Abstract: Disclosed herein is an oven able to reduce the temperature of an upper portion of the front glass through a door duct having an improved flow path structure for some of the air sucked into the inside of the door to reach to the upper portion of the front glass. An oven includes a main body; a cooking room provided inside the main body with an open front; a door, wherein the door includes a front glass installed on a front side; a rear glass installed on a rear side; at least one middle glass arranged between the front glass and the rear glass; a door handle coupled to an upper portion of the front glass; support frames arranged on both sides of the door to fix the front glass, the rear glass, and the middle glass; and a door duct coupled to an upper portion of the support.

Abstract: Fan for ovens, which comprises a support plate and multiple blades projectingly fixed on the support plate and arranged around the rotation axis of the fan. Each blade is provided with a rear edge fixed to the support plate, with an external edge and with an internal edge placed to connect between the rear edge and the external edge and facing the front side of the fan. The fan also comprises a ring fixed to the blades, positioned in a position substantially intermediate between the internal edge of the blades and the support plate in order to create a non-interference zone.

Abstract: A building-integrated solar energy system is disclosed that comprises an evacuated closed-loop conduit network circulating a working fluid through a solar thermal collector and at least one heat usage device, wherein the effective entirety of the surfaces of the closed-loop conduit network are in contact with the working fluid such that phase change occurs whenever heat energy is added by the solar thermal collector or removed by a heat usage device. The working fluid is adiabatically isolated and contained in a low pressure environment within the closed-loop conduit network. The full surface contact and low-pressure isolation of the working fluid dramatically reduces temperature differentials and energy losses, allowing for highly efficient and cost-effective heat collection and distribution.

Abstract: A heat exchanger that includes a portion for heat exchange with gray water, a portion for heat exchange with clean water, the heat exchanger being arranged to transfer heat between the gray water heat-exchange portion and the clean water heat-exchange portion during a distribution of water and thereby heat a feedwater to a first temperature, wherein the heat exchanger includes a first heating means arranged to achieve the heating of the feedwater, for heating the feedwater to a second temperature, and wherein the heat exchanger includes a second heating means arranged to keep the clean water heat-exchange portion at a temperature greater than or equal to the first temperature during a period without water distribution.

Abstract: A hot water supply system according to the present invention includes: a hot water supply unit configured to supply hot water; an opening and closing valve configured to connect a hot water supply pipe, which is configured to supply hot water to a user from the hot water supply unit, and a cold water supply pipe, which is configured to supply cold water introduced from a cold water inflow pipe to the user, to allow water to flow or configured to disconnect the hot water supply pipe from the cold water supply pipe to block the water from flowing; a circulation pump configured to circulate water supplied from the hot water supply unit through the hot water supply pipe, the opening and closing valve, the cold water supply pipe, and the hot water supply unit; and a control unit configured to, when a water-preheating signal of the user is input, open the opening and closing valve, and operate the circulation pump to preheat water which is to be supplied to the user.

Abstract: A bellmouth of a heat source unit includes: a straight tubular portion having a cylindrical shape; an air inlet portion which is radially expanded toward the upstream side, wherein, the air inlet portion has at least one angle-reduced portion that satisfies ?0>?i>0, where, an angle formed by a line L1 and a line L2 is taken as ?0, and an angle formed by a straight line L3 and the line L2 is taken as ?i, the line L1 is a line passing through a portion of an outer peripheral end portion of the air inlet portion, the line L2 is a line passing through a connecting portion between the air inlet portion and the straight tubular portion, and the straight line L3 is a line connecting an intersection P of the line L1 and the line L2 and a portion of the outer peripheral end portion of the air inlet portion.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a building comprising more than one separate spaces and an air treatment system. The air treatment system comprises a central air drying unit fluidly connected to two or more local evaporative cooling units, wherein at least two local evaporative cooling units are each fluidly connected to a separate space of the building. The invention is also directed to a method to cool the air in two or more separate spaces by (a) drying ambient air in a central air drying unit to obtain a volume of dried air, (b) drawing in a part of the volume of dried air as obtained in step (a) to each separate space by means of an air displacement means and (c) using the dried air in a process of indirect evaporative cooling to obtain cooled air which is discharged into the interior of the separate space.

Abstract: The systems and methods described herein may automatically sense varying environmental factors in an area of interest managed by a climate management system. The systems and methods described herein may adaptively control motors, inlets, outlets, other components of the climate control system, time delay(s), hours of operation, etc. to optimize the performance of the climate control system for the environmental factors. In some implementations, the systems and methods described herein may allow a user full control of climate management systems based on external sensors, building and/or other operational requirements for specific applications/contexts, etc. The systems and methods described herein may support one or more present sequences of operations used for various applications/contexts, and/or may allow users to customize various aspects of operation.

Abstract: On the basis of a detection result obtained by a pre-presence-in-room environment detection means, an air-conditioning apparatus A changes a presence-in-room start set temperature Ts serving as a target temperature at the start time of a precooling operation or a preheating operation and at the presence-in-room start scheduled time of the user.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a piece of network access apparatus for indoor environment monitoring and a method for indoor environment monitoring of the network access apparatus. The present disclosure also relates to a network access apparatus for indoor environment monitoring and a method for indoor environment monitoring of the network access apparatus so that network access apparatus installed indoors (e.g. in the house, in the office, in a building) additionally take an action of monitoring indoor environment.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system having a control system suitable to control operation of a device in the HVAC system. The control system may include a zone control panel that may control operation of the device using power-line communication. Accordingly, the zone control panel and the device may be both communicatively and electrically coupled via one or more power lines. To that end, the zone control panel may determine a primary address identifying the device and/or a secondary address indicating the one or more power lines electrically coupled to the device. Further, the zone control panel may communicate with and/or coordinate operation of the device by transmitting data messages to the device via the one or more power lines based on the primary address and/or the secondary address.

Abstract: Systems and method for retrofitting heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems with a variable speed electronically commutated motor (ECM) are provided. A speed setting controller is adapted to be connected with a furnace main control board and a motor controller, and provides detecting, speed setting, and control functions that are required to operate the ECM.

Abstract: A method for verifying and running a script for a building management system of a building includes receiving, by the building management system, the script, wherein the script indicates one or more operations to be performed with one or more data points of a data model of the building, determining, by the building management system, whether there is unit cohesion within the received script, wherein the unit cohesion indicates that a result value of executing the script with the one or more data points include units that match desired units, and determining, by the building management system, the result value by executing the script with the one or more data points in response to determining that there is unit cohesion.

Abstract: An environment control system and a method of guiding occupant to make demand response to environment status thereof are provided. The system includes an external apparatus, a wireless apparatus, a control host and an electronic apparatus. The external apparatus adjusts an environmental status, and the wireless apparatus broadcasts a trigger message in a wireless network. The electronic apparatus outputs a feedback notification after receiving the trigger message, generates corresponding feedback data, and transfers the feedback data to the control host. The control host receives a plurality of the feedback data from the electronic apparatus and executes a statistic analysis process for obtaining analysis data. The present disclosed example has ability of making people with stronger intention in response to environment status and improving accuracy of the responses via actively giving notice for assisting people in instant feedback when people are in the environment.

Abstract: A multi-function thermostat for a building space includes a user interface capable of visually representing an event schedule. The thermostat is configured to receive a request to modify an event schedule associated with the multi-function thermostat. The thermostat is configured to receive a puncturing event with a time interval that conflicts with a time interval associated with an existing event. The thermostat is configured to store information associated with the puncturing event in a memory. The thermostat is configured to modify the time interval associated with the existing event. The thermostat is configured to add the puncturing event in the event schedule. The thermostat is configured to add an adjustment event in the event schedule.

Abstract: An actuator in a HVAC system includes a housing having an interior-facing surface and an exterior-facing surface. The actuator includes magnetic field sensor(s) located within the housing and arranged adjacent to the interior-facing surface. The actuator includes a user input device retaining magnet(s) that are movable into multiple different positions along the exterior-facing surface of the housing. An actuator controller includes a magnet locator that determines a location of the magnet(s) with respect to the magnetic field sensor(s) based on data generated by the magnetic field sensor(s). The actuator controller also includes a settings generator that generates settings for the actuator based on the location of the magnet(s) determined via the magnet locator.

Abstract: A building management system includes building equipment, a metrics engine, and a visualization module. The building equipment is configured to provide raw data samples of one or more data points. The metrics engine is configured to collect the raw data samples, and calculate a first metric, a second metric, and a third metric as a function of the raw data samples. The visualization module is configured to correlate the first metric to a first dimension value, the second metric to a second dimension value, and the third metric to a third dimension value. The visualization module is also configured to generate a graphical visualization in which the first dimension value is displayed as a first dimension of the graphical visualization, the second dimension value is displayed as a second dimension of the graphical visualization, and the third dimension value is displayed as a third dimension of the graphical visualization.

Abstract: A heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning (HVAC) system includes: a furnace having a furnace heat exchanger; and an indoor HVAC unit having a refrigerant heat exchanger. At least one of a component of the furnace and a component of the indoor HVAC unit are selectively removable from an airflow path of the HVAC system.

Abstract: The invention provides an HVAC duct having an inner composite tube and an outer composite tube. The inner composite tube has an interior metal wall, a primary foam wall, and an exterior metal wall. The outer composite tube has an interior metal wall, a secondary foam wall, and an exterior metal wall. In certain embodiments, the inner composite tube is nested inside the outer composite tube in an end-offset configuration. In these embodiments, the first end of the duct defines a male detent having a radially-outward-facing metal engagement face projecting beyond the interior metal wall of the outer composite tube, whereas the second end of the duct defines a female detent having a radially-inward-facing metal engagement face projecting beyond the exterior metal wall of the inner composite tube. Also provided is an HVAC ductwork assembly wherein two ducts of the described nature are connected in an advantageous end-to-end manner.

Abstract: An insulated register box with a boot rail adapter has a register box, an insulating material affixed within the register box, a rail guide affixed to a side panel of the register box, and a rail having a section received in a slot of the rail guide. The rail is adapted to be affixed to a supporting surface, such as a joist. The rail guide is slidable relative to the rail. The rail guide is affixed to an exterior surface of the side panel.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrical heating apparatus for arranging under a table, the heating apparatus comprising a housing, at least one electrically powered heat source arranged inside said housing, and heat shielding means comprised in the housing and having a plurality of through holes configured for allowing heat radiation from the electrically powered heat source to pass, wherein the heat shielding means comprises a layer of a material with a thermal conductivity lower than 2 [W·m?1·K?1], and wherein the inner surface of the heat shielding means is applied with a layer of heat radiation reflecting material configured for reflecting the heat radiated from the heat source back against the inner part of the housing.

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure is a receiver for receiving radiation from a heliostat array that includes at least one external panel configured to form an internal cavity and an open face. The open face is positioned substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis and forms an entrance to the internal cavity. The receiver also includes at least one internal panel positioned within the cavity and aligned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and the at least one internal panel includes at least one channel configured to distribute a heat transfer medium.

Abstract: A securing fixture for a photovoltaic cell module that includes a first frame member that extends in a first direction; and a second frame member that extends in a second direction and is adjacent to the first frame member, the second direction being orthogonal to the first direction, the securing fixture being enclosed by a frame member having a corner portion formed by the first frame member and the second frame member. The securing fixture includes an abutting part that is fixed to a trestle and abuts on the trestle; and a holding part that holds the photovoltaic cell module, including a first protrusion that protrudes in a direction opposite to the abutting part, and abuts on an inner surface of the corner portion of the frame member, and a placing part on which the second frame member is placed.

Abstract: An apparatus for transferring force to a frame of a solar mirror array. The frame has at least one structural element. The apparatus includes a torque plate. The apparatus includes at least one node attached to and in contact with the plate which connects with the structural element. An apparatus for attaching a primary solar mirror frame array with a secondary mirror frame array. A solar trough frame for holding solar mirrors.

Abstract: The present invention is a solar concentrator composed of a generally V-shaped trough of reflective Fresnel steps. The Fresnel reflective steps concentrate the sunlight entering the mouth of the V-shaped trough and parallel to its central axis into a central focal area. By disposing a solar energy receiving element at the central focal area of sunlight concentration a preferred embodiment as a concentrating solar energy collector is realized. Various types of solar energy receiving structures are shown that serve to convert the concentrated sunlight into other forms of useful energy to realize the preferred embodiment as a concentrating solar energy collector.

Abstract: A refrigerator of the present invention includes a refrigeration system having a water-cooled condenser and a liquid line heat exchanger for additional cooling with the water, at a position upstream in the direction of flow of water from the cooling that occurs at the condenser. The use of water cooling at these two portions of the refrigeration system improves the energy efficiency of the refrigerator, while also significantly improving temperature responsiveness (e.g., reducing an amount of time necessary to “pull down” the temperature of a cooled space in the refrigerator to a desired set point temperature). The refrigerator may include one or a plurality of refrigeration stages, in various embodiments, and an additional sub-cooling heat exchanger may be provided in the refrigeration system downstream from the liquid line heat exchanger when the refrigerator includes multiple cascaded circuits.

Abstract: A system (20; 300) comprises: a vapor compression loop (38; 338); a low-pressure or medium-pressure refrigerant in the loop; a centrifugal compressor (42) along the vapor compression loop and comprising: a housing (120); an inlet (44); an outlet (46); an impeller (140); an electric motor (122) coupled to the impeller to drive rotation of the impeller; and one or more refrigerant-lubricated bearings (130, 132).

Abstract: A caloric heat pump system includes a pump is operable to circulate a working fluid through a stage. The pump includes a motor. A cam is coupled to the motor such that the cam is rotatable by the motor. The cam has a non-circular outer profile surface. Each piston of a pair of pistons has a cam follower positioned on the non-circular outer profile surface of the cam.

Abstract: A magneto-caloric thermal diode assembly includes a magneto-caloric cylinder with a plurality of magneto-caloric stages. A length of one of the plurality of magneto-caloric stages is different than a length of another of the plurality of magneto-caloric stages. Each of a plurality of thermal stages includes a plurality of magnets and a non-magnetic ring. The plurality of magnets is distributed along a circumferential direction within the non-magnetic ring in each of the plurality of thermal stages. The length of each of the plurality of thermal stages corresponds to a respective one of the plurality of magneto-caloric stages.

Abstract: A magneto-caloric thermal diode assembly includes a first magneto-caloric cylinder and a second magneto-caloric cylinder. First and second pluralities of thermal stages are stacked along an axial direction between a cold side and a hot side. The second magneto-caloric cylinder and the second plurality of thermal stages are nested concentrically within the first magneto-caloric cylinder and the first plurality of thermal stages. Each thermal stage of the first and second pluralities of thermal stages includes a plurality of magnets and a non-magnetic ring. The plurality of magnets is distributed along a circumferential direction within the non-magnetic ring in each thermal stage of the first and second pluralities of thermal stages.

Abstract: A magneto-caloric thermal diode assembly includes a magneto-caloric cylinder with a plurality of magneto-caloric stages. Each of the plurality of magneto-caloric stages has a respective Curie temperature. The magneto-caloric cylinder also includes a plurality of insulation blocks and a plurality of pins. The plurality of magneto-caloric stages and the plurality of insulation blocks are distributed sequentially along an axial direction in the order of magneto-caloric stage then insulation block. One or more the plurality of pins extends along the axial direction between each magneto-caloric stage and a respective insulation block within the magneto-caloric cylinder.

Abstract: A thermoelectric dehumidification rod comprises a bendable heat-dissipation tube formed with a wave structure at the surface, a thermoelectric element set in the heat-dissipation tube, and a power cable. Both ends of the heat-dissipation tube are covered by an end cap, respectively. The power cable is through one of the end caps and electrically connected with the thermoelectric element. Accordingly, the thermoelectric dehumidification rod is bendable and has the closed tube to protect the thermoelectric element. Furthermore, the wave surface of the heat-dissipation tube increases its surface area, enhancing the dissipation effect. Moreover, the thermoelectric dehumidification rod could be put on the curved surface due to its bendable characteristic, shortening the linear length of the whole thermoelectric dehumidification rod, or in a space which size is smaller than the linear length of the unbended thermoelectric dehumidification rod, so it is convenient for use and has more economic benefit.

Abstract: A thermoelectric module includes a plurality of thermoelectric components, a first electrode and a second electrode. The thermoelectric components have the same type of semiconductor material. The first electrode includes a first parallel connection part and a first serial connection part. The plurality of thermoelectric components is electrically connected to the first parallel connection part and each of the plurality of thermoelectric components is separated from one another. The first serial connection part is configured for being electrically connected to other electrical components. The plurality of thermoelectric components is electrically connected to the second electrode and located between the first parallel connection part and the second electrode.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for the temperature control of a battery may include a first cover and a second cover between which a supporting frame may be arranged in a sandwiched manner. The supporting frame may surround a passage opening in which at least one thermoelectric element may be arranged. At least one fluid channel for the flow of a fluid therethrough may be formed in the first cover. The heat exchanger may also include a plurality of clip-like fastening elements mounted on an outer circumferential edge, which may be formed by the first and second covers and the supporting frame, along a circumferential direction. The fastening elements may press the first and second covers against one another and against the supporting frame.

Abstract: A heat pump system generates cooling by evaporating a refrigerant using an evaporator, and generates cooling by using a compressor to desorb refrigerant that has been evaporated by the evaporator and adsorbed at an adsorption device.

Abstract: A DC-powered refrigeration system may include controls configured to switch between available DC power supplies and manage the refrigeration system in accordance with one or more methods. The one or more methods of the control system may include multiple tiers of power management, including, e.g., maximization of power usage when on a photovoltaic power supply to subcool a refrigerated load.

Abstract: A microwave-assisted hybrid solar vapor absorption system that converts anergy into exergy and works sustainably without the intermittence associated with the single absorption vapor absorption systems. The heat required for the generator in a vapor absorption system is provided by preheating the water through solar collectors and by using the vehicle's waste heat in conjunction with solar heat, collecting the waste heat and the solar heat into circulating water or other thermal fluids like mineral oil through the vehicle's radiator, the vehicle's exhaust pipe, and a solar collector. By combining the waste heat and the solar heat, the system achieves the required generator temperature. By introducing dielectric heating and by differentially heating only the refrigerant fluid, and not the absorbent fluid, the required pressure for refrigeration is achieved, while allowing the absorbent fluid to remain significantly cooler than the refrigerant. This increases the Coefficient of Performance to 0.95.

Abstract: An industrial heat transfer unit including a compressor, a condenser heat exchanger, an expansion valve structure, and an evaporator heat exchanger. The compressor outlet is fluidly connected to the condenser heat exchanger inlet; the condenser heat exchanger outlet is fluidly connected to the expansion valve inlet; the expansion valve outlet is fluidly connected to the evaporator heat exchanger inlet; and the evaporator heat exchanger outlet is fluidly connected to the compressor inlet. The condenser heat exchanger is retained vertically above the compressor to provide enhanced operational efficiency. In some embodiments, service regions of the compressor and heat exchangers face a housing window. Process lines of the heat exchanger(s) can be high pressure stainless steel tubes. The compressor can be a scroll compressor and can include a variable frequency drive controlling delivery of power to a motor.

Abstract: A heat pump system is disclosed comprising a heat-exchanger extracting latent heat from liquid stored in a reservoir, thereby forming an ice slurry. The heat pump also includes a device for delivering the heat to a heat consumer. The heat pump system includes a random input of extrinsic liquid into the reservoir and a device for removing ice slurry stored in the reservoir outward the system.

Abstract: An outdoor heat exchanger includes a passage of a refrigerant that has a length varied depending on an operational mode. The outdoor heat exchanger is included in an air conditioner and configured to operate as a condenser in a cooling operation of the air conditioner and as an evaporator in a heating operation of the air conditioner. The outdoor heat exchanger includes a plurality of plates, a plurality of first refrigerant tubes, a plurality of second refrigerant tubes, and a plurality of third refrigerant tubes. In the cooling operation, a condensed refrigerant flows in the plurality of first refrigerant tubes, the plurality of second refrigerant tubes, and the plurality of third refrigerant tubes. In the heating operation, an evaporated refrigerant flows in the plurality of first refrigerant tubes and the plurality of third refrigerant tubes, but does not flow in the plurality of second refrigerant tubes.

Abstract: An air conditioner includes a stainless steel pipe having one end connected to a compressor and the other end connected to a refrigeration cycle component to form a single pipe between the compressor and the refrigeration cycle component, the stainless steel pipe partially having a corrugated part to attenuate vibration transferred from the compressor to the refrigeration cycle component, wherein the corrugated part is integrally formed with the other portion of the stainless steel pipe as at least a portion of the stainless steel pipe is processed.

Abstract: An accumulator connected to a compressor, the accumulator including a case that forms a space in which liquid refrigerant and gaseous refrigerant are accommodated, a suction pipe which is connected to the case, and at least one connection pipe which connects a side surface of the case and a suction side of the compressor, whereby a space between a side surface of the compressor and a side surface of the accumulator is less than a length of a portion of the connection pipe from the side surface of the compressor to the side surface of the accumulator.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an air conditioning apparatus has one or a plurality of indoor units, an outdoor unit, and a controller. The one or plurality of indoor units have an indoor heat exchanger, and an indoor expansion valve in which a degree of opening is variable. The outdoor unit has an outdoor heat exchanger, a four-way valve, a compressor, and a discharge pressure sensor configured to detect a pressure of a refrigerant discharged from the compressor. When a discharge pressure detected by the discharge pressure sensor is less than a predetermined pressure threshold value while a heating operation is performed, the controller sets a maximum time for continuing a defrosting operation started by a start condition of the defrosting operation being satisfied to be shorter than a maximum time for continuing the defrosting operation when the discharge pressure is equal to or higher than the pressure threshold value.

Abstract: A method of controlling fluid flow through a heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC-R) system includes measuring temperature and pressure at an outlet of an evaporator of the HVAC-R system, wherein the evaporator is in fluid communication with a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device between the evaporator and the condenser, and a flow control valve between the compressor and the condenser, and measuring a sub-cooling temperature at an outlet of the condenser. The measured evaporator temperature and pressure data is sent to a first superheat processor, and the measured sub-cooling temperature data is send to a second superheat processor. A control signal to the expansion device from the first superheat processor and a control signal to the flow control valve from the second superheat processor are then simultaneously sent.

Abstract: An ice-making container including a container body having an opening formed in its upper part and being flexible so as to be deformable by being grasped and an inner container configured to be insertable into and removable from the container body through the opening, in which an ice-making area for making ice is formed between an inner peripheral surface of the container body and an outer peripheral surface of the inner container, in the state where the inner container is placed in the container body, and the ice-making area is formed as an area where the ice made in the ice-making area is crushed in response to deformation of the container body being grasped.

Abstract: A household cooling appliance has an ice maker unit, a container for storing ice produced by the ice maker, a weight detection unit for capturing the weight of the ice in the container, and a display unit with a display field for displaying the weight of the ice made.

Abstract: An exemplary modular container system is provided that includes couplings that may, in one embodiment, be implemented as integrated or interfaced receptacles and corresponding inserts that allow accessory items to couple with a compartment, which may be referred to as a “wet box”, and used as a container that holds items. The accessories may include, for example, a second compartment or “dry box” for holding items that need to be kept dry, a fishing rod holder, a shelf, a cutting board, a cup holder, a chair or seating platform, one or more dollies, or virtually any needed accessory.

Abstract: A refrigerator comprising a cabinet comprising a storage compartment provided therein; a first door rotatably coupled to the cabinet to open and close the storage compartment; an outer door rotatable opening and closing an opening that is provided in the inner door; and a multi-duct provided in an inner wall of the storage compartment and comprising: a first duct comprising a first upper outlet hole a first middle outlet hole and a first lower outlet hole for exhausting cold air toward the first door of the storage compartment; and a second duct comprising a second upper outlet hole, a second middle outlet hole and a second lower outlet hole for exhausting cold air toward the inner door of the storage compartment, wherein an inlet hole for sucking cold air to the first duct is smaller than an inlet hole for sucking cold air to the second duct.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a refrigerated compartment, at least one door that selectively seals the refrigerated compartment and a cold plate shelf assembly mounted in the refrigerated compartment. The shelf assembly includes a front trim, a rear trim and a first plate directly coupled to the front trim and the rear trim. A second plate extends from the front trim to the rear trim, the second plate being positioned so that a food item supported on the shelf assembly contacts the second plate. The second plate is made from a material having a higher thermal conductivity than glass. In one arrangement, the refrigerator further includes an air duct having an air vent. Air exiting the air duct through the air vent either impinges on and travels across the second plate or enters an interior of the shelf assembly.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes a cabinet having a storage chamber, a main door pivotably mounted to the cabinet while including an opening provided at an inside of the main door, and a stepped portion provided around the opening, a sub-storage chamber mounted at the inside of the main door, a sub-door mounted to the main door, to allow a user to have access to the sub-storage chamber, the sub-door having opposite side surfaces with front portions protruding forwards of a front surface of the main door while having a greater width than the opening and stepped portion between the front portions of the side surfaces, to cover the stepped portion by the side surfaces, and a hinge pivotably mounted to the main door and coupled to the sub-door while being bent at an intermediate portion thereof, to pivotably support the sub-door with respect to the main door.