Abstract: A ring rolling device includes a drive roller and a rotatable revolving drum, in which five mandrels are rotatably mounted. Ring blanks can be mounted around the mandrels. By rotating the revolver drum, the mandrels move towards and away from the drive roller. The revolver drum is arranged in relation to the drive roller such that by rotating the revolver drum a decreasing roll gap is formed between a mandrel approaching the drive roller and the drive roller, in which roll gap a ring blank mounted around the mandrel is rolled during the rotating of the revolver drum. The revolver drum has four rotatably mounted support rollers, said support rollers supporting the mandrel in the direction of the rotational axis of the revolving drum, such that, during the rolling process, the mandrel is located between the support rollers and the press element.

Abstract: A constructing-and-forging method for preparing homogenized forged pieces comprises: preparing preformed billets: cutting off a plurality of continuous casting billets, milling and smoothing surfaces of the billets to be welded, performing vacuum plasma cleaning operation to the surfaces to be welded, stacking the plurality of billets and sealing around the surfaces in a vacuum chamber by electron beam welding; forge-welding and homogenizing the preformed billets: heating the preformed billets to a certain temperature in a heating furnace and taking the heated preformed billets out of the heating furnace, forging the preformed billets by a hydraulic press, then using three-dimensional forging to disperse the welded surfaces such that composition, structure and inclusion of the interface areas are at the same level as those of the bodies of the billets. Cheap continuous casting billets are stacked and forge welded.

Abstract: The disclosed production method includes a rough forging step of performing die forging to obtain a rough forged blank with flash having a crankshaft shape, and a finish forging step of applying die forging by use of a first pair of dies to the rough forged blank to obtain a finish forged blank with flash. In the rough forged blank, at least one of the rough crank arms have, in a region near an adjacent rough pin, a first excess portion protruding from an outer periphery of a side portion of the rough crank arm. During the die forging in the finish forging step, the first excess portion is deformed by the first pair of dies to bulge toward an adjacent rough journal.

Abstract: Nanoparticles for use in the treatment of a well have a magnetic core of iron, nickel or cobalt or an alloy thereof; a carbon shell encapsulating the magnetic core; at least one organic functional group on the surface of the carbon shell through covalent bonding; and a coating of amorphous carbon nitride encapsulating the functionalized carbon shell. The nanoparticles may be used to identify fluids produced from the reservoir, identify the zone within the reservoir from which recovered fluid is produced, in water flooding to determine water breakthrough in the production well and to identify those injection wells from which breakthrough water originates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a sintered part with a high radial precision. The sintered part is made of at least one first joining part to be sintered and a second joining part to be sintered, and the method has at least the following steps: joining the first joining part with the second joining part, and bringing about the high radial precision, having a step of deforming at least one radial deformation element which is preferably positioned so as to adjoin a joint contact zone, wherein the deformation of the radial deformation element is caused at least by means of a calibration tool and is carried out at least substantially as a plastic deformation of the radial deformation element. The invention further relates to a set of parts for joining the joining parts to be sintered into a sintered part with a high radial precision.

Abstract: The machine presents a working zone that is defined in an upper part of a build sleeve which is fixedly mounted in a chassis. Within the working zone, the object is supported by a build plate which slides inside the build sleeve when driven in vertical translation by the head of an actuating cylinder which is placed along a central axis of the sleeve. The build plate is positioned inside a transport container which is arranged removably between the sleeve and the actuating cylinder. The machine also includes a means for moving the transport container vertically into contact with the build sleeve. The container is open at its top and at its bottom so that, when the actuating cylinder is actuated, the head thereof can transfer the plate between the transport container and the build sleeve which forms a build envelope around the plate.

Abstract: Under one aspect, a method of processing a material includes heating a region of the material with a first energy source; exciting an acoustic wave in the material; and transmitting the acoustic wave through the heated region, the heated region changing at least one property of the acoustic wave. The method also can include detecting the change in at least one property of the acoustic wave; characterizing a temperature of the material in the heated region based on the detected change in at least one property of the acoustic wave; and comparing the characterized temperature of the material in the heated region to a threshold. The method further can include, based on the characterized temperature of the material in the heated region being less than the threshold or being above the threshold for an insufficient amount of time, modifying a property of the heated region with a second energy source.

Abstract: There is provided a method for manufacturing a three-dimensional shaped object by alternate repetition of a powder-layer forming and a solidified-layer forming by an irradiation with a light beam in order to provide a selective laser sintering method capable of reducing a warp of the three-dimensional shaped object, the warp being due to a stress around an upper surface of the three-dimensional shaped object. Especially, in the present invention, a part of a region for the formation of the solidified layer is not irradiated with the light beam to form a non-irradiated portion, thereby providing at least one slit-groove at an upper surface of the three-dimensional shaped object, the slit-groove being for reducing a stress of the three-dimensional shaped object.

Abstract: A safe mode cross slide system having a cross slide with a back plate, a front plate and a saddle. The back plate can have a pair of end caps, a pair of linear guides, a first ball screw, a first gear box, a first servo motor, a first drive, and a first manual feed knob and the front plate can have a pair of end caps, a pair of linear guides, a second ball screw, a second gear box, a second servo motor, a second drive, and a second manual feed knob. The system can have a power supply, a communications hub with a processor and data storage.

Abstract: A fly-cutting system is disclosed, and in particular one that comprises a dynamically-controllable actuator for controlling the position, orientation, or both position and orientation of a cutting element carried by a fly-cutting head. In certain embodiments, the actuator can adjust the position or orientation of a cutting element, or both, hundreds or thousands of times per second, enabling precise control over the shape of features formed by the cutting element in a surface of a workpiece.

Abstract: A locking device has a collar body, a roller cage, multiple rollers, and a clamping set. The collar body has a chamber formed inside the collar body and multiple concave recesses formed in an inner periphery of the collar body. The roller cage is mounted in the chamber. The clamping set has multiple clamping blocks annularly disposed within the roller cage. Each one of the multiple clamping blocks is curved and has multiple second concave recesses formed in an outer peripheral surface of the clamping block. The multiple rollers are rotatably mounted to the roller cage and are respectively received by the multiple first concave recesses and the multiple second concave recesses. Each one of the multiple rollers is rotatable along a corresponding one of the multiple first concave recesses and a corresponding one of the multiple second concave recesses.

Abstract: A method to control a power tool (1), especially a handheld core drilling machine, includes a drive (10) to drive a tool (30) and a control unit (40) for when a workpiece (W) is being processed. The method encompasses the following method steps: setting the rotational speed of the drive at a first value; measuring a first power consumption value for the drive; setting a threshold value for the power consumption of the drive; and increasing the rotational speed of the drive to a second value if the power consumption of the drive (10) exceeds the threshold value due to an increase in the drive load. The power tool includes a drive (10) to drive a tool (3) and a control unit (40) to control at least the rotational speed of the drive.

Abstract: A targeting tool releasably holds a portable drill press on a work piece while drilling a hole in the work piece. The portable drill press includes a tubular column with an open bottom end and a mechanical advantage device. The mechanical advantage device moves a drill up and down along the tubular column. A targeting base includes a base for releasable engagement with the work piece, an upstanding post affixed to the base that is adapted for engagement with the open end of the tubular column, and optionally, a drill guide in the base through which a drill bit passes as the drill moves up and down along the tubular column.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a drill includes a bar-shaped body rotatable around a central axis. The body includes a first surface located at a first end, a second surface intersecting with the first surface on a front side in a rotation direction, and a cutting edge located at an intersection of the first surface and the second surface. The second surface includes a first region located along the cutting edge, and a second region located on a front side in the rotation direction with respect to the first region. The second surface has a concave shape in a cross section orthogonal to the central axis.

Abstract: A cryogenically cooled boring tool design reduces the effect of cryogen coolant on a workpiece caused by coolant leakage and coolant exhaust. A tool body has a cartridge for holding a cutting tool insert and a coolant supply path through the tool body and the cartridge for supplying cryogenic coolant to the tool insert. A feed transfer tube connects the coolant supply path in the tool body to the coolant supply path in the cartridge. Insulating tubes line portions of the coolant supply paths in the tool body and the cartridge. The shrinkage rates of the feed transfer tube and the insulating tubes cause the press fit of the insulating tubes to tighten the seal between the insulating tubes and the feed transfer tube when cryogenic coolant flows through the supply path. The exhaust ports on the tool for boiled-off cryogen remains outside of a workpiece bore.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a cutting tool includes a holder and a cutting insert. The holder is elongated, extends from a first end to a second end along a rotational axis. The holder includes an insert pocket on a side of the first end. The cutting insert is located in the insert pocket and includes a cutting edge. The insert pocket includes an opening in an end surface of the first end and an outer peripheral surface adjacent to the first end of the holder. The cutting insert further includes a first portion that is located more radially inward than an outer peripheral opening of in the insert pocket in a front view of the first end of the holder. The first portion has a width greater than a width of the opening in a direction along a rotation direction of the rotation axis.

Abstract: A power tool has a base defining a work surface, a rotary cutting blade extending through an opening in the work surface, a drive motor for imparting rotational movement to the cutting blade and a power train coupled between the drive motor and the cutting blade to transmit rotation movement from the drive motor to the cutting blade. A swing arm assembly carries the cutting blade and is pivotably supported on the base at a pivot axis. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the power tool includes a safety system operable in response to an emergency signal that includes a mechanism for stopping the rotation of the cutting blade, whereby the rotational inertia of the cutting blade is converted after the rotation is stopped to pivoting of the swing arm assembly carrying the blade when the rotation of the blade is stopped.

Abstract: A jigsaw includes a housing having a body portion and a handle portion. The body portion has a forward end and a rearward end. The jigsaw also includes a motor positioned within the body portion of the housing. The motor is located forward of the handle portion. The jigsaw further includes a drive mechanism positioned within the body portion of the housing. The drive mechanism is coupled to the motor for driving a saw blade in a reciprocating motion. The jigsaw also includes a shoe assembly coupled to the body portion of the housing between the forward end and the rearward end.

Abstract: A device for cutting a workpiece along a cutting line between a first end point and a second end point including a saw head, comprising an advancing mechanism with a guide carriage and with an advancing motor. The saw head is arranged on the guide carriage movable along an advancing direction, including a sensor system with a sensor element for monitoring the saw head, the advancing mechanism or the work process, including a control unit with a control element to control the saw head, the advancing mechanism and the sensor system as well as an evaluation element to evaluate a measured quantity detected by the sensor system, including an operating device to operate the saw head and the advancing mechanism, and including a display. On the basis of the measured quantity, the control unit calculates the momentary work result which is shown on the display.

Abstract: In wire-electrical discharge machine and a numerical control apparatus thereof and a numerical control apparatus for controlling a machine tool, optional minute blocks are automatically created in front of and behind a connecting point, which is a joint of a block to which an offset command is instructed, and an offset value is exchanged between the minute blocks so that a correct offset value is set in a desired block.

Abstract: An electrochemical machining system comprises a component having a passage, the passage has an opening and an internal surface formed along the passage, a conductive wire has insulation covering portions of the conductive wire forming gaps having exposed wire; the conductive wire is inserted in the passage; a power source is coupled to the component and the conductive wire forms an electrical circuit, wherein the component comprises an anode and the conductive wire comprises a cathode; and an electrolyte within the passage contacting the internal surface and the exposed wire, wherein the electrolyte comprises a charge-carrying liquid configured to complete the electrical circuit between the cathode and anode.

Abstract: A method for predicting precision of an electrical discharge machine is provided. In the method, plural sets of process data are obtained while the electrical discharge machine processes workpiece samples. Process features are established based on the process data. Each of the workpiece samples with respect to each of at least one measurement item is measured by using a metrology tool, thereby obtaining measurement values of the workpiece samples with respect to each measurement item. A correlation analysis operation is performed to obtain correlation coefficients. At least one key feature is selected from the process features as representative according to the correlation coefficients. The measurement values of the workpiece samples with respect to each measurement item, and the sets of process data corresponding to the key features are used to build a predictive model for predicting the precision of the electrical discharge machine.

Abstract: A controller and a control method for a hot air blower used in the field of solder reworking. The controller allows a user to change the control parameters effectively while using the hot air blower.

Abstract: A soldering device includes a detection sensor which can detect a liquid level height of molten solder inside a solder bath. It is determined whether or not a detection height which is the detected liquid level height is greater than or equal to a first set height which is arbitrarily set. In a case where the detection height is greater than or equal to the first set height, it is estimated that the amount of molten solder capable of performing a soldering work for a predetermined number or more of boards is stored in the solder bath. The amount of molten solder stored in the solder bath is estimated by multiplying a difference between a detection height which is the detected liquid level height of the molten solder and a second set height which is preset, by an area inside the solder bath in a horizontal direction.

Abstract: In controlling an arc welding of consumable electrode type in which pulse welding and short-circuit welding alternately repeat, forward feeding and backward feeding of a welding electrode periodically repeat in a short-circuit welding period. The forward feeding of the welding electrode starts when a welding current is smaller than a base current immediately before a pulse period ends.

Abstract: There is provided an arc welding control method for performing a forward/reverse feeding control of alternating a feeding rate of a welding wire between a forward feeding period and a reverse feeding period, and generating short-circuiting periods and arc periods to perform welding. The welding wire is fed forwardly upon starting the welding. The forward feeding is continued during a transient welding period from a time point at which the welding wire comes in contact with a base material and conduction of welding current is started to a time point at which convergence on a steady welding period is performed. The transient welding period is terminated at the short-circuiting period. The forward/reverse feeding control is started from the reverse feeding period after the termination of the transient welding period.

Abstract: Methods for determining that a consumable welding package has been, or may have been, replenished in a high production welding environment and that a tracked weight value of the consumable welding package should be reset. An operator of a welding system can be notified that a consumable welding package may have been replenished and, therefore, that the weight value of the consumable welding package may need to be reset in the welding system. Alternatively, the weight value of the consumable welding package in the welding system may be automatically reset when the welding system has determined that the consumable welding package has been replenished.

Abstract: A water-degradable welding purge dam apparatus for purging a weld zone of a pipe assembly having first and second pipes having respective first and second pipe ends to be welded together at a root gap. The purge dam apparatus includes a blocking plate assembly having an outer blocking plate, an inner blocking plate, and zero or more interior blocking plates. The blocking plate assembly may be formed from one or more water degradable materials to facilitate removal of the purge dam apparatus from the pipe assembly using an aqueous fluid following welding. At least one of the blocking plates may include a plurality of fluid flow apertures to aid distribution of the aqueous fluid through the blocking plate assembly. If desired, first and second ones of the blocking plate assembly may be ganged together by an interconnection assembly to form a ganged set of blocking plate assemblies.

Abstract: In some aspects, a consumable for plasma arc torch that generates a predetermined plenum pressure from a substantially constant preset gas supply pressure from a plasma arc torch power supply, where the substantially constant preset gas supply being used to support plasma generation for a selection of multiple consumable components that each generate a different plasma plenum pressure for carrying out different processes, can include a proximal portion shaped to connect to the plasma arc torch and define a plasma gas inlet region; a distal portion shaped to define a gas outlet; and a pressure-matching stage comprising a pressure wall defining at least one flow path between the gas inlet region and the gas outlet configured to establish sufficient fixed pressure drop of a flow of gas flowing through the pressure-matching stage to reduce a pressure of the flow of gas to the predetermined plenum pressure.

Abstract: A first structural material is bonded to a second structural material with a joining material provided with a mixed layer of a raw-material component for forming an intermetallic compound layer and a resin component that softens and flows during heat treatment interposed therebetween to form bonded structural materials. When the bonded structural materials are heat-treated, the first structural material is joined to the second structural material with an intermetallic compound layer, and the resin component exudes and covers the lateral circumferential (exposed) portion of the intermetallic compound layer with a resin film.

Abstract: A method and system for joining relatively thick (i.e., at least 0.07 inch, or between 0.08 and 0.24 inch) sheets of non-weldable aluminum or other material using multiple passes of ultrasonic joining and multiple plugs to create a single larger sheet. Angles and profiles are machined onto edges of the sheets, the angles are overlapped to form a scarf joint, and ultrasonic joining is performed on both sides of the scarf joint, resulting in channels where the angles and profiles intersect. Plugs are extruded or otherwise created and positioned in the channels, and ultrasonic joining is used to join the plugs in the channels. Additional plugs are added until the last plugs are proud of the surface, and then the plugs are machined until the joint is flush with the surface. The plugs may be of the same or a different material as the sheets.

Abstract: A laser processing robot system, in which an augmented reality processing technology is used to enable a processing laser beam and its irradiation position to be safely and easily seen, is provided. A laser processing robot system includes an image processing device having an augmented reality image processing unit for performing augmented reality image processing for an actual image including an image of a robot captured by an imaging device. The augmented reality image processing unit is adapted to superimpose a virtual image representing at least one of a laser beam obtained by assuming that the laser beam is emitted from a laser irradiation device to a workpiece, and an irradiation position of the laser beam, onto the actual image, and to display the superimposed image on the display device.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system are provided to monitor and characterize the dynamics of a phase change region (PCR) created during laser welding, specifically keyhole welding, and other material modification processes, using low-coherence interferometry. By directing a measurement beam to multiple locations within and overlapping with the PCR, the system, apparatus, and method are used to determine, in real time, spatial and temporal characteristics of the weld such as keyhole depth, length, width, shape and whether the keyhole is unstable, closes or collapses. This information is important in determining the quality and material properties of a completed finished weld. It can also be used with feedback to modify the material modification process in real time.

Abstract: A laser processing machine includes a convex lens having a positive focal length, a concave lens having a negative focal length, and a focusing lens having a positive focal length. The convex lens is movable in an optical axis direction and converts divergent light of a laser beam emitted from a laser beam emission end into convergent light. The concave lens is movable in the optical axis direction and is disposed at a position that is shifted from a position where the convergent light is focused toward the convex lens side by the same distance as the focal length of the concave lens according to a position of the convex lens in the optical axis direction. The concave lens converts the convergent light into parallel light. The focusing lens focuses the laser beam emitted from the concave lens and irradiates a plate material with the focused laser beam.

Abstract: A leveling slider exchange arrangement for use in an apparatus for manufacturing three-dimensional work pieces by irradiating powder layers with electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation, the leveling slider exchange arrangement comprises a powder application device adapted to apply a raw material powder onto a carrier and a leveling slider adapted to level the raw material powder applied onto the carrier by means of the powder application device. An attachment mechanism is adapted to releasably attach the leveling slider in a leveling slider attachment position in the powder application device. A storage chamber is adapted to store at least one exchange leveling slider, the storage chamber being connected to a connecting channel adapted to connect the storage chamber to the leveling slider attachment position in the powder application device.

Abstract: Additive manufacturing creates, repairs, or upgrades parts. Conventional manufacturing processes are used to prepare a body of the part and additive manufacturing processes are used to prepare intricate geometries of the part. A support structure is used to support the intricate features during the additive manufacturing processes. Particularly, laser sintering is used to create entire parts or to create a repaired or upgraded part by casting the body of the part and integrating the body with a build plate and using laser sintering to develop the intricate features necessary.

Abstract: First, an annular first layer including a plurality of beads and having a width that is not less than twice a width of the bead is formed by laser metal deposition on a peripheral surface of a base metal, the peripheral surface facing outward or inward in a radial direction. Next, a plurality of annular height raising layers each including a plurality of beads are stacked on the first layer by the laser metal deposition. According to this configuration, an axisymmetric body including a flange portion having a relatively wide width can be manufactured while making a heat affected zone in the base metal extremely small.

Abstract: A laser welding apparatus according to the present invention includes a diffractive optical element, an incident-point changing unit, and a controller. The diffractive optical element includes a first region where there is formed a diffraction grating that radiates a radiated beam having a first distribution profile of a power density that is different from a distribution profile of a power density of the incident beam. The diffractive optical element further includes a second region that has a surface profile different from a surface profile of the first region, and radiates a radiated beam having a second distribution profile of the power density that is different from the first distribution profile of the power density. The controller carries out a joining control to move at least one point in the incident point across a boundary between the first region and the second region during the emission of the laser beam.

Abstract: To provide a galvanometer scanner that increases reliability by reducing burden on a mechanism unit. A galvanometer scanner converts a command for machining position on a machining target to movement commands for a rotary motor, a rotary motor, and a direct drive mechanism. If the movement command for the direct drive mechanism contains a weak direct drive component depending on the movement command for the rotary motor, and falling within an amplitude range not exceeding a predetermined amplitude and within a frequency range not falling below a predetermined frequency, the galvanometer scanner removes the weak direct drive component from the movement command for the direct drive mechanism, and then outputs control signals corresponding to the movement commands for the rotary motors and the direct drive mechanism. The galvanometer scanner controls the rotary motors and the direct drive mechanism based on the control signals.

Abstract: A bonding wire for a semiconductor device includes a Cu alloy core material and a Pd coating layer formed on a surface thereof. Containing an element that provides bonding reliability in a high-temperature environment improves the bonding reliability of the ball bonded part in high temperature. Furthermore, making an orientation proportion of a crystal orientation <100> angled at 15 degrees or less to a wire longitudinal direction among crystal orientations in the wire longitudinal direction 30% or more when measuring crystal orientations on a cross-section of the core material in a direction perpendicular to a wire axis of the bonding wire, and making an average crystal grain size in the cross-section of the core material in the direction perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire 0.9 to 1.5 ?m provides a strength ratio of 1.6 or less.

Abstract: Welding material for welding of superalloys comprising boron with the range of 0.3-0.8 wt. % B, 0.2-0.8 wt. % C, 17-23 wt. % Cr, 0.35-10 wt. % Mo, 0.1-4.15 wt. % Nb with nickel or iron and impurities to balance for weld repair of engine components manufactured of precipitation hardening superalloys with high content of gamma prime phase at an ambient temperature.

Abstract: A pipe alignment apparatus to align a pair of adjacent pipe ends together. The apparatus includes a first pair of arcuate frames joined together to move between an open position and a closed position. A second pair of arcuate frames joined together moves between an open position and closed position. A plurality of jackscrews is provided on the first pair of arcuate frames and on the second pair of arcuate frames. A plurality of adjustable turnbuckles extends between the first pair of frames and the second pair of frames.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for servicing a combustion liner in a combustion case of a turbine is provided. The apparatus includes an elongated bar having a handle at one end and a force applying member at an opposing end of the elongated bar. An attachment member is configured for attachment to a flange of the combustion case. The attachment member is also configured for pivotal attachment to the elongated bar. The apparatus is configured to apply a radially outward force on a downstream portion of the combustion liner when a radially inward force is applied to the handle.

Abstract: A return bend ringing apparatus includes a ring station configured to receive a pair of rings and a pair of pins configured to move between a retracted position and an extended position. Each pin includes a tapered end and a shoulder. The pins in the retracted position are configured not to engage the rings, and the pins in the extended position are configured to engage the rings with each pin extending through one of the rings. A gripper is configured to grip and move a return bend into an engagement position in which the return bend engages the shoulder of each pin.

Abstract: A turbine power unit for a power tool having a turbine housing with an interior space configured to receive therein a fluid powered turbine supported for rotation on a bearing within the turbine housing. A service opening through the turbine housing into the interior space thereof, the service opening configured to permit installation and removal of a bearing into and out of the interior space of the turbine housing. A removable cover releasably securable to the turbine housing over the service opening and transitionable between an open configuration in which a bearing can be installed into and removed from the interior space of the turbine housing through the service opening and a closed configuration in which an installed bearing within the interior space is secured for operation in the turbine housing.

Abstract: A method for supplying cutting oil in a machine tool for cutting work pieces, including the steps of retaining cutting oil in a minimum reference quantity or an initial reference quantity in the cutting-oil tank, measuring a supply quantity per unit time q of the cutting oil flowing out from the cutting-oil tank and supplied to a cutting area of work pieces, either supplying the cutting oil to the cutting-oil tank by a quantity per unit time q? larger than q and the supply is stopped in the case where the cutting-oil tank is filled, and the supplying and stopping are repeated as necessary, or supplying the cutting oil to the cutting-oil tank by a quantity per unit time equal to the supply quantity per unit time q.

Abstract: This invention provides a machine tool that, in addition to sequentially separating a chip generated from a workpiece in a reliable manner, improves the roundness of the finished workpiece and improves the visual appearance and roughness of a machined surface of the workpiece, and a control apparatus of the machine tool. A machine tool or a control apparatus thereof includes a vibration frequency setting unit for setting vibration frequency of the reciprocal vibration with respect to one relative rotation when machining a workpiece so that the intersections of paths of a cutting tool during forward movement and backward movement are dispersed on a circumferential surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: In a machine tool and a control apparatus thereof, a repetitive movement unit is configured so that the cutting tool performs one repetitive movement with respect to multiple relative rotations between the workpiece and the cutting tool and so that a rotation angle of the relative rotation between the workpiece and the cutting tool during relative movement at a second speed is smaller than a rotation angle of the relative rotation during relative movement at a first speed in one repetitive movement. This configuration limits degradation of machining efficiency when the cutting tool machines the workpiece by performing one repetitive movement with respect to multiple relative rotations between the workpiece and the cutting tool.

Abstract: A surfacing apparatus supported adjacent a substantially vertical surface of a structure for applying an even and uniform texture to the surface of the structure using a selectively adjustable force exerted on a texturing means to engage the surface of the structure. The surfacing apparatus is suited for horizontal and vertical movement in controlled prescribed paths under controlled and prescribed pressure from the adjustable tensioning means.

Abstract: A workpiece abrading pad apparatus is provided. In one aspect, a grinding pad apparatus employs a flexible pad, a flexible metallic reinforcement layer or ring, and multiple floor-grinding disks. In another aspect, a metallic reinforcement ring includes a central hole through which a fiber or foam pad is accessible. Another aspect employs a spring steel reinforcement ring to which multiple diamond-based abrasive disks or dots are attached. In yet another aspect, at least one floor-contacting disk attached to a reinforcement ring includes sintered powdered metal with diamond particles mixed therein. A further aspect employs abrasive, floor-contacting disks or dots including posts extending from backsides thereof for attachment to a reinforcing ring or layer.