Abstract: A water treatment device for altering the chemical and physical properties of water for use in existing plumbing and/or piping systems wherein the treatment device may be customized for intended use and for treatment of the water profile in the geographical area of installation.

Abstract: Provided is a nano-photocatalyst-microorganism composite multilayered light-transmitting combination support, comprising a plurality of wave-shaped plexiglass plates (1), a tandem rod holder (4), hollow elastic spacers (5), and fixing screws (6); each of the wave-shaped plexiglass plates (1) is provided with four fixing holes (7); the tandem rod holder (4) is provided with four tandem rods (8), and the four tandem rods (8) pass through the fixing holes (7); the tandem rods (8) between the two adjacent wave-shaped plexiglass plates (1) pass through the hollow elastic spacers (5); each of the tandem rods (8) is provided with a fixing screw (6) at the top end; each of the wave-shaped plexiglass plates (1) have different loading layers on the upper and lower surfaces, with a nano-photocatalyst-loading layer (2) on one surface and a degrading bacteria-loading layer (3) on the other surface.

Abstract: Systems and methods for employment in a Zero Waste (ZW) treatment system are disclosed. The ZW treatment system includes a ZW process employing the following individual processes: a separation and extraction process, a blend-heat process, a hydrolysis and acidification process, first-in, first-out (FIFO) anaerobic digestion process, an aerobic boost-blend process, and smart delivery process. A separation and extraction system, a blend-heat system, hydrolysis and acidification system, and a FIFO system performing the ZW treatment process may include a variety of tanks, where each tank may be placed in an enclosure comprising a modular container which, in turn, comprises a modular container system designed for mobility and transportable to remote sites as part of the smart delivery process.

Abstract: In embodiments, a melter for melting glass may include an inlet wall, an outlet wall opposite the inlet wall, and sidewalls extending from the inlet wall to the outlet wall. The inlet wall, outlet wall, and sidewalls define a glass melting space enclosed by a floor and a top. In embodiments, the inlet wall may comprise a glass contact wall comprising a glass contact surface facing the glass melting space. A superstructure of the inlet wall comprises a jack arch positioned over the glass contact wall and at least a portion of the glass melting space. A plane of an interior face of the jack arch and a plane of the glass contact surface are off-set in a horizontal direction. A vertical distance from the floor to an underside of the jack arch is less than a vertical distance from the floor to an underside of the top.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to: a method for manufacturing an ultraviolet-resistant quartz glass, said method including melting a synthetic silica powder; and a method for manufacturing an ultraviolet-resistant quartz glass, said method including performing arc plasma melting of a silica powder. Provided is an ultraviolet-resistant quartz glass having an ultraviolet-resistance of 2500 seconds, wherein, taking the initial transmittance during irradiation of a quadruple higher harmonic (266 nm) of a YAG laser (irradiation performed at a YAG laser output of 180 mW, pulse width of 20 nsec, and frequency of 80 kHz) at an optical path length of 30 mm to be 100%, the irradiation period until the transmittance falls to 3% is defined as resistance to ultraviolet rays (referred to as ultraviolet-resistance). Also provided is an optical member for YAG-laser higher harmonics, said optical member comprising this quartz glass.

Abstract: A glass production apparatus producing continuously curved glass for covers and containers includes a crucible, a calender device, a cutting device, a molding device, and a crystallizing device. The crucible melts glass raw material and outputs a glass melt to calender device. The calender device rolls and presses the glass melt to prepare a glass belt with a preset temperature. The cutting device cuts the glass belt with the preset temperature into glass members. The molding device include at least one molding mold and a manipulator. Each of the at least one molding mold curves at least one portion of the glass member with the preset temperature to prepare a curved glass member. The manipulator transfers the curved glass member to the crystallizing device, the crystallizing device crystallizes the curved glass member to prepare a curved crystalline glass member. A method for manufacturing such glass is also provided.

Abstract: A production apparatus making continuously curved crystalline glass as a cover or container includes a melting device, a drainage device, a molding device, and a crystallizing device. The melting device melts glass raw material to form a glass melt. The drainage device drains the glass melt to the molding device. The molding device includes a rotating table and a plurality of molding molds thereon. Each molding mold can be moved toward or away from the drainage device by the rotating table. Each molding mold has a molding cavity. At least one part of the molding cavity includes a plane, and at least one part of the molding cavity includes a curved surface to extrude the glass melt with such different surface forms. The crystallizing device crystallizes the curved glass member to achieve the curved crystallized glass member. A method for manufacturing such glass is also provided.

Abstract: A method is provided for preparing transparent workpieces for separation. The method includes generating aligned filament formations extending transversely through the workpiece along an intended breaking line using ultra-short laser pulses.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a fiber preform or an optical fiber is provided. The fiber preform or the optical fiber includes a core region, and a cladding arrangement comprising a first cladding region comprising a plurality of rods entirely surrounding the core region, and a second cladding region in between the core region and the first cladding region, the second cladding region comprising a plurality of tubes, wherein a plurality of splits are defined in the second cladding region. According to further embodiments of the present invention, a method for forming a fiber preform and a method for forming an optical fiber are also provided.

Abstract: Provide is an optical glass including: by mass %, 0% to 5% of a SiO2 component; 10% to 40% of a P2O5 component; 4% to 30% of a B2O3 component; 0% to 11% of a Na2O component; 5% to 20% of a K2O component; 0% to 20% of a TiO2 component; 0% to 2% of a ZrO2 component; and 20% to 70% of a Nb2O5 component, wherein P2O5 component+B2O3 component is more than 25% and 41% or less, B2O3 component/P2O5 component is 0.15 or more and less than 1.23, TiO2 component/P2O5 component is 0 or more and less than 1.3, and Nb2O5 component/P2O5 component is from 0.7 to 2.8.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of glass manufacturing, and discloses aluminoborosilicate glass, and a preparation method and an application thereof. Based on the total weight of components in the composition of the glass, the glass comprises: 33-60 wt % SiO2, 3-10 wt % Al2O3, 10-30 wt % B2O3, 1-15 wt % ZnO+TiO2+Sc2O3, and 7-27 wt % alkali-earth oxide RO, wherein RO is at least one of MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO, and 0.001 wt %?Sc2O3?1 wt %. The aluminoborosilicate glass provided in the present invention has advantages including low density, high index of refraction, low thermal expansion coefficient, high thermostability, high flexibility, and easy bending, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to glass composites, including filled glass composites and uses thereof. In particular examples, the composites provide improved thermal expansion characteristics. Also described are methods of forming such composites, such as by adding a particle filler to a glass mixture.

Abstract: A conductive composition has excellent adhesiveness to a substrate and conductivity. For example, a conductive composition contains copper powder, cuprous oxide, a lead-free glass frit, and a carboxylic acid-based additive. The cuprous oxide is contained in an amount of at least 5.5 parts by mass and up to 25 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the copper powder. The lead-free glass frit contains a borosilicate zinc-based glass frit and a vanadium zinc-based glass frit. The borosilicate zinc-based glass frit contains boron oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, and optional other components, among which boron oxide, silicon oxide, and zinc oxide serve as top-three oxide components in terms of content. The vanadium zinc-based glass frit contains vanadium oxide, zinc oxide, and optional other components, among which vanadium oxide and zinc oxide serve as top-two oxide components in terms of content.

Abstract: A conductive composition has excellent adhesiveness and conductivity. A conductive composition contains copper powder, cuprous oxide, a lead-free glass frit, and an acid-based additive. The lead-free glass frit is contained in an amount of 9 to 50 parts by mass relative to 100 parts of the copper powder. The lead-free glass frit contains a borosilicate zinc-based glass frit and a vanadium zinc-based glass frit. The borosilicate zinc-based glass frit contains boron oxide, silicon oxide, zinc oxide, and optional other components, among which boron oxide, silicon oxide, and zinc oxide serve as top-three oxide components in terms of content. The vanadium zinc-based glass frit contains vanadium oxide, zinc oxide, and optional other components, among which vanadium oxide and zinc oxide serve as top-two oxide components in terms of content. The acid-based additive is contained 0.1 to 5.0 parts by mass relative to 100 parts of the copper powder.

Abstract: A glass article includes at least one glass substrate on which a stack of layers is deposited. The stack includes at least one layer consisting of a layer of silicon nitride of formulation SiNx, in which x is less than 1.25. The physical thickness of the SiNx layer is between 5 and 50 nm. The light reflection of the glass article, measured on the side of the substrate on which the stack is deposited, is greater than 20%.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions and methods for improving the adhesion of resin compositions to substrate materials, pre-treating substrate materials to improve the adhesion of resin compositions to the substrate materials, and/or controlling gel formation of resin compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions and methods for improving the adhesion of ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) compositions to substrate materials using adhesion promoters containing isocyanate groups in a resin composition. The invention also relates to methods for improving the adhesion of resin compositions to substrate materials by pre-treating substrate materials with adhesion promoters containing isocyanate groups. The invention further relates to a method of providing a gel-modified ROMP composition, in which a hydroperoxide is added to a ROMP polymerizable resin composition in order to control gel formation of the polymerizing resin.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing articles in the form of a slab or block, the articles are obtained from an initial mix comprising aggregates and a binder. Synthetic aggregates and fillers have a hardness greater than or equal to 5 Mohs, and contain silicon dioxide substantially only in amorphous form, the silicon dioxide in crystalline form being present in quantities of less than 1% by weight.

Abstract: A composition for artificial marble, of the present invention comprises: a binder resin; an inorganic filler excluding zinc oxide; and zinc oxide, wherein the zinc oxide has a size ratio (B/A), in which peak A is a 370 nm to 390 nm region and peak B is a 450 nm to 600 nm region, of approximately 0.01 to 1 during photoluminescence measurement, and has a BET surface area of approximately 10 m2/g or less.

Abstract: This invention discloses an artificial stone with glass as main material, which is characterized by that, its raw materials calculated by mass percent include: resin 8-16%, quartz sand aggregate 0-45%, glass particle aggregate 14-60%, quartz powder 0-32%, glass powder 0-32%, ultrafine quartz powder 0-5% and pigment 0-2%; its main materials also include curing agent and coupling agent, the mass ratio of the curing agent and the resin used is 0.5-2:100, and the mass ratio of the coupling agent and the resin used is 0.5-2:100; in the formula of artificial stone, the total mass of glass particle aggregate and glass powder is greater than the total mass of quartz sand aggregate, quartz powder and ultrafine quartz powder. The artificial stone in this invention takes glass particle and powder materials as main fillers, a new formula system is formed, and a new artificial stone is obtained, with a better permeability.

Abstract: An artificial stone with non-natural mineral as main material, its raw materials calculated by mass percent include: resin 8-16%, quartz sand aggregate 0-45%, glass particle aggregate 14-60%, quartz powder 0-32%, glass powder 0-32%, tile powder 5-32%, ultrafine quartz powder 0-5% and pigment 0-2%; its main materials also include curing agent and coupling agent; in the formula of artificial stone, the total mass of glass particle aggregate and glass powder is greater than the total mass of quartz sand aggregate, quartz powder and ultrafine quartz powder. Glass particle aggregate and glass powder are made of recycled waste glass, and tile powder is made of recycled waste vitreous polished tiles. The artificial stone in this invention takes non-natural minerals as main fillers, a new formula system is formed, which adopts wastes as main padding, provides more recycling applications of wastes and has more environmental protection meanings.

Abstract: Provided is a concrete composition, including: blast furnace slag; at least any one of expansive additive and cement; and water, wherein a unit water content of the water is 130 kg/m3 or less; wherein a content of the cement is 22% by mass or less relative to the blast furnace slag, and wherein a slump flow value of the concrete composition is 40 cm or greater.

Abstract: A composition of a cement additive material to improve durability of cementitious structures, was disclosed. The cement additive composition includes an admixture of one or more of divalent magnesium metal silicates with capacity to act as a latent hydraulic binder in said composition activated by a hydration process under aqueous conditions, and in particular the divalent metal silicate is magnesium-dominated silicate, preferably comprising mineral groups of olivines, orthopyroxenes, amphiboles, talc and serpentines or mixtures thereof. The composition also includes chloride ions or brine. Applications of the compositions are also disclosed, in particular to utilize a property of hydration as a major trigger for the latent hydraulic reaction of magnesium silicates, particularly for said olivines, when exposed to water and brines, in order to obtain a cementitious material becoming self healing.

Abstract: A ceramic slurry for forming a ceramic article includes a binder, a first plurality of ceramic particles having a first morphology, a second plurality of ceramic particles having a second morphology that is different from the first morphology; and a photoinitiator. A method for using this slurry for fabricating ceramic articles is presented as well.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a low cost thermally conductive carbon foam composite utilizing coal as a precursor, or starting material, and natural or synthetic graphite as a thermally conductive additive. Also, a method for manufacturing carbon foam at pressures at-or-near atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a boron nitride (BN(C)) composite material in the form of a continuous structure, and a phase change material (PCM) included inside said continuous structure of (BN(C)), the method for manufacturing same and the components that comprise same.

Abstract: The object of this invention is a process for manufacturing, conditioning and stabilization of a family of base additives sodium, potassium, boron, silicon, zinc, calcium oxides, among others, prepared by physicochemical and chemical synthesis methods that form nanometric structures, reformulated with deflocculant, sequestrants and dispersants additives that allow to obtain a dispersion or powder capable to decrease the sintering temperature of a ceramic body due to the high fluxing power, which is maximized by the use of nanotechnology in the structures obtained. The process consists in the preparation of nucleation seeds of metal, silicates and carbonates oxides by means of a physicochemical process, and which allow nanometric structures to grow by means of a chemical process in a chemical synthesis process wet basis of sodium, boron, silicon, zinc, potassium and calcium oxides.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a ceramic powder with binder includes at least one additional element or compound, the ceramic powder with binder being in particular based on zirconia and/or alumina and/or strontium aluminate, wherein the process includes a step (E3) of depositing at least one additional element or compound on a ceramic powder with binder by a physical vapour deposition (PVD) and/or by a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and/or by an atomic layer deposition (ALD).

Abstract: Disclosed are coated inorganic particulate and polymer composite material for use in molding/sintering processes. The composite material is uniquely adapted for forming powdered materials into solid objects and associated processes. Improved products are provided under process conditions through surface interfacially modified powders.

Abstract: A high strength ceramic body for use in a regenerative burner media bed, comprising a generally spherical refractory portion and a plurality of irregular aggregate portions distributed randomly throughout the generally spherical portion. The aggregate portions are selected from the group comprising tabular alumina, white fused alumina, mullite, chamotte, and combinations thereof. The generally spherical portion has a porosity of less than 1 percent and is more than 99.5 weight percent alumina.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for making a freeze-cast material having a internal structure, the methods comprising steps of: determining the internal structure of the material, the internal structure having a plurality of pores, wherein: each of the plurality of pores has directionality; and the step of determining comprises: selecting a temperature gradient and a freezing front velocity to obtain the determined internal structure based on the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity; directionally freezing a liquid formulation to form a frozen solid, the step of directionally freezing comprising: controlling the temperature gradient and the freezing front velocity to match the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity during directionally freezing; wherein the liquid formulation comprises at least one solvent and at least one dispersed species; and subliming the at least one solvent out of the frozen solid to form the material.

Abstract: Various embodiments for a median barrier finishing machine are described. A median barrier finishing machine may include a housing configured to encapsulate at least a portion of a median barrier, where the housing comprises a first vertical wall, a second vertical wall, and a horizontal wall. The median barrier finishing machine may include at least one adjustable member configured to couple the housing to the vehicle and retain the housing a predetermined distance relative to the vehicle while the vehicle is in motion. Further, the median barrier finishing machine may include at least one finishing device disposed within the housing, where the at least one finishing device is configured to contact a surface of a median barrier at least partially positioned within the housing and treat the surface as the vehicle moves the housing along a length of the median barrier.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an organic soil builder, conditioner and/or biofertilizer, and to the production method thereof, which organic soil conditioner and/or biofertilizer has an organic base that allows the availability of nutrients in the soil to be increased for use when the plant requires, or the recovery of degraded soils. The method of the invention uses any type of animal waste sludges together with dry matter and granulated minerals. This mixture is fermented for 40 to 210 days, thus obtaining the organic soil builder, conditioner and/or biofertilizer of the invention.

Abstract: The invention related to a method of making a nutrient additive from electronic waste comprising the steps of: a) adding electronic waste to a reaction vessel; b) admixing the electronic waste and optionally one or more metal catalysts with one or more acids, wherein one or more metals in the electronic waste is dissolved by the acid to form a nutrient additive; and related products, such as fertilisers and soil improvers.

Abstract: A continuous heating reactor for composting includes a rotary reactor including a cylindrical reactor housing and push plates arranged inside the cylindrical reactor housing and spaced along the length and inner diameter thereof, a transmission mechanism adapted for rotating the cylindrical reactor housing at a predetermined speed to cause the push plates to push and stir the feeding waste organic material, and a heater for heating the feeding waste organic material in the cylindrical reactor housing by means of the circulation of a hot oil.

Abstract: A method of producing linear alpha olefins includes: introducing a catalyst stream and a first solvent stream to a reactor, wherein the reactor comprises a distributor; introducing a second solvent stream above the distributor, wherein the catalyst stream, the first solvent stream, and the second solvent stream form a reaction solution; introducing a feed stream to the reactor; passing the feed stream through the distributor; and passing the feed stream through the reaction solution, producing an oligomerization reaction forming the linear alpha olefins.

Abstract: A method of producing p-xylene, the method comprising the steps of converting the C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons and the hydrogen gas in the presence of a dealkylation catalyst to produce a dealkylation effluent, separating the dealkylation effluent to produce a carbon-nine (C9) aromatics stream, a xylene stream, and a toluene stream, separating the p-xylenes from the xylene stream in the p-xylene separation unit to produce a p-xylene product and a p-xylene depleted stream, converting the m-xylene and o-xylene in the p-xylene depleted stream in the isomerization unit to produce an isomerization effluent, reacting the C9 aromatics stream and the hydrogen stream in the presence of a transalkylation catalyst in the transalkylation reactor to produce a transalkylation effluent, separating the C6 to C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons in the isomerization effluent and the transalkylation effluent in the splitter column to produce a benzene recycle, a toluene recycle, a xylene recycle and a C9+ recycle.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods of synthesizing a metathesis catalyst system, which include impregnating tungsten oxide on silica support in the presence of a precursor to produce a base catalyst; calcining the base catalyst; dispersing a solid metal-based co-catalyst onto the surface of the base catalyst to produce a doped catalyst; and calcining the doped catalyst to produce a metathesis catalyst system. Further embodiments of processes for the production of propylene, which include contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising a mixture of 1-butene and 2-butene with embodiments of the metathesis catalyst system to produce, via metathesis conversion, a product stream comprising propylene.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods of synthesizing a metathesis catalyst system, which include impregnating tungsten oxide on silica support in the presence of a precursor to produce a base catalyst; calcining the base catalyst; impregnating a metal oxide co-catalyst comprising a metal oxide onto the surface of the base catalyst to produce a doped catalyst; and calcining the doped catalyst to produce a metathesis catalyst system. Further embodiments of processes for the production of propylene, which include contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising a mixture of 1-butene and 2-butene with embodiments of the metathesis catalyst system to produce, via metathesis conversion, a product stream comprising propylene.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods of synthesizing a metathesis catalyst system, which include impregnating tungsten oxide on silica support in the presence of a precursor to produce a base catalyst; calcining the base catalyst; dispersing a solid metal-based co-catalyst onto the surface of the base catalyst to produce a doped catalyst; and calcining the doped catalyst to produce a metathesis catalyst system. Further embodiments of processes for the production of propylene, which include contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising a mixture of 1-butene and 2-butene with embodiments of the metathesis catalyst system to produce, via metathesis conversion, a product stream comprising propylene.

Abstract: A process for recovering ethylene from an FCC absorber off-gas stream comprising ethylene, ethane and heavier hydrocarbons and light gases involves removing hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur species, carbon monoxide/dioxide, methane and other impurities from the off-gas. An absorption zone is upstream of an acetylene selective hydrotreating reactor to remove acid gases. An adsorption zone is downstream of the selective hydrotreating reactor to remove impurities that can impair ethylene recovery.

Abstract: A method of producing p-xylene comprising the steps of separating the reformate feed in the reformate splitter to produce a benzene stream, a combined heavy stream, a xylene stream, and a toluene stream, converting the C9+ aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of a dealkylation catalyst in the dealkylation reactor to produce a dealkylation effluent, separating the dealkylation effluent in the dealkylation splitter to produce a C9 stream and a C10+ stream, reacting the C9 stream, the toluene stream, the benzene stream, and the hydrogen stream in the presence of a transalkylation catalyst in the transalkylation reactor to produce a transalkylation effluent, separating the p-xylenes from the xylene stream in the p-xylene separation unit to produce a p-xylene product and a p-xylene depleted stream, converting the m-xylene and o-xylene in the p-xylene depleted stream in the isomerization unit to produce an isomerization effluent.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions including trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) and hexafluoropropene (HFP), and a method of forming an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition comprising the step of combining hexafluoropropene (HFP) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) to form an azeotrope or azeotrope-like comprising hexafluoropropene (HFP) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) having a boiling point of about ?31.21° C.±0.30° C. at a pressure of about 14.21 psia±0.30 psia.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions including trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) and 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225zc), and a method of forming an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition comprising the step of combining 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225zc) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) to form an azeotrope or azeotrope-like comprising 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225zc) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) having a boiling point of about ?25.63° C.±0.30° C. at a pressure of about 14.44 psia±0.30 psia.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions including trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) and hexafluoroacetone (HFA), and a method of forming an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition comprising the step of combining hexafluoroacetone (HFA) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) to form an azeotrope or azeotrope-like comprising hexafluoroacetone (HFA) and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) having a boiling point of about ?29.84° C.±0.30° C. at a pressure of about 14.40 psia±0.30 psia.

Abstract: Multiple methods of synthesizing cannabigerol are presented. Combining olivetol with geraniol derivatives are provided. Cross-coupling methods of combing functionalized resorcinols are provided. Useful intermediates are formed during such cross-coupling steps.

Abstract: Compounds and methods related to the prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions, some of which are facilitated by melanogenesis are disclosed. Specifically, the present subject matter includes a series of compounds and compositions and their use for anti-melanogenic and antioxidant activity. This subject matter also includes the treatment of skin disorder due to acne vulgaris and related inflammatory and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Methods for synthesizing contemplated compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process of forming a flame retardant material is disclosed. The process includes forming a functionalized polybrominated diphenyl-based flame retardant compound having the following structural formula: In the structural formula, X corresponds to a functional group. The process also includes forming a flame retardant material by covalently bonding the functionalized polybrominated diphenyl-based flame retardant compound into a material using the functional group.

Abstract: This disclosure provides for routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. For example, there is provided a process for producing an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order, a group 8-11 transition metal precursor, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and a metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide such as a sulfur oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, a phosphorus oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, or a halide ion-modified solid oxide, to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying reaction conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or the salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide are described.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a method capable of lowering a formic acid concentration in acetic acid product by a simple approach. The method for producing acetic acid according to the present invention comprises at least one step selected from a step that satisfies the following operating condition (i) and a step that satisfies the following operating condition (ii) in an acetic acid production process, and controlling an oxygen concentration in an embodiment satisfying at least one selected from the following (iii) and (iv) for one or more processes: (i) operating conditions involving a hydrogen partial pressure of less than 500 kPa (absolute pressure), a carbon dioxide partial pressure of less than 70 kPa (absolute pressure), and an operating temperature of more than 150° C.; (ii) operating conditions involving a hydrogen partial pressure of 5 kPa or less (absolute pressure), a carbon dioxide partial pressure of less than 20 kPa (absolute pressure), and an operating temperature of more than 100° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of a column with a separating wall as a purification/finishing column in a (meth)acrylic acid recovery method based on the use of two distillation columns in the absence of external organic solvent. The method according to the invention improves the energy balance for the method while improving the technical quality of the (meth)acrylic acid recovered. The method according to the invention further produces polymer-grade (or glacial) (meth)acrylic acid compatible with the production of high-molecular weight acrylic acid polymers.