Abstract: A method of making cookware containing a bonded composite comprising the steps of providing at least two layers of materials by pressurizing and heating wherein the first of the at least two layers of materials has a plurality of spaced-apart bubbles formed on its surface, defining a cooking surface of the cookware, and a second layer of two layers of material is bonded thereto, wherein the bonding between the bubbles and the second material is of a lesser degree than the bonding between the first and second layers of materials in areas intermediate the bubbles, whereby a coefficient of heat conductivity is greater in the intermediate areas than in the bubbles. The method also includes providing a plurality of sets of bonding blank assemblies by solid state processing under pressure and heat.

Abstract: Cooking appliance including a lid that closes, in a removable manner, a working container receiving a tool spun by a motor, the lid having a body equipped with a tube for adding food, arranged in an off-center manner on the lid, wherein the lid includes a locking ring that can move by spinning on said body, and the locking ring can be in a closed position in which locking components hold the lid in a closed position on the working container, and in an open position in which the lid can be lifted off of the working container.

Abstract: The semi-automatic collapsible chafer system is a multi-angle framework with a plurality of locking joints arranged at the corners thereof and a plurality of interlocking rail pole assemblies. The frame is designed with at least one well to accommodate one or more industry standard chafing pans with a unique dual canned heat compartment for each well. The semi-automatic collapsible chafer system quickly opens to be used as a complete food service station then quickly retracts for easy storage and mobility. The complete assembly utilizes these joints to collapse horizontally and vertically in the X, Y, and Z axis. The present invention is the only fully collapsible/erectable chafer with heater supports and built in safety features.

Abstract: A self-heating assembly includes a product container for holding a product to be heated and a heater container coupled to the product container. There is a reaction space between the product container and the heater container. There is a support structure (made, for example, of open cell foam) in the reaction space and a granular second reactant distributed throughout the support structure. There is a liquid first reactant in the reaction space. A frangible membrane is configured so that, when intact, it separates the liquid first reactant from the support structure and from the granular second reactant. The liquid first reactant and the granular second reactant are adapted to exothermically react upon contact with one another. The support structure is permeable to the liquid first reactant and is configured to support and substantially maintain the distribution of the granular second reactant throughout the support structure before and during the exothermic chemical reaction.

Abstract: A gas-fired smoker constitutes a cabinet for holding food products to be cooked. A gas burner in the cabinet is connected to a source of flammable gas by means of a valve. The gas burner heats the cabinet and thereby cooks the food products. In one embodiment a pilot light ignites the flammable gas at the gas burner. A control circuit powered by a DC source controls the operation of the gas-fired smoker including igniting and extinguishing the gas burner in order to maintain a cooking temperature in the cabinet. A battery powers the control system. In another embodiment a rechargeable battery is recharged by a Seebeck thermal electric generator that is exposed to the heat from the gas burner.

Abstract: Briefly, the present disclosure relates, in one embodiment, to a cooking apparatus. The cooking apparatus may include a plurality of chamber walls defining a chamber. The chamber includes a plurality of chamber corners, a chamber bottom end, and a chamber top end. A gas burner including a burner tube is located nearer the chamber bottom end than the chamber top end. The burner tube may include a plurality of tube runs. Each tube run includes a run length extending substantially parallel with a respective chamber wall. A majority of the run length may include a closed wall section of the burner tube. The burner tube may also include a plurality of tube bends. Each tube bend is disposed between two respective tube runs and may include a porous wall section of the burner tube.

Abstract: A juicer comprises a base part, a juicer body, a strainer, a threaded cutter and a feed inlet, wherein the strainer is arranged within the juicer body, the juicer body is covered over with the feed inlet and a squeezing chamber is formed between the feed inlet and the strainer, and a buffer chamber is formed between the upper portion of the threaded cutter and the lower portion of the feed inlet; a pivot joint is arranged at the top of the screw body and is pivotally connected to the inner surface of the lower portion of the feed inlet, and the upper portion of the screw body from bottom to top is tapered at first and then broadened to form a radial projecting top. The juicer has increased squeezing efficiency and juice yield, and avoids accumulation of squeezed food.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of mounting a shower curtain rod, and/or a shower curtain rod assembly, that includes an adhesive support to supplement the conventional mounting. The adhesive support is preferably incorporated in caps that cover the junctions between the rod and the walls between which the rod is mounted.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a touchless soap and water dispenser for a toilet stall. The dispenser provides an internal pair of reservoirs: a refillable water mister reservoir and a refillable or replaceable soap foam reservoir. Two nozzles, one connected to each reservoir, protrude from the bottom surface of the dispenser within a recess. Each nozzle is operated by a touch sensitive button, illuminated with a symbol identifying the contents of the connected reservoir. Only one of the nozzles may be activated at a time; activating one nozzle automatically deactivates the other, with an LED light illuminating the nozzle that is currently activated. Preferably, one or more infrared sensors are provided which detect the approach and stopping of a hand with toilet paper to dispense soap or water. If the hand or other object approaches too closely, a sliding security door is activated which covers the recess to protect the nozzles from vandalism or sabotage.

Abstract: A reusable handheld cleaning implement comprised of a flat, perforated, semi rigid, pliable, semi resilient backing made of water resistant material. A plurality of single, solid, linear, vertical, soft, pliable, semi resilient, smooth, non-open looped strands are connected to the backing forming both the top and bottom surface of the implement. A tether is connected to the implement.

Abstract: In one example, a wipe dispensing system includes a housing that defines an internal wipe storage area, a lid rotatably connected to the housing, a fluid reservoir disposed within the housing, and a pump in fluid communication with the fluid reservoir. A fluid discharge manifold is in fluid communication with the pump and is arranged proximate to a portion of a wipe dispensing path. The lid is operably disposed with respect to the pump such that depression of the lid causes discharge of fluid from the pump through the fluid discharge manifold, and also causes partial dispensation of a wipe from the housing.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods in which a sheet product dispenser comprises a front cover moveably coupled with a housing back, and an overfill prevention protrusion disposed in an internal storage space defined by the front cover and housing back. The interior storage space is configured to hold a plurality of stacked sheets. The front cover and/or the housing back includes an opening for dispensing the plurality of sheets. The overfill prevention protrusion is configured to gradually interfere with the plurality of stacked sheets from fitting in the interior storage space. For example, the protrusion may be configured to prevent the plurality of stacked sheet from stacking in a linear fashion (e.g., in a fashion parallel to a wall of the housing back).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention can provide a combination toilet trainer, comprising a base comprising two handles, an underside, a backside, and an open side; a removable seat comprising a backed ring and a hinged ring connected by a hinge point, each having an inner opening; and an internal bowl having an internal bowl lip; wherein the removable seat is configured to be removably mounted atop the open side of the base; and wherein the internal bowl is configured to be removably attachable to the removable seat at the inner opening by the internal bowl lip being secured between the backed ring and the hinged ring.

Abstract: A toilet training device includes an odor remediation system for absorbing or masking odors that may be created during toilet training. The odor remediation system may include a modular odor remediating insert that may be releasably positioned within a recess that is provided within the toilet training device. The odor remediating insert may include an odor absorbing substance such as sodium bicarbonate, an odor masking substance such as a fragrance or a combination of an odor absorbing substance and an odor masking substance. The toilet training device also includes a system for dispensing wipes that may utilize a recess that is defined in a side wall of the main body portion of the toilet training device. A wipes cartridge is designed so that it can be used to conveniently dispense wipes regardless of whether it is separated from the toilet training device or mounted within the recess of the toilet training device.

Abstract: A splash guard apparatus for use in a bowl of a toilet to enhance sanitation is provided. The splash guard apparatus includes a sheet assembly disposed on the water in the bowl of the toilet. The sheet assembly includes an upper sheet and a lower sheet coupled together, the upper sheet having a plurality of slits disposed therethrough, the lower sheet coupled to the bottom surface of the upper sheet and in contact with the water in the bowl of the toilet. The plurality of slits in the upper sheet of the sheet assembly deflect any fluid waste disposed thereon within the bowl of the toilet to minimize the contaminated water in the bowl from exiting the toilet. The sheet assembly in the bowl encapsulates the solid waste disposed on the upper sheet, thereby minimizing splashes of the contaminated water from exiting the bowl of the toilet.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a toilet seat device includes a toilet seat, and a Doppler sensor using radio waves. An opened state of the toilet seat is sensed when approach of a user to the toilet seat is sensed based on a sensing signal outputted by the Doppler sensor. It is regarded that use is in progress for urination by the user when the toilet seat is in the opened state. In a state of being regarded that use is in progress for urination, a post-use operation is performed after sensing leaving of the user from the toilet seat based on the sensing signal.

Abstract: A rechargeable vacuum cleaner assembly includes: a rechargeable vacuum cleaner provided with a first magnetic member (1011); and a charging stand (100) provided with a second magnetic member (1012), in which the first magnetic member (1011) is configured to cooperate with the second magnetic member (1012) through magnetic attraction so as to position the rechargeable vacuum cleaner to the charging stand (100).

Abstract: In an embodiment, a system includes a tool that includes an exhaust port and a vacuum. The vacuum also includes an exhaust intake port configured to couple to the exhaust port of the tool. The exhaust intake port may be configured to receive exhaust from the exhaust port. The vacuum includes a vacuum intake port, a vacuum exhaust port opposed to the vacuum intake port, and a mixing chamber between the vacuum intake port and the vacuum exhaust port. The vacuum intake port, the vacuum exhaust port, and the mixing chamber may all be on a same centerline.

Abstract: A surface cleaning apparatus comprises a hand vacuum cleaner, a surface cleaning head and a rigid air flow conduit. The hand vacuum cleaner has a main body housing a suction motor and fan assembly. The hand vacuum cleaner also has an air inlet centrally positioned on a front end of an air treatment member, the air inlet is releasably connectable with the air outlet of the rigid wand. The hand vacuum cleaner also has a hand vacuum cleaner electrical connector provided on the front end of the air treatment member adjacent the hand vacuum cleaner air inlet, the hand vacuum cleaner electrical connector is releasably connectable with the outlet end electrical connector.

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus includes a dust collector detachably installed at a cleaning stick. The dust collector includes a cyclone unit to generate a cyclone stream and a dust collecting unit to collect foreign matter. In this structure, a dust collecting efficiency of the dust collector may be increased, and a load of a cleaning apparatus body may be reduced.

Abstract: A charging stand (100) for a vacuum cleaner (200) includes: a body (1), a charger (7) and a wire-winding frame (6). The charger (7) is connected with the body (1) via a power cord (71) and provided with a pin (72); the wire-winding frame (6) is disposed to the body (1) and defines an inserting slot (611), in which the pin (72) is configured to be fitted with the inserting slot (611), and the power cord (71) is configured to be wound around the wire-winding frame (6).

Abstract: A cleaner includes: a suction unit that guides air and dust; a main body connected with the suction unit and including a dust separation unit that separates dust from air, and a dust container that stores dust separated by the dust separation unit, at least a portion of the dust container being transparent or translucent; a handle unit connected to the main body and has a battery; a power receiving component disposed in the main body to be supplied with power from the battery; wires that are connected to the power receiver; and a cover member coupled to the main body and disposed between the main body and the wires to prevent the wires from being seen from the outside of the dust container.

Abstract: A method for operating a self-propelling and self-steering floor-cleaning device is provided, wherein at least one map of at least one room to be cleaned is storable in a storage unit of the floor-cleaning device, as is a user-predeterminable cleaning plan having one or more cleaning tasks, wherein at least one cleaning task is associated with a particular room that is identifiable from a map, and the floor-cleaning device is placed in a room. In order to provide a method of this kind that enables efficient execution of the cleaning plan, when the cleaning plan is executed, the floor-cleaning device determines whether the room in which it is placed is the particular room, and, if the result of this determination is negative, performance of the cleaning task is not carried out, is interrupted, or is ended. A floor-cleaning device for performing the method is also provided.

Abstract: A power mop is provided having a tank for holding a liquid positioned for gravity-induced flow of the liquid from a gravity feed conduit into a hand grip. Inside of the hand grip is a liquid inlet, a valve for controlling the flow of the liquid, a pump for providing flow pressure to the liquid, and a battery for powering the pump. Additionally, a switch is accessible external to the hand grip for powering the pump and switching the valve between open and closed liquid flow positions. A handle tube is connected to the hand grip. The handle tube contains a pressure feed conduit for receiving pressurized flow of the liquid from the hand grip. A nozzle is mounted on the handle tube to disperse the liquid onto the surface to be mopped. A mop head is attached to the end of the handle tube remote from the hand grip.

Abstract: An appliance drain pan comprises a continuous upturned rim around an outer edge of the drain pan, the rim having a top edge; horizontal left and right side support ledges enclosed by the rim; and a central depression between the horizontal left and right side support ledges. The central depression is deeper than side support ledges relative to the top edge of the rim. At least a portion of the central depression extends under at least a portion of each of the side support ledges.

Abstract: A handle assembly for an appliance door includes a handle frame mounted over a handle aperture defined in an outer door. The handle frame defines a pocket recess positioned within a door gap and being configured for receiving a separately manufactured pocket handle. Specifically, the pocket handle includes a horizontal arm extending from a rear of the pocket recess toward a front of appliance door substantially along a horizontal direction and a grip extending from the horizontal arm substantially along a vertical direction.

Abstract: A dishwasher includes a main body, a washing tub that is disposed inside the main body and includes an opening formed on a front surface thereof, a door that opens and closes the opening, and a sealing member that seals between the washing tub and the door. The sealing member includes a fixing unit that is fixed to a lower portion of the door, and a sealing unit that extends toward a front side of the washing tub from the fixing unit and is brought into contact with an inner surface of the washing tub.

Abstract: A dishwasher appliance includes a tub defining a wash chamber. The dishwasher appliance also includes a rack assembly disposed within the wash chamber. The rack assembly may define a wash compartment. In addition, the dishwasher appliance may include a basket disposed within the wash compartment. The basket may comprise a magnet, and the basket may be removably mounted to the rack assembly via the magnet.

Abstract: This invention provides a sticky cleaner used for removing organic dirt deposited on an article surface. The sticky cleaner comprises a dirt-collecting member that collects the organic dirt upon contact with the article surface. The dirt-collecting member has an acrylic PSA in an area that comes in contact with the article surface. The dirt-collecting member exhibits a hardness of 90 or less in the area that comes in contact with the article surface.

Abstract: A treatment instrument for an endoscope used in combination with an endoscope having a raising base at a distal end section of a channel, the treatment instrument for the endoscope includes a sheath section having flexibility; a treatment section installed closer to a distal end side than the sheath section; and a manipulation unit installed at a proximal end of the sheath section and configured to manipulate the treatment section, wherein the sheath section has a sheath main body; a sandwiched portion formed at a distal end side of the sheath main body and sandwiched between the raising base and an inner circumferential surface of the channel; and a torque transmission member configured to transmit a rotational torque input at the proximal end side by a user and turn the sheath main body about the axis.

Abstract: A flexible tube for an endoscope, containing: a tubular flexible tube substrate material having a flexibility; and a resin layer covering the flexible tube substrate material, in which the resin layer is adhered to the flexible tube substrate material with an adhesive hardened, the adhesive hardened contains an ester-based polyurethane resin, which is a hardened resin of an adhesive for an endoscope, and the adhesive for an endoscope contains an ester-based urethane polymer having a structure represented by a specific formula.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: a conduit that is provided inside an insertion section and into which a guide wire is inserted in a direction opposite to an insertion direction of the insertion section; a bent conduit that is bent to make the conduit communicate with a pipe sleeve of a treatment instrument insertion port provided in an operation section; and a forceps plug that is detachable from the pipe sleeve. An opening is deviated from a center of the pipe sleeve toward an outer circumferential side of a bending direction of the bent conduit.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method to move a magnetic capsule linearly both horizontally and linearly in a very controllable fashion, wherein the direction of a combined external magnetic field, the force experienced by the magnetic capsule, the movement direction of the capsule and magnetic direction of the magnetic capsule can be all aligned in parallel to each other.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a system to control a movement of a magnetic capsule using an external magnet control system. The external magnet control system includes more than one external magnetic balls, and at least one external magnetic ball can be moved freely in five degrees of the freedom.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a distal end rigid portion including a through hole, an elongated image pickup section, a distal end of which is inserted and fixed in the through hole, a light guide fiber bundle, distal end molded portions of which are inserted and fixed in the through hole, the light guide fiber bundle being formed as one bundle from a proximal end portion to a predetermined branched portion on a distal end side, and formed by being branched into a plurality of bundles on a distal end side with respect to the predetermined branched portion; a plurality of first cover tubes made of e-PTFE, and respectively covering the plurality of bundles from the distal end molded portions to the predetermined branched portion; and one second cover tube of a material other than the e-PTFE, covering the one bundle from the predetermined branched portion to the proximal end portion.

Abstract: An operation device for an into-bore introduction device, includes: a projecting portion formed to project from a grasping section in a radial direction to a longitudinal axis of the grasping section, in a surface between a surface on which a bending operation knob is disposed and a surface on which operator's palm abuts to grasp the grasping section, in the grasping section; a pressing switch disposed on the projecting portion; and an inclined surface formed distantly by as much as a predetermined distance from the pressing switch, and in which an amount of the inclined surface to project outside in the radial direction is decreased on an insertion section side of the projecting portion.

Abstract: An endoscopic instrument with a shank which includes at least two segments which are connected to one another via diametrically opposite joints. Between axial face edges of the opposite joints facing one another a gap is present. The gap runs with at least one angular bend.

Abstract: An endoscope sheath comprising: a proximal end; a distal end having a distal end region; a surface extending between and connecting the proximal end and the distal end; and a plurality of positioning devices located along the surface; wherein the sheath is configured to: (1) receive all or a portion of an endoscope having a cylindrical end and (2) provide a conduit for communicating fluid between the proximal end of the sheath and the distal end of the sheath when the endoscope is inserted inside the sheath; and wherein the distal end region of the sheath includes the plurality of positioning devices that secure the cylindrical end of the endoscope against a portion of an inner wall of the surface extending between the proximal end and the distal end so that a fluid barrier is created between the cylindrical end of the endoscope and the inner wall.

Abstract: An endoscope illumination device includes a light source that outputs primary light, a light guide that includes a first end face from which the primary light is radiated, and guides the primary light, and a light converter that is disposed to face the first end face, includes a second end face which the primary light enters, converts part of the primary light into secondary light. The illumination device also includes a holder that holds the light guide and the light converter so that an incident angle of the secondary light that is radiated from a point of intersection of the second end face and an optical axis of the light guide on the first end face and enters the first end face is equal to or larger than an acceptance angle (NA) of the light guide.

Abstract: A method for intubation of a patient comprising: providing an LMA and an endotracheal tube, wherein the endotracheal tube comprises a visualization device and wherein the endotracheal tube is adapted for passing through the LMA; positioning the LMA in the patient; and guiding the endotracheal tube with the aid of the visualization device through the LMA for positioning in the trachea of the patient. The method preferably further comprises removing the LMA from the patient following the positioning of the endotracheal tube while leaving the endotracheal tube in position.

Abstract: A liquid distribution system is configured to deliver a disinfectant solution to a medical device within an enclosure. A disinfectant concentration measuring subsystem includes a mixing chamber, a reservoir, a reservoir cap, a pump, and a concentration analysis assembly. The first mixing chamber is in fluid communication with an outlet of the liquid distribution system. The reservoir is configured to contain a reagent solution and is in fluid communication with the mixing chamber. The reservoir cap includes a static member, which is configured to couple with a supply conduit and a return conduit; and a rotating member, which is configured to rotate relative to the static member to couple the reservoir cap with the reservoir. The pump is configured to simultaneously pump the disinfectant solution and the reagent solution into the mixing chamber. The concentration analysis assembly is operable to determine a concentration of disinfectant output from the mixing chamber.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and a method, for testing a visual function of a subject, that make it possible to appropriately test the sensitivity for each color for each region of a visual field. In a state in which the subject is caused to gaze at one point 6 in a background 7, a visual target 5 for testing a color-related visual function of the subject is displayed in a peripheral region of the gaze point 6 such that the luminance of the background 7 has a numerical value included between a numerical value smaller by 10% and a numerical value greater by 10% than the luminance of the visual target 5. Then, for each measurement point 300, a threshold that is a size of the visual target 5 that determines whether or not the subject can perceive the visual target 5 is obtained for a plurality of times.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomography (OCT) image composed of a plurality of A-scans of a structure is analyzed by defining, for each A-scan, a set of neighboring A-scans surrounding the A-slices scan. Following an optional de-noising step, the neighboring A-scans are aligned in the imaging direction, then a matrix X is formed from the aligned A-scans, and matrix completion is performed to obtain a reduced speckle noise image.

Abstract: An SS-OCT apparatus includes a clock generator configured as an interferometer including an optical path through which part of light emitted from a light source passes, the optical path being split into a first optical path and a second optical path having an optical path length difference relative to the first optical path, to generate a clock used by a converter sampling an analog signal; a tomographic image obtaining unit configured to obtain a tomographic image of a fundus by using a digital signal converted from the analog signal sampled by the converter using the generated clock; and a scan unit configured to scan illumination light across the fundus at a scan angle of 47 degrees or more in air. The tomographic image obtaining unit is configured to obtain a tomographic image of the fundus at a distance of 4.0 mm more within an eyeball in a depth range.

Abstract: An ophthalmic image processing apparatus of an embodiment includes a storage unit, a first brightness profile generation unit, a second brightness profile generation unit, and a brightness correction unit. The storage unit is configured to store image data acquired through scanning a subject's eye using optical coherence tomography. The first brightness profile generation unit is configured to generate a first brightness profile along a first direction by integrating brightness values of the image data. The second brightness profile generation unit is configured to process the first brightness profile to generate a second brightness profile. The brightness correction unit is configured to perform brightness correction of the image data based on the first brightness profile and the second brightness profile.

Abstract: An improved retinoscopy paddle with lens received through openings extending through the paddle member has an axis compass with indicia for assessing the range of refraction error and axis of astigmatism in the eyes of a patient as part of an optical examination. The axis compass may be formed on the paddle member or on a receptacle member adapted for operative receipt on as associated retinoscopy paddle. A method is provided for integrating a retinoscopy paddle and axis compass.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optometry apparatus capable of measuring para-central defocus, comprising a diopter measurement module. The diopter measurement module comprises a first light source (1) emitting a first light beam. The optometry apparatus also comprises a scanning module for adjusting the position of a light spot formed on the retina by the first light beam. The scanning module comprises a first reflecting mirror (3) and a second reflecting mirror (5) rotatably positioned in sequence in the emergent optical path of the first light source (1). The rotation axis of the first reflecting mirror (3) and the rotation axis of the second reflecting mirror (5) form therebetween an angle greater than 0 degree and less than 180 degrees.

Abstract: An eyeblink measurement system 10 is a measurement apparatus for measuring a subject's eyelid position, and includes a lighting device 1 that irradiates light extending across upper to lower eyelids of the subject's eye region E, and an image measurement device 2 that has an optical axis Ia on a plane for which a plane including an irradiation optical axis La of the light is rotated by a predetermined angle ? around an axis A1 along the light to be irradiated onto the subject, obtains height information based on the position of an optical image of the light in an image imaged, and measures the eyelid position based on the height information.

Abstract: A device for determining an intraocular pressure of an eye is disclosed. The device comprises; (a) a housing; (b) a plunger axially movable within the housing, a first end of the plunger having a tip for contacting the eye; (c) an indicator arm operatively connected to a second end of the plunger; (d) a measurement gauge for indicating the intraocular pressure of the eye; and (e) a resilient biasing member for biasing the plunger towards an extended position in which the plunger tip protrudes beyond the housing and the indicator arm is biased towards a first position on the measurement gauge. Applying pressure to the eye via the plunger tip causes the intraocular pressure of the eye to exert an opposing force on the plunger tip causing the plunger to retract into the housing to cause a reciprocal movement of the indicator arm towards a second position thereby indicating the intraocular pressure of the eye on the measurement gauge.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for monitoring in real time the physiological status of one or more subjects, especially subject engaged in potentially hazardous or dangerous activities. Systems include wearable items with one or more physiological sensors and a local data unit (LDU) operatively coupled to the sensors. The LDUs digitize and filter sensor data, extract physiological parameters, determine abnormal or not acceptable physiological conditions, and communicate to external monitoring facilities. The external facilities display status and data concerning monitored subjects. In preferred embodiments, communication between the LDUs and the external monitoring facilities dynamically adjusts to the condition of the subjects and to system changes such as subjects and external facilities entering and leaving and/or moving from place to place. The invention also provides program products for performing this invention's methods.