Abstract: A bone fusion screw comprises a hollow elongated body having a longitudinal axis extending between a proximal end and an open distal tip. The body defines an inner chamber bounded by an inner surface of the body extending between the proximal end and the distal tip. The body includes threads formed along at least a portion of the outer surface. At least one wedge-shaped tooth extends axially distally from the distal tip. The tooth comprises a cutting edge for cutting bone as the body is rotated. An intermediate fluted portion adjacent the distal tip comprises at least one flute. The flute has a first end adjacent the tooth at the distal tip for assisting removal of bone cuttings from the cutting edge and a second end intersecting the threads along the body. The body defines a plurality of apertures opening into the chamber.

Abstract: A bone fastener includes a screw shaft having a proximal portion and a distal portion. The proximal portion is formed by a first manufacturing method and defines a distal face. The distal portion is formed onto the distal face by a second manufacturing method. In some embodiments, systems, spinal constructs, surgical instruments and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A tissue collection and processing system for collecting bone fragments and tissue aspirated from a bone. The tissue collection and processing system includes a collection vessel, a collection vessel cap, a processing cover, a first tubing and a fluid withdrawal mechanism. The collection vessel has an opening formed therein to receive bone fragments and tissue aspirated from the bone. The collection vessel cap is capable of engaging the collection vessel to substantially seal the opening. The collection vessel cap or the collection vessel has a first port. The processing cover has an upper surface and a lower surface. The processing cover has a connection port and a bore. The connection port is proximate the upper surface. The bore is fluidly connected to the connection port and extends toward the lower surface. The processing cover has a density that is less than a density of fluid in the aspirated bone fragments and tissue.

Abstract: Implementations described herein include a bone cement mixing and delivery device including a cylindrical container defines a chamber and has an injection passage disposed at the distal end thereof. A plug can be removably disposable in the injection passage. The mixing screw is rotatably disposable in the chamber and has a screw thread extending along an outer surface of the mixing screw as well as a return passage extending through the mixing screw from the proximal end to the distal end thereof. In a mixing mode of the device, a mixing rod engages and rotates the mixing screw about the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical container causing material disposed in the chamber to be moved distally and return to the proximal end of the chamber through the return passage of the mixing screw. In an injection mode of the device, the plug can be removed from the injection passage and an injection rod occludes the return passage of the mixing screw.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for reducing a vertebral compression fracture, comprising a superior end plate and an inferior end plate disposed along a vertical axis. The superior end plate and the inferior end plate are slidably separable in a vertical direction along the vertical axis. An interior chamber is provided in fluid communication with a port extending from an exterior to the interior chamber. The device is deployable within a vertebral body and expandable within the vertebral body by injecting a flowable material into the interior chamber thereby displacing the superior and inferior end plates along the vertical axis.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for reducing a vertebral compression fracture, comprising a superior end plate and an inferior end plate disposed along a vertical axis. The superior end plate and the inferior end plate are slidably separable in a vertical direction along the vertical axis. An interior chamber is provided in fluid communication with a port extending from an exterior to the interior chamber. The device is deployable within a vertebral body and expandable within the vertebral body by injecting a flowable material into the interior chamber thereby displacing the superior and inferior end plates along the vertical axis.

Abstract: Instruments for applying tension to a securing device, such as a cable or wire, for securing bones in place and fastening implants, such as plates, to bones. In some forms, the tensioning instrument is configured with minimal parts for ease of manufacturing and allowing single use applications. The instrument may include a pretensioning mechanism for applying desired preload before connecting a cable to be tensioned to the instrument. The instrument may be sized and configured to remain attached to a tensioned cable while other cables are connected to a bone. In another form, the instrument may be expandable to remove any slack from the securing device and apply tension thereto.

Abstract: An assembly includes a bone marrow aspiration adaptor (10), which includes a distal interface member (12) and a proximal interface member (14), which extend in opposite directions from a body (16). A lumen (18) extends through the distal interface member (12) and the proximal interface member (14). The proximal interface member (14) includes a fluid connector (22). A seal (24) is disposed in the distal interface member (12) inside the lumen (18).

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for treating pulmonary conditions, such as COPD and asthma, by denervating bronchial tissue using cryoablation. In one embodiment, a device for bronchial denervation comprises: an elongate body having a distal portion and a proximal portion opposite the distal portion; a treatment element at the distal portion of the elongate body; and a first recording electrode located distal to the treatment element and a second recording electrode located proximal to the treatment element, the first and second recording electrodes being configured to record electromyograms. In one embodiment, the device includes a fluid delivery element that is within the treatment element and that has a plurality of orifices aligned with an equatorial portion of the treatment element.

Abstract: A variable length interstitial probe apparatus includes: a probe for effecting thermal therapy and/or cryotherapy to a tissue; a flexible umbilical sheath permanently affixed to the probe, including at least one interface for supplying energy, cooling fluid, cooling gas, heating fluid, and/or heating gas to the probe; and an adjustable depth stop configured to slide along a length of a shaft region of the probe, and lock to the shaft region at a selected position. The adjustable depth stop is configured to engage a probe driver and/or a skull mount apparatus to stabilize positioning of the probe and to control a depth of entry of the probe into a patient. The probe may be configured to effect temperature modulation therapy, where processing circuitry activates a modulation pattern of thermal therapy emission and cryogenic therapy emission for applying a thermal dose to the tissue.

Abstract: A plasma generator is described comprising an elongate member having a distal end, a proximal end, and a lumen extending therethrough, the proximal end configured to be connectable to a source of an inert gas, a plasma generation tip disposed at the distal end of the elongate member, the plasma generation tip configured to be in electrical communication with a power source, and an activation switch configured to control generation of plasma at the plasma generation tip, wherein the plasma generator is configured to be operably connectable to a medical device.

Abstract: An electro-chemical surgical knife is detailed that in a single instrument provides both a chemically assisted mechanical dissector and an electrical knife. The chemically assisted mechanical dissector: includes a conductive mechanical instrument, a source, (7), of cleavage solution, a pump, (8), for feeding the cleavage solution to, a channel, (2), for transporting the cleavage solution to the operating location, and a flow controller, (8c), for controlling the volumetric feeding of cleavage solution by the pump to the channel inlet. The electric knife includes a source of high frequency AC electrical power, (5), for feeding AC current through an electric conductor, (3), to, an electrode, (6), formed by the conductive mechanical instrument and further comprises A second controller, (5c), for controlling the feeding of electric current to the electrode.

Abstract: A jaw assembly includes an electrically-conductive tissue-engaging structure, a jaw member including a support base, and a non-electrically conductive member including a first portion configured to engage the electrically-conductive tissue-engaging structure and a second portion configured to engage the support base of the jaw member. The non-electrically conductive member adapted to electrically isolate the electrically-conductive tissue-engaging structure from the jaw member. The electrically-conductive tissue-engaging structure and the non-electrically conductive member cooperatively define a longitudinally-oriented knife channel therethrough.

Abstract: Provided is a medical system comprising a medical device, a feature sensor and a logic controller or processor wherein the logic controller is configured to monitor or control an operation of the medical device in response to the input of the feature sensor. Also provided is a method of monitoring or controlling an operation of a medical device by a logic controller through a plurality of sensors. Further provided is a method of minimizing or preventing tissue sticking of an electrosurgical device during a medical procedure on a patient.

Abstract: A medical device includes a thermal source that generates heat, a base that has an outer surface and to which the heat from the thermal source is transferred, a first coating that contacts one part of the outer surface of the base and a second coating that is provided on the outer surface of the base, and is exposed and electrically conductive. The second coating supplies, a high-frequency current to an object to be treated. The medical device also includes a laminated portion that includes the first coating in the outer surface of the base extends and a portion of the second coating that is laminated on the first coating.

Abstract: A surgical instrument includes an end effector and a housing mechanically coupled to the end effector. The end effector includes a first actuating device configured to perform a first surgical procedure and a second actuating device integrally associated with the first actuating device and configured to perform a second surgical procedure, the second surgical procedure being independently operable and different than the first surgical procedure. An outer portion of the first actuating device and an outer portion of the second actuating device form a portion of an outer housing of the end effector. The housing includes a first actuator, mechanically coupled to the first actuating device and configured to impart movement to the first actuating device and a second actuator, mechanically coupled to the second actuating device and configured to impart movement to the second actuating device.

Abstract: A medical apparatus includes a rod, a heat-insulating coat having a heat insulating property, an electrically conductive coat having an electric conductive property. The heat-insulating coat is formed on at least a part of the rod in a circumferential direction of the rod. The heat-insulating coat is configured to suppress conduction of heat from a treatment target to the rod. The electrically conductive coat is formed on the heat-insulating coat and contacts the treatment target. The electrically conductive coat is configured to treat the treatment target using high-frequency energy.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an RF treatment apparatus and a method of controlling the same, and an RF treatment apparatus, further comprising an RF generator for generating RF pulses for treatment having a predetermined energy a plurality of times; a monitoring unit for monitoring information on tissue state by each of the RF pulses; and a control unit for controlling RF pulse parameters by monitoring the information on state detected by the monitoring unit and a method of controlling the same are provided. The present invention enables an optimal treatment by identifying the characteristics of the tissue at a site for treatment followed by transmitting an appropriate RF pulse thereto.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a medical RF apparatus using an RF pulse, comprising an RF generator, which generates a test pulse for detecting characteristics of tissue; a monitoring unit, which monitors the change in the information on the tissue state while the test pulse is transmitted to the tissue; and a measurement unit, which determines the tissue characteristics of a patient by comparing the values monitored in the monitoring unit with the reference data; and a method for controlling the same.

Abstract: Described here are devices, systems, and methods for closing the left atrial appendage. The methods described here utilize a closure device for closing the left atrial appendage and guides or expandable elements with ablation or abrading elements to ablate or abrade the left atrial appendage. In general, these methods include positioning a balloon at least partially within the atrial appendage, positioning a closure assembly of a closure device around an exterior of the atrial appendage, inflating the balloon, partially closing the closure assembly, ablating the interior tissue of the atrial appendage with the inflated balloon, removing the balloon from the atrial appendage, and closing the atrial appendage with the closure assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bipolar high-frequency electric knife, including a cutter portion, a main body part and an operation portion. The cutter portion includes a first electrode portion, a second electrode portion and an insulation member. The main body part includes a position-limiting part and an insulation sheath. The operation portion includes a handle, a button, a socket, a first wire and a second wire.

Abstract: Apparatus for removal of a thrombus from a body of a subject includes an electrically-insulating tube, which includes a distal end having a circumferential wall that is shaped to define one or more perforations, configured for insertion into the body of the subject, an outer electrode, disposed over the distal end of the electrically-insulating tube, and configured to lie at least partly within the thrombus while the electrically-insulating tube is inside the body of the subject, and an inner electrode, configured to lie, within the tube, opposite the perforations, while the outer electrode lies at least partly within the thrombus. The outer electrode is configured to attract the thrombus while the outer electrode lies at least partly within the thrombus and the inner electrode lies opposite the perforations, when a positive voltage is applied between the outer electrode and the inner electrode such that electric current flows through the perforations.

Abstract: Intra-cardiac voltage data display systems display a plurality of data sets derived at least from intra-cardiac voltage data sampled by an electrode. In some embodiments, at least some of the data sets are derived from a portion of the intra-cardiac voltage data that excludes an excludable portion of the intra-cardiac voltage data having a relationship with an occurrence of a particular cardiac event to facilitate identification of the existence of a transmural lesion in tissue adjacent the electrode. In some embodiments, the particular cardiac event is the occurrence of an R wave in the cardiac cycle, and the excludable portion is a V wave in the cardiac cycle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to comprehensive systems, devices and methods for delivering energy to tissue for a wide variety of applications, including medical procedures (e.g., tissue ablation, resection, cautery, vascular thrombosis, treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and dysrhythmias, electrosurgery, tissue harvest, etc.). In particular, systems, devices, and methods are provided for treating a tissue region (e.g., a tumor) through application of energy using energy delivery devices with flexible and adjustable tips.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems and methods for providing a controlled thermal treatment to a target medium. A preconditioning process is performed to establish a thermal gradient within the target medium. Following the establishment of the thermal gradient, a phototreatment is performed within the target medium. The target medium can contain a chromophore of interest, such as sebum.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rectal fistula laser treatment wherein an insertion tube of a coupler is inserted into a fistula from proximal to distal end. The insertion tube is then purged using sterile water and/or air. A flexible optical waveguide is then inserted through the coupler including the insertion tube until the end of the optical waveguide protrudes 1-3 mm from the distal end of the insertion tube. The optical waveguide is secured to the coupler by a lock nut of the coupler. The insertion tube locked to the optical waveguide is withdrawn through the fistula while CO2 laser radiation is passed down the optical waveguide so that laser radiation is delivered to the inner wall of the fistula at a specific rate as the laser radiation treats the fistula.

Abstract: During an ablation procedure, such as ablation of the left ventricle of the heart, thermal damage to adjacent structures is avoided by this method. An ultrasound probe is placed within the esophagus near the left atrium, or placed at other locations sufficiently close to the ablation site to image tissues to be protected from excessively high (or low) thermal energy during ablation. The ultrasound probe reflected signal gathered by a sensor thereof is analyzed. Using one or more algorithms, this signal analysis identifies changes in speed of sound of transmitted and received sound waves and correlates the speed of sound changes to changes in temperature of the associated tissues and the result is displayed. Such ultrasound thermometry is used to monitor temperature of tissues surrounding the ablation site to minimize potential for thermal damage thereto. The method also evaluates motion occurring near the ablation site, correcting for such motion.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an arthroplasty jig is disclosed herein. The method may include the following: generate a bone model, wherein the bone model includes a three dimensional computer model of at least a portion of a joint surface of a bone of a patient joint to undergo an arthroplasty procedure; generate an implant model, wherein the implant model includes a three dimensional computer model of at least a portion of a joint surface of an arthroplasty implant to be used in the arthroplasty procedure; assess a characteristic associated with the patient joint; generate a modified joint surface of the implant model by modifying at least a portion of a joint surface of the implant model according to the characteristic; and shape match the modified joint surface of the implant model and a corresponding joint surface of the bone model.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure include systems and methods for planning and/or performing an ablation procedure. Volumetric image data including a needle, such as a physical ablation needle or a virtual needle, can be analyzed to segment the needle within the volume. A first cross-sectional, two-dimensional view of the volume showing a first plane in which an axis defined by the needle lies can be generated and displayed. The view can be manipulated to display a generated second cross-sectional, two-dimensional view of the volume showing a second plane through the volume in which the longitudinal axis defined by the virtual needle lies, wherein the second plane is different from the first plane. Additional segmented features such as lesions in the image data, treatment regions, isotherms, and the like can be included in views to be analyzed from a plurality of views that include the needle.

Abstract: The invention relates to the generating of a treatment plan for an ablation therapy treatment of a target structure. In accordance with the invention, (i) a dose distribution in the treatment region is visualized to a user, the dose distribution corresponding to a first treatment plan generated on the basis of first objectives and/or constraints, (ii) a first user input specifying a dose value within the dose distribution and a second user input specifying at least one position (42) in the treatment region as a target position for the dose value are received, (iii) second objectives and/or constraints on the basis of the first objectives and/or constraints and the first and second user inputs are determined and (iv) a second treatment plan on the basis of the second objectives.

Abstract: Devices and methods for performing a surgical step or surgical procedure with visual guidance using an optical head mounted display are disclosed.

Abstract: A data processing method, performed by a computer, for determining implant positions of two implant components relative to two bones, wherein each of the implant components is to be attached to one of the bones such that the implant components form a joint between the bones, and wherein an implant position is a relative position between the implant component and the corresponding bone, said method comprising the steps of: a) acquiring a set of target poses, wherein a target pose represents a relative position to be achieved between the two bones; b) calculating a set of virtual poses for a pair of virtual test implant positions, wherein the set of virtual poses comprises one virtual pose for each of the target poses and wherein a virtual pose represents a relative position between the two bones if the virtual test implant positions were applied as the implant positions; c) calculating a pose deviation value for each of the target poses, wherein a pose deviation value represents the difference between a tar

Abstract: An interactive treatment mapping and planning system enables a user to more quickly, thoroughly, and efficiently aggregate fibroid and/or treatment information from a user and/or one or more sets of databases, construct a fibroid map providing a visual representation of the aggregated fibroid information, generate information from the aggregated information about the fibroid to be treated and/or treatment procedure, develop a treatment plan based on the fibroid and/or treatment procedure information, provide real-time information gathered from treatment devices during the treatment procedure, and allow the user to interact with the treatment data.

Abstract: A method of implanting a hip joint prosthesis into a patient can include obtaining image data of hip joint anatomy of the patient. Physical activities that the patient desires to participate in subsequent to implanting the hip prosthesis can be determined. A size and an initial placement of the hip joint prosthesis based on the image data can be determined. A desired range of motion of the hip joint prosthesis based on the determined physical activities can be determined. A plan can be created comprising a desired implanted location of the hip joint prosthesis and based on the desired range of motion. The plan can be incorporated onto a guide. The plan can be executed with the guide thereby implanting the hip joint prosthesis into the patient at the desired implanted position.

Abstract: A method for performing a percutaneous navigation procedure is provided. A location of an ultrasound sensor is tracked. A trackable needle assembly is navigated to a target and the location of the trackable needle assembly is tracked. Images from a camera operably coupled to the trackable needle assembly are received. A surgical instrument is inserted through a lumen of the trackable needle assembly and a location of the surgical instrument inserted through the lumen of the trackable needle is tracked. The tracked location of each of the ultrasound sensor, the trackable needle assembly, and the surgical instrument is displayed in relation to one another.

Abstract: A system for aiding surgery on a patient is described including a display device and a storage device that stores an image of at least a portion of the anatomy of the patient, including one or more surgical navigation markers positioned on the patient, for display on the display device. An analyser is adapted to receive positional data of a probe based on positioning of the probe relative to the one or more markers on the patient. Based on the positional data, the analyser outputs correctional data to adjust an alignment of the image on the display device to match locations of said one or more markers.

Abstract: This invention is a system and method for utilizing artificial intelligence to operate a surgical robot (e.g., to perform a laminectomy), including a surgical robot, an artificial intelligence guidance system, an image recognition system, an image recognition database, and a database of past procedures with sensor data, electronic medical records, and imaging data. The image recognition system may identify the tissue type present in the patient and if it is the desired tissue type, the AI guidance system may remove a layer of that tissue with the end effector on the surgical robot, and have the surgeon define the tissue type if the image recognition system identified the tissue as anything other than the desired tissue type.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for providing commanded movement of an end effector of a manipulator while providing a desired movement of one or more joints of the manipulator. Methods include augmenting a Jacobian so that joint movements calculated. from the Jacobian perform one or more auxiliary tasks and/or desired joint movements concurrent with commanded end effector movement, the one or more auxiliary tasks and/or desired joint movements extending into a null-space. The auxiliary tasks and desired joint movements include inhibiting movement of one or more joints, inhibiting collisions between adjacent manipulators or between a manipulator and a patient surface, commanded reconfiguration of one or more joints, or various other tasks or combinations thereof. Such joint movements may be provided using joint velocities calculated from the pseudo-inverse solution of the: augmented Jacobian. Various configurations for systems utilizing such methods are provided herein.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and techniques for compensating for insertion of an instrument into a working channel of another instrument in a surgical system. According to one embodiment, a method of compensation includes: detecting insertion of an insertable instrument into a working channel of a flexible instrument; detecting, based on a data signal from at least one sensor, a position change of a distal portion of the flexible instrument from an initial position: generating a control signal based on the detected position change; and adjusting a tensioning of a pull wire based on the control signal to return the distal portion to the initial position.

Abstract: Provided are a device for driving a robot joint using a wire, an endoscope robot device including the same, and a medical robot device including the same. The device for driving a robot joint includes at least: a base; a first link coupled with the base, and configured to be rotatable relative to the base; a second link coupled with the first link, and configured to be rotatable relative to the first link; a plurality of wires positioned opposite each other, and configured to generate motions of the first and second links; and a wire drive device configured to drive the plurality of wires. Each of the plurality of wires is fixed, via the second link, on one of the base and the first link. Positions where the plurality of wires are fixed are asymmetrical to each other and have different heights to each other.

Abstract: A robotic surgical assembly includes a drive assembly and a shaft assembly. The drive assembly is detachably mountable to a surgical robot and includes roll, pitch, and clamp/fire inputs configured to drivingly couple with respective outputs of the surgical robot. The shaft assembly is mounted to the drive assembly and configured to detachably couple with a stapler reload assembly that includes a reload roll shaft, a reload pitch shaft, and a reload clamp/fire shaft. The shaft assembly includes a roll shaft, a pitch shaft, and a clamp/fire shaft. The roll shaft is drivingly coupled with the roll input and configured to detachably couple to the reload roll shaft. The pitch shaft is drivingly coupled with the pitch input and configured to detachably couple to the reload pitch shaft. The clamp/fire shaft is drivingly coupled with the clamp/fire input and configured to detachably couple to the reload clamp/fire shaft.

Abstract: A master-slave system that includes a first manipulator supporting a first end effector; a second manipulator supporting a second end effector; an input device configured to concurrently receive from a hand of an operator a first movement command to effect a desired movement of the first end effector and a second movement command to effect a desired movement of the second end effector; and a processor configured to determine a desired movement of the first and the second end effectors in response to the first and second movement commands received from the input device respectively.

Abstract: [Object] To more simply configure a joint driving actuator having a function of a brake. [Solution] A joint driving actuator according to the present disclosure includes: an ultrasonic motor configured to generate driving force for driving a joint; a torque sensor configured to detect external force applied to the joint; and an encoder configured to detect a rotational angle of the ultrasonic motor. This configuration makes it possible to more simply configure a joint driving actuator having a function of a brake.

Abstract: A protective device (10) provides a protective cover for a part (12) of a medical device and includes a flexible part (14) and with a rigid part (16). The rigid part (16) has at least one locking element (28). The locking element (28) is lockingly connectable to a counterpiece of the corresponding part (12) of the medical device.

Abstract: An electrosurgical instrument comprising: (a) a pair of opposing jaw; (b) a channel in at least one of the opposing jaws for receiving a reciprocating blade; (c) a fluid distribution system that delivers a fluid to the jaws; wherein the fluid distribution system is in communication with one or more fluid openings located within the channel.

Abstract: Medical observation apparatus (1) and method for observing an object or patient (67) in an operation area (21). Solutions of the art (3, 5) do not allow displaying further information, are expensive, bulky and non-intuitive.

Abstract: A display device displays a first medical image to a user. Touchless sensor technology detects user actions. The touchless sensor technology includes at least one sensor that does not rely on physical touch to detect the user actions. An image processor that compares detected user actions with currently valid user action within a list of currently valid user actions for the first medical image to determine when a detected user action matches a currently valid user action from the currently valid user actions contained in the list. A medical image processing engine uses metadata identifying the first medical image and an action identifier for a currently valid user action that is matched by the detected user action to generate a second medical image based on the metadata and the action identifier. Thee display device displays the second medical image to the user.

Abstract: A medical apparatus, such as a dialysis machine (e.g. a hemodialysis machine or a peritoneal dialysis machine), includes a plurality of components, one or more sensors corresponding to the components and configured to detect signals, a display and a control unit. The control unit is configured to: receive signals from the one or more sensors, determine, from the signals, a status of the medical apparatus, and determine control commands for the display based on the determined status for status-dependent control of the display. The described apparatus improves the human-machine interface in terms of set-up time, operating time and freedom from errors. Depending upon the determined status, different status-specific menus may be illustrated on the display in order to assist the user when operating the apparatus or advise the user about any errors or subsequent steps.

Abstract: A triple flap nipple reconstruction is shown with preoperative incision markup lines guided by a template. The incision lines made on a patient's skin rims of flaps that are to form a reconstructed nipple. The marked-up lines define three flaps where each flap has one side in common with each of the other two flaps and also has one side in common with a part of the skin which is to be removed or de-epithelized. Also, the marked-up lines define parts of the patient's skin to be removed or de-epithelized. The surgical method thus consists of making the markup with the template with three single pedicled local dermal-fat flaps from the patient's skin and then de-epithelizing designated areas of the patient's skin, making incisions and forming, i.e., raising three flaps, forming base and elevating nipple by joining sides of de-epithelized areas, and jointing the three flaps.

Abstract: Apparatus, system, and methods are provided for reducing infectious agents at a sterile site by preventing infectious agents from coming into contact with the sterile site. A barrier is produced for infectious agents that may come in proximity or otherwise communicate with the site. The apparatus is configured to create a void-free barrier in which infectious agents are reduced with minimal exposure of potentially harmful effects of the barrier to the sterile site, objects, or users of the apparatus.