Abstract: A method for determining a dioptric parameter includes: first, a test optical element having a dioptric function having a specific value of the dioptric parameter to be determined is provided and the person looks at a visual target using the test optical element; second, evaluation data and certitude data are collected, the evaluation data being indicative of the visual assessment expressed by the person looking at the visual target using the test optical element and certitude data being indicative of the degree of certainty of the person upon expressing the visual assessment. The first and second steps are repeated by varying the value of the dioptric parameter. For each value of the dioptric parameter tested a value a degree of certainty of the person is determined. The value of the dioptric parameter of the person is determined based on the values of degree of certainty of the person.

Abstract: An evaluation device includes a display screen; a gaze point detection unit that detects a position of a gaze point of an examinee; an area setting unit that sets a specific area for a first indicator on the display screen; a determination unit that determines whether the gaze point is present in the specific area based on the position thereof; a display controller that displays a second indicator at a different position from the first indicator when determining that the gaze point is present in the specific area; a arithmetic unit that determines whether the examinee has recognized the second indicator; and an evaluation unit that evaluates a visual function of the examinee based on a determination result from the arithmetic unit. The display controller doesn't display the second indicator when determining that the gaze point isn't present in the specific area after the second indicator has been displayed.

Abstract: An evaluation device includes: a display screen configured to displays images; a gaze point detection unit configured to detect a position of a gaze point of an examinee who observes the display screen; a display controller configured to display an indicator at an offset position having a predetermined relative positional relationship with the gaze point on the display screen based on a detection result of the position of the gaze point; an arithmetic unit configured to determine whether the examinee has recognized the indicator; and an evaluation unit configured to evaluate a visual function of the examinee based on a determination result from the arithmetic unit, wherein the arithmetic unit is further configured to determine that the examinee has recognized the indicator when the gaze point moves toward the indicator and thus the offset position is located outside the display screen.

Abstract: An optical system configured for imaging an object with the use of two independently-scanning reflectors, the optical system having an optical axis and including: first and second scanning reflectors, the first scanning reflector being configured to scan a beam of light incident thereon in a first plane, the second scanning reflector being configured to scan a beam of light incident thereon in a second plane, and the first and second planes being transverse to one another; and a catadioptric afocal relay system disposed along the optical axis in optical communication with, and between, the first and second scanning reflectors, the catadioptric afocal relay system being configured to image one of the first or second scanning reflectors onto another of the first or second scanning reflectors, in light propagating along the optical axis, with a unit magnification, and the catadioptric afocal relay system including only one reflector.

Abstract: A visual performance examination device includes an image data obtaining unit that obtains image data of the right eye and image data of the left eye of a test subject who is irradiated with a detection light emitted from a light source; a position calculating unit that, based on the image data of the right eye, calculates first-type relative position data indicating the relative position between the pupil and the corneal reflex of the right eye, and, based on the image data of the left eye, calculates second-type relative position data indicating the relative position between the pupil and the corneal reflex of the left eye; and an evaluating unit that, based on the first-type relative position data and the second-type relative position data, outputs evaluation data about the visual performance of the test subject.

Abstract: An optical imaging system includes a first lens system housed in a body of a mobile telecommunication device, the first lens system having a first optical axis, a first entrance pupil fixed in space in a reference plane associated with said body, and a first focal length; and an optical telescope providing a diffraction-limited imaging within a spectral range from at least 486 nm to at least 656 nm. The optical imaging system is configured to image, when the optical telescope is inserted between the first lens system and an entrance pupil of a visual system of an eye (EPE), the EPE onto the first entrance pupil and vice versa with a substantially unit magnification.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for performing image processing in connection with phenotypic analysis. For example, at least one processor may be configured to receive electronic numerical information corresponding to pixels reflective of at least one external soft tissue image of an individual and access geographically dispersed genetic information stored in a database. The geographically dispersed genetic information may include numerical data that correlates anomalies in pixels in soft tissue images of a plurality of geographically dispersed individuals to specific genes or to specific genetic variants.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring of biometric and contextual variables to assist in screening for, quantification of, and prediction of smoking behavior, and for assisting in smoking cessation are described.

Abstract: An apparatus for real time monitoring of a patient is provided and includes a memory element for storing data, a processor that executes instructions associated with the data, an interface that receives sensor data from a sensor that takes measurements from the patient and sends the sensor data according to the sensor's measurement latency, a latency calculator that frequently calculates a latency threshold that varies according to at least a health status of the patient, a timer that continuously monitors the sensor's measurement latency, a comparator that frequently compares the sensor's measurement latency with the calculated latency threshold, and a feedback module that automatically changes the sensor's measurement latency to match with the calculated latency threshold.

Abstract: A sensor interface is configured to receive a sensor signal. A transmitter generates a transmit signal. A receiver receives the signal corresponding to the transmit signal. Further, a monitor interface is configured to communicate a waveform to the monitor so that measurements derived by the monitor from the waveform are generally equivalent to measurements derivable from the sensor signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides an in vivo imaging method that facilitates the diagnosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) at an early stage. Early diagnosis is particularly advantageous as a tool to select more aggressive therapy, to estimate the success rate for visualizing ALL at the time of diagnosis.

Abstract: Novel tools and techniques for wearable device vital signs monitoring are provided. An apparatus system includes a remote device, and a wearable device in communication with the remote device. The wearable device includes a polychromatic light source, a spectral sensor, a processor, and a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions executable by the processor. The wearable device is configured to illuminate, via the polychromatic light source, a perfused tissue of the body of the patient, receive, via the spectral sensor, a resultant signal from the body of the patient, and determine a spectral property of the resultant signal. The wearable device may then determine a vital sign of the patient based, at least in part, on a lookup table and the spectral property of the resultant signal.

Abstract: A wearable device for high-density-diffuse optical tomography includes a plurality of source modules that include source housings containing a light source. The device also includes a plurality of detector modules that include detector housings, a photodiodes, transimpedance amplifiers operatively coupled to the photodiodes, and analog to digital converters operatively coupled to the transimpedance amplifier. Each detector housing contains at least one of the photodiode, the analog to digital converter, and the transimpedance amplifier. Each source and detector housing is configurable to contact a subject's scalp and deliver or receive light from the scalp at one position. The wearable device also includes a control circuit operatively coupled to the plurality of source modules and to the plurality of detector modules to operate the source and detector modules in a coordinated manner to acquire a plurality of diffuse optical tomography measurements.

Abstract: An apparatus for imaging a body cavity has a light source that generates short coherence light and a probe housed within a transparent catheter, wherein the probe has a rotatable scanner optic that is disposed to convey light from the light source to and from the body cavity. An actuator apparatus coupled to the probe is configured to perform a helical scan by simultaneously rotating the scanner optic about an axis within the catheter and translating the scanner optic along the axis. A signal detector obtains an interference signal between a first portion of the coherent light scattered from the sample and a second portion of the coherent light reflected from a reference. A processor is programmed with instructions that coordinate actuation of the scanner mirror and acquisition of data from the signal detector and the camera and with instructions for volume image reconstruction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining an organ function in a subject, comprising the steps of: providing a first concentration-time curve obtained by transcutaneously measuring in a body fluid at a first position background fluorescence in at least one first time point and fluorescence of an indicator compound in at least a second, a third, a fourth, a fifth, and a sixth time point; providing a second concentration curve obtained by transcutaneously measuring in a body fluid at a second position background fluorescence in at least one seventh time point and fluorescence of an indicator compound in at least a eighth, a ninth, a tenth, an eleventh, and a twelfth time point; fitting the first and the second concentration curve into a kinetic model representing at least four diffusion compartments; and thereby determining an organ function in a subject.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing an indication of the well-being of an individual are disclosed. In particular, the systems and methods utilizes data obtained from physical sensors such as heartbeat monitors and social media platforms for deriving and/or assigning an indication of the individual's feelings or emotional well-being, are described.

Abstract: A portable breast light assembly, having a housing with a sidewall. An electrical assembly has a control panel having a power switch, a timer controller, an intensity controller, a screen, and at least one light source to emit visible light at a predetermined wavelength. The present invention further has a cap assembly. The timer controller controls at least one range of operating time. The intensity controller controls at least one level of light intensity. The electrical assembly has a sensor. The sensor is connected to circuitry that is connected to the at least one light source. The cap assembly has a cover. The cover contacts the sensor. The light emitted by the at least one light source illuminates a breast when the cover is biased against the breast with a predetermined force.

Abstract: A blood pressure measurement device including a measurement wave detection unit that detects a measurement wave that passed through a measurement region of a subject and generates a detection signal, a blood pressure analysis unit that repeatedly identifies a blood pressure of the subject by analyzing the detection signal, a state determination unit that determines whether or not the subject is in a sleep state, a change determination unit that determines whether or not a time change rate of the blood pressure exceeds a threshold value, and a measurement control unit that shortens a time interval where the blood pressure analysis unit identifies the blood pressure in a case where the state determination unit determines that the subject is in the sleep state and the change determination unit determines that the time change rate exceeds the threshold value.

Abstract: Sympathetic vasomotor identification and quantification systems that provide ways to assess therapies, diseases, and conditions which affect sympathetic innervation and function are described. Because sympathetic vasomotion relies on intact, functional sympathetic nerves, some embodiments of the sympathetic vasomotor identification and quantification systems described herein include a signal processing functionality that establishes sympathetic vasomotor signatures through the collection of arterial blood pressure and blood flow signals.

Abstract: A method, device, and system for evaluating a vessel of a patient, and in particular the hemodynamic impact of a stenosis within the vessel of a patient. Proximal and distal pressure measurements are made using first and second instrument while the first instrument is moved longitudinally through the vessel from a first position to a second position and the second instrument remains in a fixed longitudinal position within the vessel. A series of pressure ratio values are calculated, and a pressure ratio curve is generated. One or more stepped change in the pressure ratio curve are then identified and/or located using an Automatic Step Detection (ASD) process and/or algorithm.

Abstract: A system for measuring the blood loss comprises a measuring device that determines a hemoglobin concentration of fluid within a container utilizing a light source and a light detector, The container receives blood and other fluids from a patient during a medical procedure, Light from the light source is passed through the blood and other fluids in the container and is detected by the light detector. Based upon a magnitude of light detected, a hemoglobin concentration of the fluid in the container can be determined. A volume-measuring device determines the volume of blood and fluid in the container. Knowing the hemoglobin concentration and volume of fluid in the container, the volume of patient blood loss in the container can be determined. The blood loss measuring device in combination with infusion systems maintains a real-blood volume status so that proper infusion of blood, crystalloid and/or colloid solutions occurs.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for multi-distance, multi-wavelength diffuse correlation spectroscopy (MD-MW DCS). The systems and methods can include two, three, or more different wavelengths and two, three, or more different source-detector distances. The dynamics of a target medium can be determined using detected signals at the different wavelengths and different source-detector distances.

Abstract: Providing a bag-shaped structure and a method for manufacturing a bag-shaped structure, which can provide high blood pressure measurement accuracy even when the cuff width is reduced. A bag-shaped structure used in a cuff for a blood pressure monitor configured to be wrapped around a living body, inflate when a fluid is supplied to an internal space, and compress the living body includes: an inner wall portion provided on a living body side; an outer wall portion facing the inner wall portion; and a pair of side wall portions bent toward the internal space and continuous with the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion, at least part of which is formed integrally with the inner wall portion.

Abstract: A bag-shaped structure excellent in vascular compressibility and creep resistance, and capable of reducing the processing cost, a blood pressure monitor cuff, and a blood pressure monitor is provided. A bag-shaped structure includes a first sheet member including a layer formed of a thermoplastic elastomer; and a second sheet member including a plurality of layers formed of a plurality of types of thermoplastic elastomers having different levels of hardness, wherein the second sheet member is joined with the first sheet member, and a layer, that is included in the plurality of layers of the second sheet member and that is in contact with a living body, has a Shore A hardness higher than a Shore A hardness of at least one of the other layers of the second sheet member.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system to provide adaptive tuning through a control system to a finger cuff connectable to a patient's finger to be used in measuring the patient's blood pressure in the patient's artery by a blood pressure measurement system utilizing a volume clamp method. When the finger cuff is placed around the patient's finger, the bladder and the LED-PD pair aid in measuring the patient's blood pressure by the blood pressure measurement system utilizing the volume clamp method, wherein the adaptive tuning system: applies a first pressure impulse and measures a pleth versus time response; from the pressure versus time response, determines pleth servo gains that compensate for delays in a pleth response of the finger; and uses the determined pleth servo gains in the control system in measuring the patient's blood pressure by the blood pressure measurement system utilizing the volume clamp method.

Abstract: A physiological detection system including an image sensor, a converting unit, a retrieving unit and a processing unit is provided. The image sensor includes a plurality of pixels respectively configured to output a PPG signal. The converting unit is configured to convert a plurality of PPG signals of a plurality of pixels regions to a plurality of frequency domain signals. The retrieving unit is configured to respectively retrieve a spectral energy of the frequency domain signals corresponding to each of the pixel regions. The processing unit is configured to construct a 3D energy distribution according to the spectral energies.

Abstract: A system for monitoring biometric signals of a user comprising: a garment configured to be worn by the user and comprising a mounting module having an array of connection regions; a set of biometric sensors coupled to the garment and configured to communicate with the array of connection regions to receive and transmit biometric signals indicative of muscle activity of the user; and a portable control module configured to couple to the garment in a first configuration and to decouple from the garment in a second configuration and comprising: a housing comprising an array of openings; a set of contacts, each including a first region that seals at least one of the array of openings and couples to at least one of the array of connection regions in the first configuration, and an electronics subsystem coupled to the housing and in communication with a second region of each contact.

Abstract: Stimulation and recording electrode assemblies that are particularly useful for Automatic Period Stimulation (APS). Such embodiments are compatible with nerve monitoring systems to provide continuous stimulation of a nerve during surgery. Certain embodiments include an electrode assembly having cuff including a body and two ears extending from the body. Within the body, at least one electrode is supported and connected to a lead wire assembly. The ears can be brought together to enlarge a gap in the body so that the electrode assembly can be fixated around a nerve. Other embodiments include an electrode assembly including first and second needle electrodes that each have a tip. A body is provided to interconnect the needle electrodes and can be manipulated to move the tips either toward or away from one another. Disclosed embodiments provide nerve monitoring and stimulation in cases where the nerve is only partially dissected.

Abstract: The exemplary systems and methods may be configured to monitor electrical activity from a patient using a plurality of external electrodes. The exemplary systems and methods may be further configured to provide a model heart representative of the patient's heart based on at least one of a plurality of patient characteristics. The model heart can include a plurality of segments. The exemplary systems and methods may be further configured to determine a value of electrical activity for each of a plurality of anatomic regions of the model heart based on the mapped electrical activity. Each of the plurality of anatomic regions can include a subset of the plurality of segments.

Abstract: Provided is a method for enhancing cognitive function based on individual cognitive frequency resonance that intentionally and selectively enhances a specific cognitive function by resonating with brain waves through brain stimulation using an electric current of the same frequency or waveform as individual cognitive frequency generated during a cognitive task, and the method includes executing, by a subject, a cognitive task.

Abstract: A system for managing care of a person receiving emergency cardiac assistance includes one or more capacitors arranged to deliver a defibrillating shock to a person; one or more electronic ports for receiving a plurality of signals from sensors for obtaining indications of an electrocardiogram (ECG) for the person; and a patient treatment module executable on one or more computer processors using code stored in non-transitory media and to provide a determination of a likelihood of success from delivering a future defibrillating shock to the person with the one or more capacitors, using a mathematical computation applied to a vector value defined by signals from at least two of the plurality of signals.

Abstract: Provided is a process for analysing a dirty ECG tracing, the dirty tracing including a clean ECG tracing, emitted by a main source, and a noise signal emitted by at least one noise source, the method including at least one preliminary phase of breaking down the dirty ECG tracing in a clean ECG tracing and a noise signal by means of an ICA-type analysis, at least one first phase wherein the dirty ECG tracing is discretized for intervals of time in portions of electrical signal, at least one second phase, wherein at least one Gaussian parameter of the portions of electrical signal is evaluated, at least one third phase, wherein one of the portions of electrical signal is selected, in the same interval of time, on the basis of at least one Gaussian parameter and wherein the portion of electrical signal selected is the first portion.

Abstract: An automatic extraction of disease-specific features from Doppler images to help diagnose valvular diseases is provided. The method includes the steps of obtaining a raw Doppler image from a series of images of an echocardiogram, isolating a region of interest from the raw Doppler image, the region of interest including a Doppler image and an ECG signal, and depicting at least one heart cycle, determining a velocity envelope of the Doppler image in the region of interest, extracting the ECG signal to synchronize the ECG signal with the Doppler image over the at least one heart cycle, within the region of interest, calculating a value of a clinical feature based on the extracted ECG signal synchronized with the velocity envelope, and comparing the value of the clinical feature with clinical guidelines associated with the clinical feature to determine a diagnosis of a disease.

Abstract: A method for determining an increased risk of death of a patient includes receiving ECG data of the patient generated during a first time period; receiving EEG data of the patient generated during the first time period; composing a feature of the ECG data and a feature of the EEG data over a common time frame and determining a statistical measure of association between the ECG data and the EEG data; and determining whether the degree of association exceeds a predetermined threshold, thereby indicating whether an increased risk is present.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate wearable patches having rigid inserts. The rigid insert is positioned adjacent to one or more connectors, such as studs for receiving sockets to distribute the force transferred to a patient when reconnecting a socket to the stud. The rigid insert may be sized to maintain flexibility in areas of the wearable patch. An optional adhesive layer may be applied to the wearable patch adjacent the rigid insert to reduce the likelihood of delamination of the wearable patch.

Abstract: A medical device includes multiple electrodes and a processor. The multiple electrodes are coupled to a substrate attached externally to a patient and are configured to sense multiple respective electrical signals from an organ of the patient. The processor is configured to estimate two or more noise levels associated with the electrical signals sensed by two or more respective pairs of the electrodes, to select the electrical signals having a smallest noise level from among the two or more noise levels, and to provide only the selected electrical signals for analysis.

Abstract: One example of a device includes a sensor, a memristor code comparator, and a controller. The sensor is to provide a sensor signal. The memristor code comparator is to compare the sensor signal to a reference signal. The controller is to determine a status of the sensor signal based on the comparison.

Abstract: Apparatus and techniques are described herein for nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) projection imaging. Such projection imaging may be used to control radiation therapy delivery to a subject, such as including receiving reference imaging information, generating a two-dimensional (2D) projection image using imaging information obtained via nuclear magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the 2D projection image corresponding to a specified projection direction, the specified projection direction including a path traversing at least a portion of an imaging subject, determining a change between the generated 2D projection image and the reference imaging information, and controlling delivery of the radiation therapy at least in part using the determined change between the obtained 2D projection image and the reference imaging information.

Abstract: A medical guidewire includes an electrically conductive core, a polymer tubing that encloses at least a portion of the electrically conductive core, and a trackable electromagnetic element formed in a distal end of the medical guidewire. The trackable electromagnetic element includes a coil. A first end of the coil is electrically coupled to an electrically conductive structure such as a metallic braid in the polymer tubing, and a second end of the coil is electrically coupled to the electrically conductive core.

Abstract: A device (10) configured to detect the presence of metal artifacts in a patient's eye includes a head mount (14) configured to receive at least a portion of the patient's head. At least one inductor coil (12) is disposed on or in the head mount and positioned to inductively couple with at least one eye of the patient's head received into the head mount. An inductance meter (18) is operably connected to the at least one inductor coil to measure an inductance as a change of frequency of the at least one inductor coil. A processor (22) is programmed to: determine whether the inductance is greater than an inductance threshold value; and generate an indication of at least one metal artifact when the inductance is greater than the inductance threshold value. A display component (24) is configured to display the indication.

Abstract: A re-wearable wireless device configured to be attached to a user is disclosed. In some embodiments, the re-wearable wireless device includes a disposable component and a reusable component. The disposable component may include a first electrode, a second electrode, a cradle, and a battery. The cradle may include a first electrical connector, wherein the first electrical connector is electrically coupled to the first electrode, the second electrode, and the battery. The reusable component may include an electronics module, a housing configured to latch into the cradle, a second electrical connector, wherein the second electrical connector electrically couples the reusable component to the first electrode, the second electrode, and the battery. The re-wearable wireless device may be configured to detect a conductive electrical signal through the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: An improved device for monitoring respiration or other vital signs of a user using one or more sensors. The invention may be worn within the mouth of the user to allow more accurate, direct, and fast measurements. The invention may also include a distribution mechanism that may be used to administer a substance such as medication. The substance may be administered in response to data collected by one or more of the sensors in the device and/or in response to data received from another device.

Abstract: A respiration rate detection device including a photoplethysmography (PPG) detector, an acceleration detector and a processing unit is provided. The processing unit calculates an acceleration peak frequency in an acceleration frequency spectrum, and takes a PPG acceleration peak frequency in a PPG frequency spectrum corresponding to the acceleration peak frequency as a respiration rate.

Abstract: A breath analysis device into which a user exhales a breath sample is capable of venting an initial portion of the breath sample from the device, and routing a second portion of the breath sample into a disposable cartridge containing an interactant. The device may include a sensor, such as a pressure sensor, for detecting the initiation of exhalation, and may include a controller that switches a valve during the exhalation process to route a desired portion of the breath sample into the cartridge. After the exhalation process, an LED/photodiode arrangement, or another type of optical sensor, may be used to measure a color change produced by a chemical reaction in the cartridge, to thereby measure a concentration of a ketone or other analyte in the breath sample.

Abstract: A system is disclosed herein for providing a kinetic assessment and preparation of a prosthetic joint comprising one or more prosthetic components. The system comprises a prosthetic component including sensors and circuitry configured to measure load, position of load, and joint alignment. The system further includes a remote system for receiving, processing, and displaying quantitative measurements from the sensors. The kinetic assessment measures joint alignment under loading that will be similar to that of a final joint installation. The kinetic assessment can use trial or permanent prosthetic components. Furthermore, adjustments can be made to the applied load magnitude, position of load, and joint alignment by various means to fine-tune an installation. The kinetic assessment increases both performance and reliability of the installed joint by reducing error that is introduced by elements that load or modify the joint dynamics not taken into account by prior assessment methods.

Abstract: A biometric monitoring system comprises a substrate with a first surface having a length and a width. A first transmitting antenna is coupled to the first surface at a first end of the length of the first surface. A second transmitting antenna is coupled to the first surface at a second end of the length of the first surface. The first and second transmitting antennas extend across the width of the first surface. A plurality of receiving antennas are coupled to the first surface, each of which extends across the width of the substrate and is spaced apart from an adjacent receiving antenna along the length by a predetermined distance. A controller is configured to supply a first signal to the first transmitting antenna and sequentially measure a transmission coefficient or voltage of the first signal at the plurality of receiving antennas until an attenuation in the transmission coefficient or voltage exceeds a threshold.

Abstract: Medical devices and methods for determining the size of blood vessels are disclosed. In one implementation, a blood vessel sizing device is configured for placement on an area of skin of a patient. The device includes a plurality of radiopaque concentric-circle elements. In one implementation, a blood vessel sizing method includes placing a marker having a plurality of concentric-circle elements on the skin of a patient, imaging a blood vessel of the patient and the device, and comparing the imaged blood vessel to the imaged circles to determine the blood vessel size, the concentric-circle elements allowing a determination of size without errors of parallax.

Abstract: prepared that ranged from 0-55 mg/dL. Five samples were used as a training set and 20 samples were then used as a test population. As shown, embodiments of sensor 101 were able to obtain at least a standard deviation of 37 mg/dL in the training set and 32 mg/dL in the test population. The present disclosure relates to noninvasive methods, devices, and systems for measuring various blood constituents or analytes, such as glucose. In an embodiment, a light source comprises LEDs and super-luminescent LEDs. The light source emits light at at least wavelengths of about 1610 nm, about 1640 nm, and about 1665 nm. In an embodiment, the detector comprises a plurality of photodetectors arranged in a special geometry comprising one of a substantially linear substantially equal spaced geometry, a substantially linear substantially non-equal spaced geometry, and a substantially grid geometry.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to noninvasive methods, devices, and systems for measuring various blood constituents or analytes, such as glucose. In an embodiment, a light source comprises LEDs and super-luminescent LEDs. The light source emits light at at least wavelengths of about 1610 nm, about 1640 nm, and about 1665 nm. In an embodiment, the detector comprises a plurality of photodetectors arranged in a special geometry comprising one of a substantially linear substantially equal spaced geometry, a substantially linear substantially non-equal spaced geometry, and a substantially grid geometry.

Abstract: An apparatus for inspecting a biological tissue uses a pH-sensitive coating material to determine whether the tissue is normal or cancerous. The coating material is placed in contact with the tissue to be excited by an excitation light. The coating material is arranged to provide a response signal indicative of the pH value of the tissue. Using a fiber bundle having a plurality of optical fibers forming a linear array or a two-dimensional array adjacent the coating material, the imaging of localized surface pH in the biological tissue can be achieved using the response signal through each of the optical fibers. The fiber bundle can be arranged as a probe to examine the tissue for providing direct mapping of the tumor margin via a display, so that a surgeon can inspect the tissue in real-time.