention utilizes a dual-reporter recognition element that generates a first, sensing current that is responsive to target binding and to environmental factors and a second, reference current that is only affected by environmental factors. The reference current provides information about environmentally-induced drift, which allows the drift effect to be subtracted out. By removing drift artifacts, electrochemical sensors may be deployed to analyze complex samples, such as whole blood, in vivo.

Abstract: Disclosed are devices, arrangements and methods for quantifying the concentration of an analyte present in bodily fluid, including: an assay pad having at least one chemical reagent capable of producing a detectable signal in the form of a reaction spot upon reaction with the analyte; a light source; a detector array; a processor; and a memory in communication with the processor, the memory comprising: (a) at least one value indicative of one or more of: (i) the level of hematocrit contained in the sample; (ii) the volume of the sample applied to the assay pad; or (iii) imperfections present in the reaction spot; and (b) at least one algorithm for calculating the concentration of the analyte contained in the sample.

Abstract: A blood collection assembly to facilitate the assay of a blood sample, comprising: (i) an absorptive media configured to collect and release the blood sample, (ii) a cartridge defining a cavity and a blood-sampling end configured to hold the absorptive media against a dermal membrane containing the blood sample; (iii) a lancet disposed within the cavity and having a lance at one end thereof; and (iv) a plunger configured to extend and retract the lancet through the absorptive media to lance the dermal membrane and collect the blood sample within the absorptive media. The cartridge containing the blood-filled, absorptive media is configured to be placed into a blood assay device for extraction of the blood sample from the absorptive media.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a housing, a flow control mechanism, and an actuator. At least a portion of the flow control mechanism is movably disposed within the housing. The apparatus further includes an inlet port and an outlet port, and defines a fluid reservoir. The outlet port is fluidically coupled to a second fluid reservoir and is fluidically isolated from the first fluid reservoir. The actuator is configured to move the flow control mechanism between a first configuration, in which the inlet port is placed in fluid communication with the fluid reservoir such that the fluid reservoir receives a first flow of bodily-fluid, and a second configuration, in which the inlet port is placed in fluid communication with the outlet port.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide bladder fullness monitoring systems and associated methods for such monitoring. One includes a controller and an active optical sensor that is affixed to a patient's bladder. The sensor emits light onto the bladder and further detects light reflected from the bladder, in order to generate an output signal that indicates an amount of emitted light was reflected back to the detector. The controller is coupled to the optical sensor to receive and interpret the output signals, e.g., to determine when the bladder is full. The controller may be operatively coupled to a urinary control apparatus which uses the output signals to trigger urination in patients who have lost the ability to voluntarily urinate. Embodiments are particularly useful for monitoring bladder fullness in patients who have lost bladder sensation and/or the ability to voluntary urinate and rely on a urinary control apparatus in order to urinate.

Abstract: The present invention concerns the field of medical technology and relates to a device for the measurement, diagnosis, and/or therapy of the strength of the human finger, hand, arm, and/or shoulder, as can for example be used to measure bending strength. The object of the invention is to specify a device with which a multi-functional measurement, diagnosis, and/or therapy of the strength of the human finger, hand, arm, and/or shoulder is possible on one device. The object is attained by a device composed at least of a base plate and force-measuring sensors, of which at least one sensor comprises a puller bolt passing therethrough and this force-measuring sensor is positioned in a stationary manner on one side of the base plate and is connected to an actuation part in a force-fit via the puller bolt, furthermore in the region of the base plate a guide for additional force-measuring sensors is present and movable auxiliary devices can also be present.

Abstract: In one aspect, the disclosure features methods for estimating a vestibular function of a subject. The methods include moving the subject along a first direction parallel to the direction of gravity, receiving a first input set from the subject, the first input set indicating the subject's perception of the first direction, and estimating a first parameter related to a first vestibular function of the subject based on the first input. The methods further includes changing an orientation of the subject with respect to the earth, moving the subject along a second direction after changing the orientation of the subject, and receiving a second input set from the subject, the second input set indicating the subject's perception of the second direction.

Abstract: Systems and methods for assessing ocular cyclotorsion are provided utilizing an inter-aural axis location assembly, with a first gyroscope connected to the inter-aural axis location assembly, and a camera assembly for retinal imaging, with a second gyroscope connected to the camera assembly. A processor is utilized to calculate angles between the disc-foveal line, skull-horizontal axis, and earth-horizontal axis for use in determining ocular cyclotorsion, and the determinations or calculations may be used to generate a diagnostic report that may be provided via an output device.

Abstract: A feedback device for measuring pressure related information, and for providing that information in a way that is useful to the wearer of the device. At least one sensor detects pressure information and transmits at least one pressure information signal to a signal processing subsystem. The signal processing subsystem converts the received pressure information signal into at least one stimulation control signal. The signal processing subsystem then transmits the stimulation control signal to at least one stimulator, which provides stimulation to a wearer of the device reflecting the stimulation control signal received from the signal processing subsystem.

Abstract: Systems and methods for tracking EEG data and providing enhanced seizure detection and prediction are disclosed. The systems and methods use input sensors for receiving and collecting data from a plurality of EEG channels in association with a subject and processing said data to calculate and average Lyapunov exponents for a composite EEG data set. The systems and methods convert the average Lyapunov exponents into graphical representations that are displayed against a time axis. The graphical output adjusts in real-time according to the input data obtained from EEG channels. The systems and methods utilize pattern recognition to output alarms based upon input data and recommend diagnoses related to seizures.

Abstract: A swallowing diagnosis apparatus includes a controller which enables a first swallowing determination process of determining whether or not there is an aspiration risk in the swallowing on the basis of respiratory phases before and after a period in which swallowing has been estimated as having occurred; and a second swallowing determination process of extracting reference information including at least one of the sound information and the respiration information in a predetermined period including the period in which swallowing has been estimated as having occurred, obtaining a feature quantity from the extracted reference information, and performing a machine learning process on the obtained feature quantity to determine whether or not there is a possibility of dysphagia in the swallowing; and a display control process of causing a determination result obtained by the first swallowing determination process and a determination result obtained by the second swallowing determination process to be displayed.

Abstract: Presented is a device (100), comprising: a means for attaching the device to an image recording device; a mechanical means configured for applying a pre-defined pressure to skin such that skin is deformed under the pre-defined pressure; and wherein the mechanical means is adapted such that an image of the deformed skin can be recorded by the image recording device when the device is attached to the image recording device. Further, a system and a method for determining skin elasticity is presented.

Abstract: Social media databases are minded for data related to a subject person. The data in indicative of a level of ultraviolet light exposure of the subject person. An ultraviolet violet exposure profile for the subject person is generated based upon the data and a health assessment report provided. The data may include timestamped images of the subject person and other related persons. The skin characteristics within images are analyzed to determine an ultraviolet light exposure level for the subject person from each image. The skin characteristics may include skin color, freckling and blemishing. The ultraviolet light exposure profile may be developed over an extended interval based upon the image timestamps. The health report may be used to mitigate risks, such as skin cancer, associated with exposure to ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A skin inspection device for identifying abnormalities; the device comprising: a transparent panel having an inspection area; an array of thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) formations provided on the transparent panel which are operable to change colour in response to a change of temperature; and one or more image capture devices for capturing a colour image of the TLC formations and an area of skin of a target located in the inspection area; the captured colour image being analysed to identify abnormalities in the area of skin.

Abstract: A method, system, and device for measuring and evaluating hair loss over time is disclosed. A instrumented comb device includes a power source, a controller, and associated sensors. The controller receives signals from the sensors, including a contact sensor to detect contact with a scalp and obtain a hair count, and a magnetic compass to determine location on the scalp. The controller includes one or more processors that acquire and record the detected contact information and determined location information as the comb device is stroked over a scalp, and measure hair density based on the contact information and location information. The instrumented comb can communicate with a remote information system or a mobile device for auxiliary processing and display. Machine learning of the remote information system allows for recognizing hair density or prediction of future trends in hair density over time using data recorded by the sensors.

Abstract: An instrumented comb, including bristles protruding from the handle, the bristles spaced apart from each other such that a first set of two or more bristles are spaced by a first distance, a second set of two or more bristles are spaced by a second distance, and a third set of two or more bristles are spaced by a third distance, wherein the third distance is greater than the second distance and the second distance is greater than the first distance. The comb includes a controller receiving signals from: a contact sensor to detect contact with a scalp, and a magnetic compass to determine location on the scalp. The comb uses the signals to record the detected contact information and determined location information as the comb undergoes a brushing gesture over a scalp, measure hair density based on the contact information and location information, and output the measured hair density.

Abstract: The current invention relates to an integrated device suitable for measuring the difference between a strain in a ligament at a first point in time and said strain at a second point in time, said integrated device comprising: a ligament-attaching element adapted to be fastened on said ligament; a slider module adapted to be fastened on said ligament near said first ligament-attaching element, said slider module comprising a slider guiding channel; a slider comprising a distal slider end and a proximal slider end, said distal slider end fastened on said ligament-attaching element, said proximal slider end guided in said slider guiding channel; a sensor configured to measure a strain-indicating parameter representing a position of said proximal slider end for obtaining said difference between said strain in said ligament at said first point in time and said strain at said second point in time, wherein said sensor comprises a Hall sensor which converts a position of said proximal slider end into a conditioned el

Abstract: Some embodiments provide systems, assemblies, and methods of analyzing patient anatomy including providing an analysis of a patient's spine. The systems, assemblies, and/or methods can include obtaining initial patient data, and acquiring spinal alignment contour information. Further, the systems, assemblies, and/or methods can assess localized anatomical features of the patient, and obtain anatomical region data. The system, assemblies, and/or method can analyze the localized anatomy and therapeutic device location and contouring. Further, the system, assemblies, and/or method can output localized anatomical analyses and therapeutic device contouring data and/or imagery on a display.

Abstract: The present invention addresses the problem of providing a system and a method for noninvasively and conveniently diagnosing difficult-to-diagnose chronic pain-related diseases and/or diseases requiring differentiation from the chronic pain-related diseases. The problem was solved by providing a method for obtaining an indicator for determining the presence and/or type of a chronic pain-related disease and/or disease requiring differentiation from chronic pain-related diseases, the method comprising: (a) performing an offset measurement test of pain on a subject that does not suffer from a neurological disorder; (b) analyzing the results obtained from the test in (a); and (c) comparing the analysis results obtained in (b) with a reference value.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided for determining an intimate activity has occurred based on data collected with a radar detection device. Data relating to sleep patterns, such as of a sleep study participant, may be collected with a radar detection device in close proximity to a bed or other reference point. The data may be processed to determine occurrence of intimate activities, based on detected movements and/or positions of body profiles relative to each other and/or to a common reference point. The data corresponding to intimate activities may therefore be appropriately processed, such as by being excluded from the sleep record data to provide privacy to a user.

Abstract: A monitoring system for infant includes image sensors, a face region determination module, a human face identification module, a non-contact physiological information measurement module and a physiological information determination module. The image sensors are configured to capture images consecutively. The face region determination module is configured to determine whether images include a face region. When not include, the face region determination module outputs a first warning information and when include, the human face identification module is configured to identify a monitored person in images to extract the historical information. The non-contact physiological information measurement module is configured to calculate color difference of each pixel of the face region, output heartbeat waveform and calculate physiological information.

Abstract: Apparatus worn by a person, methods, and support system for monitoring physiological parameters of the person, providing timely, actionable information to prevent death due to overdose, and, through social or professional influences, may cause life-saving changes in behavior. The apparatus sends alerts to the person via audible or tactile means, and to concerned others, that drug usage, drug overdose, or other critical medical condition has likely occurred. Alerts to concerned others include geographical information indicating where the person is, so that medical assistance personnel may find the person. Geographical information includes latitude, longitude, the translation of latitude and longitude into a street address, and elevation information indicating on which floor in a building the person is.

Abstract: A medical device including a probe configured to be orally inserted into a lumen extending into the thorax of the subject, a plurality of electrodes, and a control circuit. The probe includes a first electrode. The plurality of electrodes includes at least one second electrode and at least one third electrode configured to be disposed externally on the thorax of the subject on a first side of a sternum of the subject and a second side of the sternum of the subject, respectively, the second side opposite the first side. The control circuit is electrically coupled to the first electrode and the at least one second and third electrodes and configured to measure an impedance between the first electrode and each of the at least one second and third electrodes and determine a ratio of arterial blood volume relative to venous blood volume based upon the measured impedance.

Abstract: A fixed-sensor finger action detecting glove has a glove body, five covering sheets, five fixing bases, five sensors, and five fixing assemblies. A side of the glove body forms a hand back section and five finger back sections. The covering sheet is mounted on the finger back section and forms a passage. The fixing base is made from a flexible material, is mounted through the passage, and has two limiting walls. The sensor is located in the passage between the two limiting walls, preventing the sensor from deviating. The fixing assembly is mounted between an end of the sensor and an end of the finger back section, detachably connects the sensor and the finger back section, and prevents the sensor from moving back and forth. Thus, the fixed-sensor finger action detecting glove is capable of detecting actions of the fingers precisely.

Abstract: Articles of footwear and other devices include modules, e.g., for sensing physical and/or physiological characteristics associated with use of the footwear or other devices. Such devices may include an authentication or activation system for providing power or otherwise determining the connection of a sensor in the article of footwear.

Abstract: A vaginal ring sensor device adapted to be placed within the vaginal vault of a user, the device including a ring body, at least one through hole that passes through the ring body, and at least one biosensor structured and arranged to sense and/or measure a parameter of vaginal fluid as such fluid passes through the at least one through hole.

Abstract: A medical system includes a shaft, multiple ultrasound transducers and a processor. The shaft is configured for insertion into an intra-body cavity of a patient. The multiple ultrasound transducers, which are distributed over splines that form a basket catheter at a distal end of the shaft, are configured to transmit ultrasonic signals in the intra-body cavity and to receive echo signals in response to the ultrasonic signals. The processor is configured to calculate a surface of the intra-body cavity by processing the echo signals using an ellipsoidal back-projection method, which reconstructs ultrasound-wave reflecting surfaces by performing at least one of applying back-projection summation over sub-sets of scattered echo signals distributed over respective sub-sets of constructed ellipsoids and applying a non-linear minimum operator over each of the sub-sets of distributed echo signals to generate a respective minimum value for each sub-set.

Abstract: Gastric resident electronics, devices, systems, and related methods are generally provided. Some embodiments comprise administering (e.g., orally) an (electronic) resident structure to a subject (e.g., a patient) such that the (electronic) resident structure is retained at a location internal to the subject for a particular amount of time (e.g., at least about 24 hours) before exiting said location internal to the subject. In some embodiments, the resident structure is a gastric resident electronic. That is to say, in some embodiments, the resident structure is configured for relatively long gastric residence and comprises an electronic component. In some embodiments, the structures and components described herein may comprise one or more components configured for the delivery of an active substance(s) (e.g., a pharmaceutical agent) to the subject.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an oral cavity based device, system and toolkit which identifies the human or animal through the unique demarcations oral cavity.

Abstract: Hand held weight units of light weight manufactured as a solid unit, a shell unit with core insert combinations or modular units with interlocking ends. Shell units with core inserts and modular interlocking units allow for the changing of held weight by inserting or removing inserts or by locking or unlocking of modular weight unit sets creating varying held weight. The weight units are primarily used with upper body exercises during aerobic exercises in the home, outdoors, or in a gym setting such as walking or running to vary the intensity of workout during use.