Abstract: Apparatus and methods for processing a substrate including an injector unit insert with a plurality of flow paths leading to a first plenum, each of the flow paths providing one or more of substantially the same residence time, length and/or conductance. Injector units including the injector unit inserts have increased flow uniformity.

Abstract: A controller for a substrate processing system includes a resistance calculation module configured to receive a first current and a second current corresponding to a first heater element and a second heater element, respectively, of a substrate support, receive a first voltage and a second voltage corresponding to the first heater element and the second heater element, respectively, calculate a first resistance of the first heater element based on the first voltage and the first current, and calculate a second resistance of the second heater element based on the second voltage and the second current. A temperature control module is configured to separately control power provided to the first heater element and the second heater element based on the first resistance and the second resistance, respectively, and respective relationships between the first and second resistances and first and second temperatures of the substrate support.

Abstract: A system and method for removing metal from a substrate in a controlled manner is disclosed. The system includes a chamber, with one or more gas inlets to allow the flow of gasses into the chamber, at least one exhaust pump, to exhaust gasses from the chamber, and a heater, capable of modifying the temperature of the chamber. In some embodiments, one or more gasses are introduced into the chamber at a first temperature. The atoms in these gasses chemically react with the metal on the surface of the substrate to form a removable compound. The gasses are then exhausted from the chamber, leaving the removable compound on the surface of the substrate. The temperature of the chamber is then elevated to a second temperature, greater than the sublimation temperature of the removable compound. This increased temperature allows the removable compound to become gaseous and be exhausted from the chamber.

Abstract: Process for inhibiting the corrosion of a metal surface M, wherein said metal surface M is essentially made of carbon steel, comprising treating said metal surface M with a polyethylene imine P in aqueous medium.

Abstract: A tank assembly for a heat exchanger includes a tank having a heat exchange end defining an opening and a reinforcement structure. The reinforcement structure has a shape substantially corresponding to a shape of an outer perimeter of the tank and disposed about the outer perimeter of the tank. The reinforcement structure is a sacrificial anode.

Abstract: In a method for cathodically protecting and/or passivating a metal section in an ionically conductive material such as steel reinforcement in concrete or mortar, an impressed current or sacrificial anode communicates ionic current to the metal section and a storage component of electrical energy which can be a cell, battery or capacitor is provided as a component of the anode. The storage component can have replacement energy introduced by re-charging or replacing the component from an outside supply. Typically the cell or storage capacitor has an outer case which carries an anode material as an integral outer component. A mechanical clamp is provided to attach the assembly to a rebar. A current limiter is provided which prevents excess current draining the supply.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas generator and comprises an electrolytic cell and a water-blocking device. The electrolytic cell is used for electrolyzing electrolyzed water to generate a gas with hydrogen. The electrolytic cell has an outlet for outputting the gas with hydrogen. The water-blocking device is set on the outlet for preventing the electrolyzed water from flowing out when the electrolytic cell is tilted by a tilt angle. The gas pathway of the invention will be closed by the water-blocking device when the gas generator is toppled, thereby preventing the electrolyte-rich electrolyzed water from flowing out.

Abstract: There are provided methods for preparing lithium hydroxide. For example, such methods can comprise submitting an aqueous composition comprising a lithium compound to an electrolysis under conditions suitable for converting at least a portion of said lithium compound into lithium hydroxide. There are also provided methods for preparing lithium sulphate.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an electrolyzer reactor suitable for the reduction of organic compounds. The reactor includes a membrane electrode assembly with freestanding metallic meshes which serve both as metallic electrode structures for electron transport as well as catalytic surfaces for electron generation and organic compound reduction. Suitable organic compounds for reduction include oxygenated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, in particular those characteristic of bio-oil (e.g., alone or a multicomponent mixtures). The reactor and related methods provide a resource- and energy-efficient approach to organic compound reduction, in particular for bio-oil mixtures which can be conveniently upgraded at or near their point of production with minimal or no transportation.

Abstract: Various embodiments disclosed relate to electrocatalytic hydrogenation of muconic acid and polymers formed from the reaction products thereof. In various embodiments, the present invention provides an electrocatalytic method to prepare 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, adipic acid, or a combination thereof, from muconic acid. The method includes passing current through a catalytic cathode in a reactor including an aqueous acidic solution including muconic acid, a supporting electrolyte, and an anode, so as to generate atomic hydrogen on the cathode surface in an amount effective to hydrogenate the muconic acid to yield a product including 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, adipic acid, or a mixture thereof. Also disclosed is the polymerization of 3-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, 2-hexene-1,6-dioic acid, or a combination thereof with another compound, such as a diamine or a dialcohol, to form a polymer, such as a polyamide or a polyester.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process that allows electrolytic copper cathodes to be produced, using the pregnant leach solution (PLS) directly in the electrowinning, avoiding the step of mineral concentration by solvent extraction. Furthermore, this process has a modular structure and the full process can be mobilised depending on the requirements of the process itself. The invention also relates to the system that operates with the previously described process.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a feed system for distributing fluidized feed material, comprises: a distribution unit configured to fluidize feed material; and a control unit fluidly coupled to the distribution unit, wherein the control unit comprises: a chamber configured to hold the feed material provided from the distribution unit; and a feeder unit fluidly coupled to the chamber: and a second gas inlet configured to provide gas to the chamber; and a material discharge pipe fluidly coupled to the chamber and the second gas inlet.

Abstract: Provided are a novel electrode device capable of simultaneously solving a problem of sludge coat covering an anode surface, and a problem of increase in the inter-electrode distance between the anode and cathode, and a method for manufacturing a metal foil using the same. Disclosed is an electrode device, used while being immersed in an electroconductive liquid, the electrode device comprising: a barrel which has an outer wall having plural through holes and can store a metal soluble in the liquid during current application; a shaft passing through the inside of the barrel and having a peripheral surface to which current can be applied; and a metal introducing portion for introducing the metal into the barrel, wherein the barrel rotates on its axis.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to the field of tin electroplating. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods for mitigating tin whisker formation on tin-plated films and tin-plated surfaces by doping the tin with germanium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to aqueous acidic plating baths for copper deposition in the manufacture of printed circuit boards, IC substrates, semiconducting and glass devices for electronic applications. The plating bath according to the present invention comprises at least one source of copper ions, at least one acid and an additive obtainable by a reaction of at least one aminoglycidyl compound comprising at least one amino group which bears at least one glycidyl moiety and at least one second compound selected from ammonia and amine compounds wherein the amine compounds comprise at least one primary or secondary amino group with the proviso that the aminoglycidyl compound contains at least one polyoxyalkylene residue and/or the amine compound contains at least one polyoxyalkylene residue. The plating bath is particularly useful for filling recessed structures with copper and build-up of pillar bump structures.

Abstract: A plated fiber that is obtained by applying a metal plating onto a fiber having an elongation percentage which is more than or equal to 1% and less than or equal to 10%. An elongation percentage of the metal plating is higher than the elongation percentage of the fiber. A carbon fiber wherein the surface oxygen amount as a value obtained by dividing an O1S peak intensity measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy by a C1S peak intensity measured by the spectroscopy is more than or equal to 0.097 and less than or equal to 0.138.

Abstract: There are provided a plating apparatus and a plating method that allow determining an appropriate replacement timing of a diaphragm. The plating apparatus includes an anode bath, a cathode bath, a diaphragm, an analyzer, and a control device. The anode bath holds a plating solution and an insoluble anode. The cathode bath holds a plating solution containing an additive and a substrate. The diaphragm separates the plating solution held in the anode bath from the plating solution held in the cathode bath. The analyzer is configured to analyze a concentration of the additive in the plating solution in the cathode bath at every predetermined time interval. The control device is configured to calculate an actual consumption of the additive during the predetermined period based on the concentration of the additive analyzed at the every predetermined time interval. The control device includes a memory that stores an expected consumption of the additive during the predetermined period.

Abstract: A method for 3D printing includes printing a first metallic material on a substrate as a support structure (48). A second metallic material, which is less anodic than the first metallic material, is printed on the substrate as a target structure (46), in contact with the support structure. The support structure is chemically removed from the target structure by applying a galvanic effect to selectively corrode the first metallic material.

Abstract: A sapphire crystal growth apparatus is provided that includes a chamber, a hot zone and a muffle. More specifically, the hot zone is disposed within the chamber and includes at least one heating system, at least one heat removal system, and a crucible containing feedstock. Additionally, a muffle that surrounds at least two sides of the crucible is also provided to ensure uniform temperature distribution through the feedstock during crystal growth to allow the crystalline material to be grown with a square or rectangular shaped cross section.

Abstract: A process for casting a single crystal axis-symmetric thick walled tube comprising forming a axisymmetric single crystal ring seed around a circular internal core, wherein the ring seed has an inner diameter and a taper on the inner diameter, and wherein the internal core has an outer diameter and a matching taper on the outer diameter, the matching taper matching the taper of the inner diameter of the ring seed, and the internal core being free to translate in a vertical direction relative to the ring seed; and heating the ring seed so as to expand the ring seed relative to the internal core, and allowing the circular internal core to translate relative to the ring seed in a direction of the force of gravity, thereby maintaining contact between the circular internal core and the ring seed.

Abstract: Provided are a Ga2O3-based single crystal substrate including a Ga2O3-based single crystal which has a high resistance while preventing a lowering of crystal quality and a production method therefor. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the production method includes growing the Ga2O3-based single crystal while adding a Fe to a Ga2O3-based raw material, the Ga2O3-based single crystal (5) including the Fe at a concentration higher than that of a donor impurity mixed in the Ga2O3-based raw material, and cutting out the Ga2O3-based single crystal substrate from the Ga2O3-based single crystal (5).

Abstract: A method of producing silicon carbide is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of providing a sublimation furnace comprising a furnace shell, at least one heating element positioned outside the furnace shell, and a hot zone positioned inside the furnace shell surrounded by insulation. The hot zone comprises a crucible with a silicon carbide precursor positioned in the lower region and a silicon carbide seed positioned in the upper region. The hot zone is heated to sublimate the silicon carbide precursor, forming silicon carbide on the bottom surface of the silicon carbide seed. Also disclosed is the sublimation furnace to produce the silicon carbide as well as the resulting silicon carbide material.

Abstract: A method of making high quality insulating single crystalline In2Se3 films by (1) depositing at least one quintuple layer (QL) of Bi2Se3 on a substrate layer at a temperature below which only the Se adheres to the substrate; (2) depositing a plurality of In2Se3 QL's on the deposited Bi2Se3 layer or layers at a temperature between about 200° C. and about 330° C. to form a hetero-structure; and (3) heating the hetero-structure to a temperature between about 400° C. and about 700° C. so that the Bi2Se3 layer is diffused through the In2Se3 layer and evaporated away.

Abstract: In a gallium nitride crystal, a nanovoid density in the crystal is less than 1×105 [cm?2]. A crystal growth apparatus is an apparatus for manufacturing a gallium nitride crystal, wherein a member having a B concentration of less than 1 ppm at least at a surface part is used as a member used at a part where a temperature is 500° C. or higher (high-temperature member) among members exposed to a crystal growth space. When such a crystal growth apparatus is used, a gallium nitride crystal wherein a nanovoid density in the crystal is less than 1×105 [cm?2] is obtained.

Abstract: A main crucible of molten semiconductor is replenished from a supply crucible maintained such that there are always two phases of solid and liquid semiconductor within the supply crucible. Heat added to melt the solid material results in the solid material changing phase to liquid, but will not result in any significant elevation in temperature of the liquid within the supply crucible. The temperature excursions are advantageously small, being less than that which would cause problems with the formed product. The solid product material acts as a sort of temperature buffer, to maintain the supply liquid temperature automatically and passively at or very near to the phase transition temperature. For silicon, excursions are kept to less than 90° C., and even as small as 50° C. The methods also are useful with germanium. Prior art silicon methods that entirely melt the semiconductor experience excursions exceeding 100° C.

Abstract: An apparatus for collecting cross-aligned fiber threads, comprising an elongated assembly having a plurality of segments including at least a first segment, a second segment, and an intermediate segment, the first segment positioned at one end of the intermediate segment and the second segment positioned at an opposite end of the intermediate segment, each segment being electrically chargeable; an electrically chargeable emitter for electrospinning nanoscale fiber streams comprising charged fiber branches, the emitter having a tip positioned offset and between an edge of the first segment and an edge of the second segment; a support structure for rotating the elongated assembly about a longitudinal axis and applying an electrical charge to at least the edges of the first and second segment; at least one electrically chargeable steering electrode for attracting fiber streams, the at least one steering electrode chargeable with an electrical polarity opposing a charge applied to the emitter.

Abstract: A cord including multifilament para-aramid yarn comprising filaments, wherein the filaments have a non-round cross section having a smaller and a larger dimension, where the cross-sectional aspect ratio between the larger and the smaller dimension is 1.5-10 and the smaller dimension of the cross section has a maximum of 50 ?m and wherein the para-aramid has at least 90% para bonds between the aromatic moieties. The cords have excellent fatigue properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a functional copper sulfide composition and a functional fiber prepared therefrom, and more particularly, a functional copper sulfide composition comprising a copper salt, a metal salt, a reducing agent, a sulfur compound, a catalyst, a poly amine, an alkali compound and a pH adjusting agent; and a functional fiber prepared by treating the composition with a fiber.

Abstract: A method for producing filaments of polyacrylonitrile and an extrusion head for carrying out said method are provided, wherein the method comprises preparing a polyacrylonitrile polymer solution and passing said solution through an extruder plate that determines the formation of filaments, a central chamber being defined between the extruder plate and a floating plate connected to a vibrating system, said chamber being surrounded by a peripheral chamber into which the polymer solution is introduced under pressure. The polymer solution then passes through to the central chamber via small radial conduits that accelerate the material, and is subjected to vibration in the central chamber before passing through the extruder plate.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for preparing a lignin/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber and for preparing a lignin/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber. The methods can comprise adding a dope of lignin and PVA or a dope of lignin and PAN to a coagulation bath containing a solvent comprising one or more components, wherein the one or more components are present in the solvent in concentrations based on the hydrogen bonding character (fH) of the solvent, the polar character (fP) of the solvent, and the dispersive character (fD) of the solvent; and gel-spinning a lignin/PVA fiber or a lignin/PAN fiber from the coagulation bath.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cotton opening and dust collecting device for refined cotton, which comprises a first cyclone separator, a second cyclone separator, a first draught fan, a second draught fan and a spiral conveyer, and further comprises a suction pipe, a dust collecting cabin, a screen plate, a motor, a dust extraction pipe, a first bearing, a second bearing, a first pipeline, a second pipeline, a third pipeline and a forth pipeline. The device is able to complete collection to the cotton dust in the air in the cotton opening workshop, which not only can effectively prevent the screen plate from being blocked by the cotton dust, but also has good dust collection effect and complete collection of cotton dust.

Abstract: Active fabrics typically include a plurality of fibers. At least one of the fibers exhibits a change in length or width upon exposure to an external stimulus, such as heat, moisture, or light. The active woven materials can exhibit local transformation, such as creating areas that are tighter or more open, or global transformation, such as changing from flat to curled. The effect is a precise and repeatable change in shape upon exposure to an external stimulus. Embodiments can be employed, for example, in sportswear, compression garments, furniture, and interior products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nonwoven fabric comprising a plurality of polypropylene-containing fibers that form a nonwoven web, which fibers in addition contain a slip agent, the web has a side which is provided with an alternating pattern which consists of individualized bonded areas which bonded areas are in the form of rods which are arranged in the cross direction of the web, the alternating pattern of individualized bonded areas defines a non-bonded area, the web has a basis weight on the range of from 5-25 g/m2, the surface of the bonded areas is in the range of 5-20% of the total surface of the side, and the surface of the non-bonded area is in the range of 80-95% of the total surface of the side. The present invention further relates to a process for forming the nonwoven fabric.

Abstract: A hybrid non-woven web is disclosed which is a matrix of a stream of fibers of a first material joined to streams of first and second spun-blown fibers. Each of the first and second spun-blown fibers are formed from a thermoplastic composition that contains at least one polymer having a melt flow rate of from between about 5 grams/10 minutes to about 6,000 grams/10 minutes at 230° C. Each of the first and second spun-blown fibers also have an average diameter of between about 1 microns to 10 microns and a standard deviation of from between about 0.9 microns to about 5 microns. In addition, the hybrid non-woven web has a tensile strength of at least about 5 gf/gsm/cm width, measured in a machine direction. An apparatus and a method of forming the hybrid non-woven web are also disclosed.

Abstract: Deformed web materials are disclosed. The web materials have discrete deformations formed therein. The deformations may be features in the form of portions of a web with apertures therein, protrusions, depressed areas, and combinations thereof. These features may extend out from the surface on one side of the web, or from both of the surfaces of the web. Different features may be intermixed with one another.

Abstract: A method of operating a laundry treating appliance for treating laundry according to a cycle of operation with the laundry treating appliance including a treating chamber for receiving laundry selectively accessible through a door, can include determining the removal of laundry after completion of the cycle of operation and reducing humidity in the treating chamber after determination of the removal of the laundry.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a laundry-care appliance (100) having a washing tub (107) and a deodorizing module (109) for dispensing deodorizing substance into the washing tub (107), wherein the deodorizing module (109) is connected to the washing tub (107) and comprises a radial fan (115) for ventilating the washing tub (107), wherein the radial fan (115) is drivable in a first direction of rotation (121) and in a second direction of rotation (123). The deodorizing module (109) is configured to dispense deodorizing substance into the washing tub (107) in a first period of time, wherein the radial fan (115) is drivable in the first direction of rotation (121) in the first period of time in order to distribute the deodorizing substance in the washing tub (107). The radial fen (115) is drivable in the second direction of rotation (123) in a second period of time following the first period of time, in order to remove the deodorizing substance from the washing tub (107) in the second period of time.

Abstract: An online system, including a smart laundry machine, which is capable of easily and inexpensively using the smart laundry machine is disclosed. A further extended type of a smart home appliance, an online system including the same, and a method of using the online system are also disclosed. A laundry machine communicates with a server, is remotely controlled by an external terminal through the server, and has a control panel for a user interface. The control panel includes a course selection unit, an option selection unit, a start button, a display unit to display state information of the laundry machine, and a remote service activation input unit to set or cancel remote service activation according to user selection. The remote control is performed only in a case in which the remote service activation is set.

Abstract: A lifter for a laundry treating apparatus includes a first member mounted at an inner side of a drum; and a second member mounted on the first member and protruded toward an inside of the drum, wherein the first member includes a hook protruded and formed along a circumference of the first member, at least part of which is disposed to cover an inner circumferential surface of the drum when inserted into a fastening hole of the drum and then slid in one direction; and a shield protruded and formed at an inner side of the first member and configured to completely cover the fastening hole when the hook is, inserted into the fastening hole and then slid in one direction.

Abstract: A fastener kit can securely affix a washing machine on a lightweight wall. The washing machine includes a rear panel for coupling to the wall through the fastener kit. A tub configured to contain washing water may be integrally formed with the rear panel. The fastener kit has one end section equipped with a sleeve that can radially expand to form tight contact with the inner surface of a fastening hole on the lightweight wall. The other end section of the fastener kit is coupled to the rear panel. The lightweight wall may be porous with regular or irregular cavities.

Abstract: A vibration detection device of washing machine comprises a suspender, a damping spring, a sleeve, a bottom cover and an electromagnetic sensing device. The electromagnetic sensing device comprises an electromagnetic coil and a magnet. The upper end of the suspender is connected with a casing of the washing machine, and the sleeve sleeves the lower part of the suspender in a slidable manner. The damping spring is arranged in the sleeve and at least have two damping springs, and the damping springs have different elastic coefficients and are connected in series. The magnet is connected with the suspender, and the bottom cover is fixedly arranged at the bottom of the sleeve. The electromagnetic coil and the bottom cover are relatively fixed.

Abstract: A washing machine appliance includes a cabinet with a wash tub mounted within the cabinet and a wash basket rotatably mounted within the wash tub. An opening is defined in the cabinet above a gap between the wash tub and the wash basket. An additive dispenser extends between the opening and the gap. The washing machine appliance also includes a spray hose assembly fluidly connected to a wash fluid source and a dock configured to retain the spray head in a docked position with the opening whereby the spray hose assembly is in fluid communication with the additive dispenser.

Abstract: A magnetically positioned and engaged clothes dryer vent coupling (14, 30), having magnetic material (12, 36) arranged around the opening of a tube (22, 32) such that as the two halves of the coupling are brought into proximity, the magnetic forces minimizing repulsion and maximizing attraction align the two duct paths and bring the magnets together, forming a seal. The short length of flexible tubing (20) allows freedom of motion of the magnetic end during engagement and provides the necessary flexibility required to maintain a seal through dryer operational movement. The advantages of such a coupling are: simplified and faster dryer installation; elimination of the long length of flexible duct typically used in dry installations; shorter, more easily maintainable dryer exhaust duct path; increased dryer efficiency and increased fire safety.

Abstract: A heat pump clothes dryer comprising a circulating air path consisting of a drying drum and a drying air path for circularly flowing drying air; and a heat pump system consisting of an evaporator, a throttling device, a condenser and a compressor successively connected end to end for circularly flowing a refrigerant medium. The condenser and the evaporator are disposed on the drying air path, and perform heat exchange with the drying air. The compressor has independent suction compression chambers, each suction compression chamber being switchably connected in series or in parallel. When the dryer starts drying in a low-temperature environment, the suction compression chambers of the compressor operate in a parallel state, so that the air displacement of the compressor is increased to improve the flowing activity of the refrigerant medium in the heat pump system, so as to avoid occurrence of frosting of the evaporator.

Abstract: A laundry appliance includes a rotating drum and a door providing access to the rotating drum. A blower directs process air through an air path that includes the drum. A heat exchanger within the air path dehumidifies the process air. A first lint filter within the air path is forward of the drum and below the door. A second lint filter within the air path is downstream of the first lint filter and forward of the heat exchanger. The first and second lint filters capture lint from the process air upstream of the heat exchanger. The first lint filter is angled with respect to the second lint filter. A filter spray system has a plurality of fluid sprayers that deliver fluid to the first and second lint filters, respectively. Each fluid sprayer directs captured lint from the first and second lint filters to a common drain channel.

Abstract: What is disclosed is an aerator for use with clothing such as socks, gloves, shoes, and/or boots. In a preferred embodiment the aerator is provided as a flat stock that can be wrapped or rolled to form a spherical aerator. The aerator forms a cylindrical base with projections emanating from the cylinder. These projections generally span the length of the cylinder. In a preferred embodiment the projections are generally triangular in shape. In a further preferred embodiment the cylinder and/or projections utilize openings to enhance air flow. The aerator can be utilized in conjunction with a forced air system or can be used for passive aeration. What is further disclosed is the method of using an aerator for drying an article of clothing.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a material, a first tag portion and a second tag portion. The material may be configured to be worn. The second tag portion may comprise a fastener. The first tag portion and the second tag portion may be attached near an opening of the material. When the material is worn, (a) the first tag portion may overlap the second tag portion and (b) the second tag portion may be between the first tag portion and the material. The fastener may be configured to removably attach to a complementary fastener on another of the apparatus.

Abstract: The invention relates to a wetting system for providing a wetting effect to a fabric or textile comprising a solution of an alkyl polyglucoside in combination with a solution of a Group 4 metal salt. The invention also relates to a process for producing a wetting or re-wetting effect on a textile or fabric comprising applying a wetting system to the fabric that comprises a solution of an alkyl polyglucoside in combination with a solution of a Group 4 metal salt and drying the fabric at a low temperature, i.e. less than 100° C.

Abstract: A flame retardant fabric wherein a flame retardant composition is applied to the fabric while the fabric is being stretched. Preferably, the fabric is a blend of cotton and a thermoset. Carbon fibers may be included to impart anti-static properties. The present invention includes a method of treating a woven or knitted fabric of cotton blended with a thermoset, or with a thermoplastic, or with both with a flame retardant composition comprising the steps of stretching the fabric up to 12% greater than its un-stretched dimensions and, while so stretched, applying a flame retardant to the fabric and then allowing the fabric to shrink back to its approximate original dimensions. The flame retardant may either be applied to the fabric or the fabric may be immersed in an aqueous bath containing flame retardants.

Abstract: A mooring member comprises a rope configured for extending between a vessel floating in a body of water and an anchoring device. The mooring member comprises a plurality of functional elements, wherein a first functional element is wound onto at least a portion of the rope, a second functional element is wound onto the first functional element, and so on, until an outermost functional element is wound onto a second-to-outermost functional element. The functional elements are wound in a helical configuration, and are configured to provide at least one of the following functions: damage protection, buoyancy, optical detection, sonar detection, stiffness control, and anti-fouling.