Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalyst for dehydration of a primary alcohol, a method of preparing the same, and a method of producing an alpha-olefin using the same. The catalyst for dehydration of a primary alcohol according to the present invention has an excellent catalyst stability while having an excellent activity with respect to dehydration, and a high turnover frequency, such that a linear alpha-olefin with high purity may be produced with a high selectivity even in a case where a relatively small amount of a cocatalyst is added as compared with a homogeneous catalyst system.

Abstract: Disclosed are a heterogeneous catalyst, a production method thereof, and a method for producing a lignin-derived high-substituted aromatic monomer from a woody biomass material using the heterogeneous catalyst. The heterogeneous catalyst includes a carrier; and a Ni—Al nano-particle supported on the carrier.

Abstract: Methods and compositions related to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst comprising iron and vanadium, wherein the vanadium is present as (1) one or more vanadium oxides, and (2) metal vanadate of the form FexMyVO4 where x=0.2 to 1 and y=1?x, and where M comprises one or more non-Fe metals when y>0.

Abstract: A catalyst including platinum (Pt) and a composite support. The composite support includes ZrO2/mesoporous silica sieve SBA-15. The platinum accounts for 0.01-0.3 wt. % of the catalyst. ZrO2 accounts for 5-20 wt. % of the composite support.

Abstract: A modified Y-type molecular sieve contains 0.5-2 wt. % of Na2O based on the total amount of the modified Y-type molecular sieve. In the modified Y-type molecular sieve, the ratio between the total acid amount measured by pyridine and infrared spectrometry and total acid amount measured by n-butyl pyridine and infrared spectrometry is 1-1.2. The total acid amount measured by pyridine and infrared spectrometry of the modified Y-type molecular sieve is 0.1-1.2 mmol/g. The acid center sites of the molecular sieve of the modified Y-type molecular sieve are distributed in the large pore channels. The molecular sieve is used in the hydrocracking reaction process of a wax oil.

Abstract: Chiral polyvinylpyrrolidinone (CSPVP), complexes of CSPVP with a core species, such as a metallic nanocluster catalyst, and enantioselective oxidation reactions utilizing such complexes are disclosed. The CSPVP complexes can be used in asymmetric oxidation of diols, enantioselective oxidation of alkenes, and carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, for example. The CSPVP can also be complexed with biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, and used as nanocarriers for siRNA or dsRNA delivery.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes a pillar-shaped honeycomb structure having porous partition walls provided, surrounding a plurality of cells which serve as fluid through channels extending from an inflow end face to an outflow end face, and a porous plugging portion provided either at an end on the inflow end face or the outflow end face of the cells, wherein the plugging portion is composed of a porous material, the honeycomb structure has a central region and a circumferential region, and a ratio of an area of the circumferential region with respect to that of the central region ranges from 0.1 to 0.5, porosity of a central plugging portion in the central region is lower than that of a circumferential plugging portion in the circumferential region, and the porosity of the central plugging portions ranges from 60% to 68%, and that of the circumferential plugging portions ranges from 70% to 85%.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes a pillar-shaped honeycomb structure having porous partition walls provided, surrounding a plurality of cells which serve as fluid through channels extending from an inflow end face to an outflow end face, and porous plugging portions provided either at the ends on the inflow end face or the outflow end face of the cells, wherein the plugging portions are composed of a porous material, the honeycomb structure has a central region and a circumferential region and a ratio of an area of the circumferential region with respect to that of the central region ranges from 0.1 to 0.5, and a plugging length L1 in the cell extending direction of a central plugging portion in the central region is smaller than a plugging length L2 of a circumferential plugging portion in the circumferential region, L1 ranges from 3 to 6 mm, and L2 from 7 to 9 mm.

Abstract: A honeycomb filter includes a pillar-shaped honeycomb structure having porous partition walls provided, surrounding a plurality of cells which serve as fluid through channels extending from an inflow end face to an outflow end face, and porous plugging portions provided either at the ends on the inflow end face or the outflow end face of the cells, wherein the plugging portions are composed of a porous material, the honeycomb structure has a central region and a circumferential region, and a ratio of an area of the circumferential region with respect to that of the central region ranges from 0.1 to 0.5, a plugging length L1 in the cell extending direction of a central plugging portion in the central region is larger than a plugging length L2 of a circumferential plugging portion in the circumferential region, L1 ranges from 7 to 9 mm, and L2 from 3 to 6 mm.

Abstract: A honeycomb structure includes a pillar-shaped honeycomb structure body having a porous partition wall defining a plurality of cells serving as fluid through channel extending from an inflow end face to an outflow end face; and a circumferential wall surrounding the partition wall, wherein in a plane orthogonal to cell extending direction, the honeycomb structure body has a circumferential cell structure, a center cell structure having a cell structure different from the circumferential cell structure, and a boundary wall, the honeycomb structure body has intersection parts of the partition wall, including basic intersection parts and thick intersection parts having a thickness larger than that of the basic intersection parts, the thick intersection parts include at least one of: first thick intersection parts and second thick intersection parts, and in the circumferential cell structure, the intersection parts at least include the circumferential basic intersection parts.

Abstract: A ceramic porous body including: skeleton portions including an aggregate and at least one bonding material; and pore portions formed between the skeleton portions, the pore portions being capable of allowing a fluid to flow therethrough, wherein the pore portions have a pore volume ratio of pores having a pore diameter of from 10 to 15 ?m, of from 4 to 17% or more.

Abstract: A honeycomb structure body has a skin part of a cylindrical shape and a honeycomb structural part formed with the skin part together in a monolithic body. The skin part and the honeycomb structural part have partition walls of a porous structure. The cells have first cells arranged adjacent to the skin part and second cells arranged adjacent to the first cells. The skin part, the first cells and the second cells form an outer peripheral section. A central section is arranged inside the outer peripheral section. The honeycomb structure body satisfies a relationship in which a thermal expansion coefficient of the outer peripheral section is greater than a thermal expansion coefficient of the central section.

Abstract: Processes for activating precious metal-containing catalysts. The processes can decrease the amount of high purity hydrogen required for starting up a catalytic conversion process such as transalkylation of heavy aromatics, without detrimental impact to the metal activity. The processes can include a low temperature treatment step with a high purity first gas, such as hydrogen generated by electrolysis and/or reformer hydrogen diluted with high purity inert gas, and a high temperature treatment step with a low purity second gas such as the reformer hydrogen. Also, the processes can include mixing a hydrogen gas of high or low purity with a high purity inert gas to form a gas mixture with a proportion of hydrogen no less than 2% and a reduced carbon monoxide concentration relative to the low purity hydrogen, and contacting the catalyst with the gas mixture.

Abstract: Polymers of intrinsic microporosity are provided herein. Disclosed polymers of intrinsic microporosity include modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity that include negatively charged sites or crosslinking between monomer units. Systems making use of polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also described, such as electrochemical cells and ion separation systems. Methods for making and using polymers of intrinsic microporosity and modified polymers of intrinsic microporosity are also disclosed.

Abstract: A multichannel syringe for use with a metering device having a barrel holding apparatus of a syringe barrel and an axially movable holding apparatus of a syringe plunger comprising: a plunger unit having a drive rod comprising the plunger holding apparatus, a crossmember on the lower end of the drive rod, and a plurality of syringe plungers projecting downward and parallel to the drive rod, a barrel unit comprising a support and rows of syringe barrels arranged in a parallel manner, protruding downwards from the support, and having lower and upper syringe openings, and a running region, wherein each syringe plunger engages a syringe barrel through, an upper syringe opening and is sealingly guided in the running region, and the barrel holding apparatus is above the syringe barrel and is connected to the support.

Abstract: The present application provides a sample analysis chip. The sample analysis chip includes a base substrate and a working electrode. The working electrode has a double-layer structure. The double-layer structure includes a first electrode layer on the base substrate, and a second electrode layer on a side of th4e first electrode layer facing away the base substrate. The second electrode layer includes a corrosion-resistant, non-metal conductive material. A material of the first electrode layer and a material of the second electrode layer are different from each other.

Abstract: A container set including: a filter unit; and a closing unit that is attachable to and detachable from the filter unit. The filter unit includes: a housing having a sample introduction opening provided at one end, and a liquid discharging opening provided at the second end; and a filter fixed to the housing. The housing has a first joining part, and the closing unit has a second joining part configured to be joinable with the first joining part. The first joining part and the second joining part are configured such that the liquid discharging opening is spatially closed in a state in which the two joining parts are joined together. A space between the closing unit and the filter is made into a positive pressure relative to a pressure in the sample holding space by pushing the filter unit and the closing unit such that the distance therebetween is shortened.

Abstract: Methods include treating a portion of a sample composition to be tested for presence of an analyte by depleting or blocking the target analyte. The treated composition may be used to equilibrate an acoustic wave sensor prior to exposing the sensor to the untreated sample composition for analysis. By using the treated sample composition, in which the analyte is depleted or blocked, to equilibrate the sensor, the sensor may be equilibrated with a composition having a similar viscosity and non-specific binding characteristics to the untreated sample composition, which should result in improved accuracy when analyzing the analyte in the untreated sample composition.

Abstract: An electrowetting panel includes a base substrate; an electrode array layer, including a plurality of electrodes arranged into an array; an insulating hydrophobic layer; a microfluidic channel layer located on the base substrate. Each electrode of the plurality of electrodes is connected to a driving circuit, and a droplet can move along a first direction by applying an electric voltage on each electrode. The insulating hydrophobic layer is located on the electrode array layer, and the microfluidic channel layer is located on the insulating hydrophobic layer. The electrodes includes a plurality of driving electrodes and a plurality of detecting electrodes. Along the first direction, a number N of the driving electrodes is located between every two adjacent detecting electrodes, where N is a natural number. The electrowetting panel also includes a detecting chip electrically connected to the detecting electrodes.

Abstract: A microfluidic device may include a first fluid chamber, a second fluid chamber, a first microfluidic passage extending between the first fluid chamber and the second fluid chamber, a second microfluidic passage extending from the second fluid chamber, a first fluid actuator adjacent the first microfluidic passage and proximate the first fluid chamber to inertially pump fluid away from the first fluid chamber and a second fluid actuator adjacent the first microfluidic passage and proximate the second fluid chamber to menially pump fluid towards the first fluid chamber.

Abstract: A fluid chip suitable for a fluid device is disclosed in which an upper surface of a flow passage has another member bonded thereto. The disclosed fluid chip, in which a flow passage is formed, comprises a base material having a top surface forming at least a portion of a bottom surface of a flow passage, and a bonding member which is formed from an elastomer resin and an upper end surface of which is provided in a position higher than the top surface of the base material. The base material has a support post portion which projects from the top surface and defines the height of a side surface of the flow passage, and the support post portion of the base material is embedded in the bonding member.

Abstract: A microfluidic device for thermocycling of a reaction mixture is provided. The device comprises an inlet opening, an outlet opening, a flow channel connecting the inlet opening and the outlet opening and defining a flow direction from the inlet opening through the flow channel to the outlet opening, wherein the flow channel comprises a first flow channel surface and a second flow channel surface opposite to the first flow channel surface, and an array of wells provided in the first flow channel surface for fluidic communication with the inlet opening and the outlet opening. Further, the first flow channel surface provides a first hydrophilicity and at least a part of the second flow channel surface provides a second hydrophilicity, wherein the first hydrophilicity is greater than the second hydrophilicity.

Abstract: A microfluidic chip, a method for driving a microfluidic chip and an analysis apparatus are provided. An exemplary microfluidic chip includes a substrate; a number of M driving electrodes disposed on a side of the substrate and arranged along a first direction; and a number of N signal terminals electrically connected to the number of M driving electrodes. Any three adjacent driving electrodes are connected to different signal terminals, respectively; a number of A of the number of M driving electrodes are connected to a same signal terminal; and M, N and A are positive integers, and M?4, N?3, M>N, and A?2.

Abstract: A microfluidic chip includes a chip main body having a rotation center, a sample reservoir, a liquid groove, multiple reaction chambers, a first inlet channel and multiple second inlet channels, and a sealing membrane connected to the chip main body. The liquid groove has a feeding groove portion extending around the rotation center and the sample reservoir, and multiple metering groove portions extending away from the rotation center. The first inlet channel communicates the sample reservoir and the feeding groove portion. Each second inlet channel communicates a respective metering groove portion and a respective reaction chamber. The depth of the first inlet channel is smaller than those of the sample reservoir and the feeding groove portion. The depth of each second inlet channel is smaller than those of the respective metering groove portion, the respective reaction chamber and the first inlet channel.

Abstract: A chip includes a micro-channel unit for hydraulically classifying cells in a blood sample. In a micro-channel unit, liquid flowing from a sub channel into a main channel pushes cells flowing in the main channel toward a side thereof on which a removal channel and a collection channel are disposed. Fluid containing non-nucleated RBCs among the pushed cells enters the removal channel, so that the non-nucleated RBCs are removed from a blood sample. A plurality of micro-channel units having the same patterns as each other are repeatedly stacked in a height direction. Inlets of the main channels, inlets of the sub channels, outlets of the removal channels, outlets of the collection channels, and outlets of the main channels, which are provided in the micro-channel units, are connected to respective pillar channels penetrating each of layers in a traversing manner.

Abstract: A rapid and precision molecular diagnostic chip making use of quantum plasmonic resonance energy transfer is disclosed for performing ultrafast polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The chip includes functionally graded microfluidic structures capable of receiving and conveying a sample using self-powered capillary pumping and capable of performing on-chip separation and target pathogen lysis. The chip can include optical traps to selectively trap and enrich various constituents of the sample, such as cell-free deoxyribonucleic acids (cfDNAs) and exosomes. In some cases, a processing device can receive a diagnostic chip, induce PCR within the diagnostic chip, and optionally detect diagnostic data from the samples within the diagnostic chip.

Abstract: Embodiments herein include a scanning apparatus for detecting target particles present within a ferrofluid, where the scanning apparatus can be used in a microfluidic system. The methods and structures described herein also include, for example, a scanning device comprising an optical system, a first magnet disposed on a first side of the optical system, where the first magnet can be non-rotatable, a second magnet disposed on a second side of the optical system, opposite the first magnet, where the second magnet can be rotatable, and a lever arm coupled to the second magnet, where the lever is capable of rotating the second magnet.

Abstract: The subject matter described herein relates to devices and methods for capturing micrometer scale objects from a fluid flow, and more particularly, to devices and methods for capturing cells. The devices generally comprise an array of posts configured and arranged to selectively direct the micrometer scale objects toward trapping channels defined between posts in which the micrometer scale objects can be trapped, and to direct smaller particles through bypass channels around the posts. Methods for using the devices to trap cells, analyze cells and treat cancer are also described.

Abstract: Devices, containers, and methods are provided for performing biological analysis in a closed environment. Illustrative biological analyses include nucleic acid amplification and detection and immuno-PCR.

Abstract: A thermal cycling system for processing a bio sample includes a chamber, a photonic system and a cooling device. The photonic system includes a light-emitting unit. The light-emitting unit is configured to irradiate the bio sample for heating the bio sample rapidly. The cooling device is attached outside the chamber for cooling the bio sample inside the chamber. The bio sample is continuously cooled by the cooling device, and the light-emitting unit is selectively enabled or disabled according to a thermal cycling profile. Therefore, an ultrafast thermal cycling and a precise control of temperature are implemented.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a cone crusher, including a supporting device being arranged inside a cavity of a main shaft of the crusher. The supporting device is arranged to support a crushing head, and to be vertically displaceable for adjusting the width of a crushing gap. The supporting device has an upper portion enclosed by the crushing head, the upper portion being arranged to provide support to the crushing head. A lower portion extends downwards within the cavity of the main shaft, wherein the upper portion and the lower portion have different outer dimensions as defined transverse to the shaft axis. A pressure-active surface is formed at a transition between the upper portion and the lower portion so as to form a variable-volume compression chamber within the cavity below said pressure-active surface.

Abstract: A blow bar for inserting in a holder of a rotor of an impact crusher defines a longitudinal axis in a z-direction, a vertical axis in a y-direction, and a transverse axis in a x-direction. The blow bar includes two rectangular heads respectively arranged at upper and lower ends of the blow bar and defining there between a middle region, in which the longitudinal axis centrally determines a position of a y-z plane. Each head has side surfaces extending parallel to the y-z plane and parallel at a first spacing to define a thickness between the side surfaces. The two heads are situated offset to the y-z plane in opposite direction by a second spacing in the transverse direction, thereby forming support shoulders in a transition to the middle region. The middle region has a thickness which is not less than the first spacing of the side surfaces.

Abstract: The comminution device (100) according to the invention comprises a feed opening (10) for feeding material to be comminuted, a comminution shaft (20) for comminuting the material fed to the device, and a cutting chamber (30), arranged between the feed opening (10) and the comminution shaft (20) and delimited by a cutting chamber wall (40a, 40b). The comminution device according to the invention is characterized in that the cutting chamber wall (40a) can be pivoted. The invention also relates to a corresponding method.

Abstract: A drum type separation apparatus includes a liquid passage that allows a liquid mixed with a magnetic body to pass therethrough, a rotary drum that is disposed such that a part of the rotary drum is exposed above a liquid surface in the liquid passage, and transports the magnetic body adsorbed on an outer peripheral surface as the rotary drum rotates, and a magnet that is disposed on an inner side of the rotary drum, in which a magnetic force on a side lower than the liquid surface from an intersection position where the rotary drum and the liquid surface intersect each other is larger than a magnetic force on a side higher than the liquid surface from the intersection position.

Abstract: An electrostatic-precipitator air cleaner includes a base, a shell, a fan, a barrel, a high-voltage discharge module, a distribution module and a precipitation module. The shell is connected to the base. The fan is connected to an upper portion of the shell. The barrel is connected to the shell above the base. The high-voltage discharge module is connected to the base and inserted in the barrel. The distribution module is connected to the high-voltage discharge module. The precipitation module is inserted in the barrel.

Abstract: A disc-type centrifuge is configured to use clean water as sealing water to be supplied at high pressure to a sealing mechanism unit. A pump is disposed on a circulation pathway connecting a sealing water tank, in which the sealing water is stored, and the sealing mechanism unit. The sealing water (clean water) is circulated between the sealing water tank and the sealing mechanism unit by the pump. The pump is connected to the drive shaft of a motor that supplies a driving force to a rotating shaft and bowl and is configured so that the pump is operated by receiving the driving force of the motor.

Abstract: Methods and systems for separating liquid components are disclosed. A vessel is provided containing a solids conveyance device. At least a first portion of the vessel acts as an indirect-contact heat exchanger and a second portion of the vessel contains a filter. A process liquid stream, containing a first component and a second component, is passed into the first portion of the vessel. A portion of the second component is frozen and entrained in the first portion of the vessel into the process liquid stream, resulting in a process slurry stream. The process slurry stream is passed into a second portion of the vessel by the solids conveyance device. The process slurry stream is separated into a solid product stream and a primary liquid product stream by passing the primary liquid product stream through the filter and out of the vessel while separately removing the solid product stream out of the vessel.

Abstract: A fixed angle centrifuge rotor is provided including a rotor body having an upper surface and a plurality of tubular cavities extending from the upper surface to respective bottom walls. A pressure plate is operatively coupled to the bottom walls of the tubular cavities and is configured to transfer torque to the bottom walls. The pressure plate is configured to be directly coupled to a rotor hub and to receive torque directly from the rotor hub.

Abstract: A batch centrifuge having a filter screen that can be expeditiously removed and replaced and that is more rigid and more durable than filter screens that are typically employed in current practice. The batch centrifuge may include a centrifuge basket and a cylindrical filter screen disposed within the centrifuge basket, wherein the filter screen is formed of a plurality of curved panels that fit together at adjoining edges. In some embodiments, each of the curved panels may be small enough to fit through an opening in the top of the centrifuge basket without being bent or otherwise deformed.

Abstract: Various implementations include a fluidic oscillator having at least one control port. The at least one control port is for introducing a control fluid into the fluidic oscillator or suctioning the fluid stream from the fluidic oscillator. The introduction of a control fluid into the fluidic oscillator or suction of the fluid stream from the fluidic oscillator alters the frequency and sweeping angle of the oscillating fluid stream as it exits the fluidic oscillator. Various other implementations include a fluidic oscillator having a first control port defined by the first portion of the outlet nozzle and a second control port defined by the second portion of the outlet nozzle. The introduction of a control fluid into the fluidic oscillator or suction of the fluid stream from the fluidic oscillator through the control ports alters the exit angle of the oscillating fluid stream as it exits the fluidic oscillator.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method for producing a shower nozzle which includes following steps of perforating a water outlet plate by laser in order to form a plurality of water outlet holes, welding a joint head and the water outlet plate to a casing, and polishing a welding portion where the joint head and the water outlet plate are welded to the casing before executing a surface treatment. This invention integrates the water outlet holes with the water outlet plate through laser perforation, then polishing the surface after welding each component together into one, thereby executing the surface treatment at one time, simplifying the process, increasing the efficiency, and achieving the seamless surface and color constancy.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a push valve assembly. The push valve assembly includes a valve piston that is movable within a valve body between a fully opened position and a fully closed position, passing through an intermediate rinsing position, to selectively provide pressurized fluid through flow paths defined by the position of the valve piston.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a water outlet device with adjustable water power. The water outlet device comprises a fixed portion, a water outlet portion, and an adjusting member. The fixed portion comprises a water inlet passage and a first connection portion. The adjusting member is disposed in the water outlet portion and is configured to move relative to the water outlet portion. The adjusting member comprises a second connection portion and an adjusting portion, the adjusting portion corresponds to the water outlet hole. The first connection portion and the second connection portion cooperate to drive the adjusting member to move close to or away from the water outlet portion so as to adjust a power of water flowing out from the water outlet hole.

Abstract: The present foam dispensing unit comprises a manifold defining a first channel and a second channel. The first channel defines an input for receiving a first liquid and an output for directing the first liquid into a mixing nozzle. The second channel defines an input for receiving a second liquid, and an output for directing the second liquid into the mixing nozzle. The foam dispensing unit further comprises a first flow adjustment mechanism positioned along the first channel for controlling a flow of the first liquid at the output of the first channel, and a second flow adjustment mechanism positioned along the second channel for controlling a flow of the second liquid at the output of the second channel.

Abstract: A sprayer that produces the pressure for a fluid spray without the requirement of mechanical energy in the form of a manual or battery-powered compressor or fluid pump. The sprayer utilizes a handle and vent system incorporated into the bottle and a shut-off placed at the nozzle of a telescoping wand which work together to enable atmospheric pressure to produce the intended fluid flow and spray, and yet also employ a needed closed system to contain the fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pressurised vessel for holding a fluid to be dispensed under pressure. The vessel includes a chamber for receiving the fluid and the pressurized delivery fluid, such as compressed air. The vessel is intended to be portable and includes a means for handling the vessel, additionally the vessel may be mounted to a manual surface engaging unit for transporting the vessel. Such unit may include a wheeled arrangement or sliding arrangement, such as ski's.

Abstract: A two-component piston for a cartridge includes a piston cover as the first component and a piston body as the second component. The piston has a first side and a second side, and a rear side of the piston cover arranged adjacent to at least a part of the piston body. A front side of the piston cover is arranged at the first side, and the rear side of the piston cover includes a valve member. The valve member is to be received within the piston body and to extend into the piston body towards the second side. The piston cover is configured to be moved relative to the piston body on actuation of the valve member and the piston cover is non-releasably connected to the piston body.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid pump (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900), comprising a movable unit and a fixed unit. The movable unit is capable of moving relative to the fixed unit so as to pump a product out. An elastic mechanism (130, 230, 330, 430, 530, 630, 730, 820, 930) is provided between the movable unit and the fixed unit, and the elastic mechanism (130, 230, 330, 430, 530, 630, 730, 820, 930) comprises at least one elastic strip (131, 231, 331, 431, 531, 631, 731, 821, 931). The elastic strip (131, 231, 331, 431, 531, 631, 731, 821, 931) applies a biasing force to the movable unit to restore the movable unit after the product is pumped.

Abstract: A sensor system and method for measuring a parameter of a paint layer provided on a surface of an object includes a robot arm and a measuring device mounted to the robot arm. The measuring device includes a radiation emitter and a radiation receiver, a sensor arrangement and a control unit. The sensor system and method carries out a measurement of a parameter of the paint layer at a predefined measuring location by accounting for positioning data and measurement data sot that, prior to a measurement, a distance between the measuring device and the surface of the object is adjusted to be in a predefined distance range, and a vector of the measuring direction of the measuring device is adjusted to be normal with respect to the surface of the object within an angular tolerance range from ?5° to 5°.

Abstract: A color coded sprayer system, wherein each sprayer is printed with a particular color ink in regard to the type of chemical used in that tank, a cap for sealing the tank when not in use, a shut-off, and a spray nozzle, all of which match the color of the printing, thereby providing the user with visual cues of the chemicals stored in the tank.