Abstract: A water detection circuit includes a voltage detector electrically connected to at least one first pin of a connector and configured to detect a first voltage level from the at least one first pin at a first point in time and a second voltage level from the at least one first pin at a second point in time, a detection logic configured to compare the first voltage level with a first threshold and compare the second voltage level with a second threshold and a power controller configured to block current from being supplied to the at least first pin before the second point in time, after the first water detection operation is completed, wherein the detection logic determines that water is present in the connector when water is detected in at least one of a first water detection operation and a second water detection operation.

Abstract: We disclose herein a sensing device comprising a substrate, a dielectric layer located on the substrate, a heater located within the dielectric layer; a material for sensing a gas. The material comprises an alumina (Al2O3) doped conductive metal oxide.

Abstract: An electrochemical measurement system includes an electrochemical measurement plate configured to have first and second biological samples placed thereon and an electrochemical measurement device connected to the electrochemical measurement plate. The electrochemical measurement plate includes a first well configured to have the first biological sample placed therein, a first measurement electrode group including first measurement electrodes provided within the first well, a second well configured to have the second biological sample placed therein, and a second measurement electrode group including second measurement electrodes provided within the second well.

Abstract: A heating element 76 of a heater section includes an inner region 91, having a lower resistance per unit length than an outer region 92 at one or more temperatures in the range of 700° C. to 900° C.

Abstract: A gas sensor device is equipped with a diffusion controlling portion, a pump cell, and a sensor cell. The diffusion controlling portion is formed to face a major surface of a solid electrolyte body and works to control a rate of diffusion of a measurement gas entering a measurement gas chamber. The pump cell has a pump electrode which contains gold and is formed on the major surface. The pump electrode is located downstream of the diffusion controlling portion in a gas flow direction. The pump cell works to regulate a concentration of oxygen in the measurement gas upon application of voltage to the pump electrode. The sensor cell has a sensor electrode formed on the major surface downstream of the diffusion controlling portion in the gas flow direction. The sensor cell works to measure a concentration of nitrogen oxide contained in the measurement gas upon application of voltage to the sensor electrode. The pump electrode is disposed upstream of the sensor electrode at a distance of 0.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a gas sensor element comprising a porous protective layer with improved water repellency upon continuously water pouring, which is a gas sensor element comprising: a detection portion; and a porous protective layer formed around the detection portion, wherein the porous protective layer is formed from an aggregate containing alumina and a coating material containing silica, and in the porous protective layer, the weight concentration x % by weight of the coating material with respect to the total weight of the aggregate and the coating material, and the porosity y %, satisfy the following formula (1): y?0.0058x2?1.2666x+68??(1), and in the porous protective layer, the pore volume of pores having a pore diameter of 100 nm or less is 0.02 mL/g or less.

Abstract: An improvement in the method or technique of conditioning a gas sensor is provided through the application of Pulse Discharge Technique (PDT) in order to condition mixed-potential gas sensors. A modified planar sensor design to minimize sodium atom diffusion and platinum electrode poisoning under conditions of PDT are provided. Modification of the PDT hardware is provided without modification of the sensor design. The improvement method comprises: a) Replace a single polarity power supply with a power supply with floating positive and negative output; b) Connect one of the heater leads with the reference electrode lead and connect it to the ground.

Abstract: An electronic control unit controls an air-fuel ratio sensor to detect an air-fuel ratio in an exhaust gas from an internal-combustion engine. An A/D converter and a sample value processor obtain a signal based on an impedance of the air-fuel ratio sensor in response to a power supply to the air-fuel ratio sensor via filters. A microcomputer determines an environment temperature of the air-fuel ratio sensor based on the signal. A switch or the microcomputer switches between an upstream side voltage supply path and a downstream side voltage supply path to obtain a signal depending on whether the air-fuel ratio sensor is operating in a low-temperature environment to improve the accuracy of the obtained signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the physical properties of a drug formulation suspended in a pressurized liquid propellant and a system to enable such measurements is disclosed. Drug formulations suspended in pressurized liquid propellant used in Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs) are propelled in their native liquid state into an analytical instrument with a measurement cell capable of withstanding the pressure required to retain the sample in liquid form by employing a device to rapidly release the contents of the pMDI canister into the measurement instrument wherein the sample's electrophoretic mobility and size may be determined by MP-PALS or other techniques. A series of valves permits the maintenance of the high pressure in the system. Once the measurements are made, the pressurized liquid is allowed to pass to waste or another analytical instrument by opening an exit valve.

Abstract: A magnetic field sensing system may include a first magnetic field sensing element; a second magnetic field sensing element; means for generating a first magnetic field having a first non-zero frequency; means for generating a second magnetic field having a second frequency; a conductive target positioned to generate a reflected magnetic field in response to the first magnetic field; means for producing a first signal representing the first magnetic field and the reflected magnetic field during a first alternating time period; means for producing a second signal representing the second magnetic field during a second alternating time period; means for calculating an error value as a function of the first and second signals, wherein the error value is based, at least in part, on the second signal during the first time period; and means for applying the error value to the first signal during the first alternating time period.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present disclosure set forth a resonator device for generating a resonance map of a surface. The resonator device includes an actuator mechanism that vibrates the surface. The resonator device further includes one or more sensors that detect a deflection of the surface responsive to the actuator mechanism vibrating the surface. The resonator device further includes a processor. The processor is configured to generate the resonance map based on the detected deflection.

Abstract: A method for determining a quality of a friction stir welded seam is described. The method involves applying an impact to a welded plate and comparing its damping capacity with the damping capacity of a geometrically equivalent defect-free plate. Damping capacities that differ by a small percent difference indicate that the welded plate is also defect-free. This method is particularly advantageous when dealing with small defects, which produce miniscule changes in natural frequency which may not be measureable.

Abstract: A system and method of predicting impending failure of a pressure vessel include a pressure vessel, a fluid source, a line coupled to the pressure vessel and to the fluid source, an apparatus, a sensor and a controller. The apparatus includes a conduit and a containment structure. The containment structure includes a cavity separated from an interior of the conduit by a portion of a conduit wall of the conduit. The sensor is configured to determine a value of a physical property in the cavity. The controller is in signal communication with the sensor and configured to detect a change in the value. The method includes determining a first value of a physical property in the cavity, experiencing a failure of the conduit wall, determining a second value of the physical property in the cavity, and detecting a difference between the first and second values.

Abstract: Modified thermoplastic hydrocarbon thermoplastic resins are provided, as well as methods of their manufacture and uses thereof in rubber compositions. The modified thermoplastic resins are modified by decreasing the relative quantity of the dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer oligomers as compared to the corresponding unmodified thermoplastic resin polymers, resulting in a product that exhibits a greater shift in the glass transition temperature of the elastomer(s) used in tire formulations. This translates to better viscoelastic predictors of tire tread performance, such as wet grip and rolling resistance. The modified thermoplastic resins impart remarkable properties on various rubber compositions, such as tires, belts, hoses, brakes, and the like. Automobile tires incorporating the modified thermoplastic resins are shown to possess excellent results in balancing the properties of rolling resistance, tire wear, snow performance, and wet braking performance.

Abstract: In order to provide a device for detection of a partial pressure of a measurement gas contained in a surrounding gas, comprising a measurement space with at least one inlet opening to admit surrounding gas into the measurement space and at least one outlet opening to discharge surrounding gas from the measurement space, a quantity that characterizes the partial pressure of the measurement gas in the measurement gas sensor sensitive to the measurement gas to measure a quantity that characterizes the partial pressure of the measurement gas in the measurement space, as well as readout device to read out the measurement gas sensor as well as a method for its operation, which permit metrological detection of the partial pressure of a measurement gas contained in a surrounding gas with improved chronological and spatial resolution, it is proposed that means to determine a response characteristic of device be provided.

Abstract: A filter that is used in conjunction with a non-specific gas sensor for PAA, which allows specific detection of PAA vapor in the presence of hydrogen peroxide vapor through the removal of the hydrogen peroxide vapor. The filter contains a filter catalyst that will catalyze the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide but not react with PAA vapor, thus removing the hydrogen peroxide vapor and allowing the peracetic vapor to pass through the filter to the sensor.

Abstract: In a method for determining the low-temperature properties of a paraffin-containing fuel, the fuel is conducted from a storage chamber through a measuring cell provided with a sieve, the measuring cell is cooled by means of a cooling device, the temperature of the fuel in the measuring cell is measured, and a fluid pressure representing the flow resistance occurring on the sieve is measured, and the temperature occurring at a defined fluid pressure set point is determined and output as a result of the method, wherein, for the pressure measurement, a defined sample amount of the fuel is abruptly delivered from the storage chamber in order to obtain a pressure pulse.

Abstract: A bearing lubrication system includes a lubricant distributor configured to perform a lubrication operation by moving lubricant toward an interior of a housing of a bearing, at least one sensor configured to measure at least one condition of the bearing and to produce a signal indicative of the at least one measured condition and a controller configured to produce a transient detection signal, a signal indicative of a second derivative of the measurement signal, for example, and to determine whether an absolute value of the transient detection signal exceeds a threshold value during a given time period after the lubrication operation and to output a failure signal indicative of a lubrication failure in response to a determination that the absolute value of the transient detection signal does not exceed the threshold value during the given time period. Also a method of operating a bearing lubrication system.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a nonmagnetic layer and a plurality of magnetic field sensors. The nonmagnetic layer has a first surface and a second surface. The magnetic field sensors are arranged along the second surface. The second surface is between the first surface and the magnetic field sensors. Each of the magnetic field sensors includes a first magnetic layer, a second magnetic layer provided between the first magnetic layer and the nonmagnetic layer, and an intermediate layer provided between the first magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer. The intermediate layer is nonmagnetic. A distance between the first surface and the second magnetic layer is not more than a pitch of the magnetic field sensors.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and compositions for detection of target small molecules in a mixed sample by performing a competition assay between the target and a surrogate and subsequently detecting the complex types in a nanopore device.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure include a titration probe that mitigate the occurrences of titration probe clots. A bar such as segment of music wire, is extended across the tip of a titration probe and attached at both ends to the titration probe. The bar is configured to catch clots and prevent the clots from being collected along with a blood sample to be analyzed. The bar effectively reduces the cross sectional area of the titration probe tip.

Abstract: A sensor technology comprising a single nano-material (gold nanoparticles and/or carbon nanotube) based sensor or a plurality of sensors in conjunction with a pattern recognition algorithm for non-invasive and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis bacteria in a subject. The sensor technology is suitable for population screening of tuberculosis, particularly in resource-poor and developing countries.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to in vitro methods for mimicking in vivo pathological or physiologic conditions. The methods comprise applying shear forces to a cell type or cell type plated on a surface within a cell culture container. Methods for testing drugs or compounds in such systems are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to biomarkers of the skin of children and, in particular, that of infants, having altered expression in the presence of urine. Such markers are particularly advantageous as they allow the skin's response to urine to be monitored. The inventors have developed methods for evaluating the efficacy in vitro of formulations in preventing the harmful effects of urine on a child's skin, using a skin model specifically capable of reproducing the characteristics of children's skin.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting harmful substances within a consumable sample comprising: receiving a consumable sample at a first chamber of a test container; transforming the consumable sample into a homogenized sample upon processing of the consumable sample; delivering the homogenized sample to a second chamber of the test container, wherein the second chamber is configured to receive the homogenized sample comprises an outlet port; mixing the homogenized sample with a process reagent within the second chamber, thereby producing a dispersion; transmitting a volume of the dispersion to an analysis chamber, of the test container, configured to position a detection substrate proximal the port of the second chamber and comprising a detection window that enables detection of presence of the allergen; and detecting presence of the allergen within the consumable sample by way of an optical sensor configured to detect signals indicative of the allergen through the detection window.

Abstract: An assay device including a loading zone for a sample that may contain an analyte, an activator in communication with the loading zone from which at least one activator is displaced by presence of the analyte, an amplifier in an inactive state in communication with the activator that becomes activated in the presence of the activator, a biomatrix barrier in communication with the activated amplifier that is degraded or modified by the activated amplifier, and an indicator responsive to the degradation or modification of the biomatrix barrier, which in turn reflects a concentration of the analyte in the sample loaded on the device. The selection of analyte or displacement of the activator by presence of the analyte may occur off-platform and/or may rely on use of non-covalent interactions. The activator may include an enzyme or other reagent that activates the amplifier. Also, associated methods.

Abstract: Macromolecular imprinted silica particles (“MIP”) in the presence of polymer grafted carbon black are disclosed. The disclosed molecular imprinted beads can detect disease in body fluids. For the silica gel matrix, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as the backbone monomer and 3-aminopropy/triethoxysilane (APS) as a functional monomer. Carbon black was added to the sol-gel process, yielding black silica particles. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a structure-directing agent to increase network diffusion of the template. A total of 16 MIPs were synthetized in parallel with variables that evaluate the role of key reactants in the synthesis procedure. Agglomeration tests were performed with all 16 MIPs in the presence of their template, alongside their respective controls using only phosphate buffered saline (“PBS”). Each of the MIPs was evaluated using a novel device capable of simultaneously measuring up to four samples for near infrared transmission.

Abstract: A rapid detection method of a target biomolecule comprising an antigenic moiety is provided. The method includes providing a source biological sample comprising the target biomolecule; contacting the source biological sample to an ion-exchange medium; eluting the captured-target biomolecule from the ion-exchange medium as an eluate, and loading the eluate to a rapid diagnostic testing device comprising an antibody. The eluate comprises a concentrated form of the biomolecule in a solution having a salt concentration greater than 150 mM. A concentration of the target biomolecule in the eluate is in a range from about 2× to 25× compared to a concentration of the biomolecule in the source biological sample. The target biomolecule binds to the antibody under the salt concentration of greater than 150 mM. A device for rapid detection of target biomolecule is also provided.

Abstract: A recombinant polypeptide can be used in the diagnosis of the presence of a Zika virus in a patient. The recombinant polypeptide includes SEQ ID NO1 or a variant thereof, where the recombinant polypeptide is a monomer, a dimer, or a hexamer.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide an aptamer to a cancer cell, said aptamer being superior to conventional aptamers in binding ability, specificity, and/or stability. To solve this problem, provided is a DNA aptamer binding to a cancer cell, said DNA aptamer containing an artificial base(s).

Abstract: A method is provided for characterising and/or prognosing prostate cancer in a subject comprising measuring the level of at least one protein from a panel or at least one peptide thereof in a sample from the subject. The method may be used to determine the grade and stage of the prostate cancer. Also disclosed is a method for selecting a treatment for prostate cancer, together with corresponding methods of treatment. Systems and computing devices for performing the methods are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention is based on the identification of novel biomarkers predictive of responsiveness to a combination of anti-immune checkpoint and anti-angiogenesis therapies.

Abstract: Compounds of general formula I wherein Fc and Fc? may be the same or different and are substituted ferrocenyl moieties having at least one ring substituent selected from sulfur-containing groups, phosphorus-containing groups, iodo, chloro, silyl, fluoroalkyl groups containing two or more fluorine atoms, heteroaryl, substituted phenyl, and cyano, wherein if present as sole substituent the cyano group is located on the proximal cyclopentadienyl ring; X is a spacer, Y is a spacer, Z is a spacer; and R is a linker group. Compound I may be used to make labelled substrates, functionalised compounds for making labelled substrates and may be used as labels in an electrochemical assay.

Abstract: Compounds and methods for determining transmembrane potential, monitoring changes in transmembrane potential, and/or drug screening are provided. In one aspect, compounds of the invention have a structure according to the formula: E-M-A-C*, wherein A is a fluorophore, selected from xanthenes, coumarins, cyanines, bimanes, and difuloroboradizaindacenes, charged at physiological pH; M is a molecular wire; and E is a hydrophobic moiety, wherein A and E are capable of being involved in a photo-induced, intramolecular electron transfer that quenches the fluorescence of A in response to a voltage condition. C* is a caging moiety (e.g., a photoremovable protecting group). When in use, exemplary compounds of the invention are membrane-impermeant and oriented within the cell membrane such that the charged moiety localizes at the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer and the hydrophobic moiety and molecular wire associate with the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of autism. More specifically, the present invention provides methods for treating individuals with autism spectrum disorders. The present invention also provides methods for predicting a likelihood of ASD. In one embodiment, a method for treating a female patient having a high risk factor of having children with ASD comprises the steps of (a) identifying in a sample taken from the female patient the presence of AT-1 antibodies; and (b) administering an effective amount of an AT-1 inhibitor or inhibitor of AT-1 antibodies to the female patient.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for identifying new biomarkers for various diseases using proteomics, peptidomics, metabolics, proteoglycomics, glvcomics, mass spectrometry and machine learning. The present disclosure also provides glycopeptides as biomarkers for various diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Abstract: Methods are provided for detecting the amount of one or more HRT panel analytes (i.e., estrone (E1), estrone sulfate (E1s), 17?-estradiol (E2a), 17?-estradiol (E2b), estradiol sulfate (E2s), estriol (E3), equilin (EQ), 17?-dihydroequilin (EQa), 17?-dihydroequilin (EQb), Equilenin (EN), 17?-dihydroequilenin (ENa), 17?-dihydroequilenin (ENb), and ?8,9-dehydroestrone (dE1)) in a sample by mass spectrometry. The methods generally involve ionizing one or more HRT panel analytes in a sample and quantifying the generated ions to determine the amount of one or more HRT panel analytes in the sample. In methods where amounts of multiple HRT panel analytes are detected, the amounts of multiple analytes are detected in the same sample injection.

Abstract: The invention relates to the detection of methylmalonic acid (MMA). In a particular aspect, the invention relates to methods for detecting derivatized methylmalonic acid (MMA) by mass spectrometry.

Abstract: Provided herein are antigenic molecules that can be used to generate antibodies capable of binding to a vitamin D derivative, such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and/or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, or a 25-hydroxyvitamin D analog, such as a vitamin D-C22 immunogenic molecule or compound. Antibodies produced using these antigenic molecules, and related antigenic compounds, are also described. In addition, disclosed herein are methods for detecting vitamin D deficiency in a subject, methods for treating a subject suspected of having a vitamin D deficiency, methods for monitoring progression of vitamin D deficiency in a subject, and methods for monitoring treatment of vitamin D deficiency in a subject in need thereof. The methods involve the detection or quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3.

Abstract: A replenishment center connected to a plurality of analyzer systems each comprising at least one analyzer module which performs analysis using a replenishable item is disclosed.

Abstract: An automatic analyzing apparatus includes a reagent depository, a wave radiator, a wave receiver, a switcher, and processing circuitry. The wave radiator sends a radio wave to a plurality of wireless tags. The wireless tags are comprised by respective reagent containers in the reagent depository or by respective reagent containers at a reagent retaining space. The wave receiver receives return radio waves from the wireless tags that have received the radio wave. The switcher changes a response state of one of the wireless tags. The processing circuitry specifies reagent information corresponding to the reagent container that comprises the response state-changed wireless tag, based on the return radio waves received before and after the response state is changed.

Abstract: The sample analyzer includes: a reagent arranging section for arranging a plurality of reagents; an analyzing section for analyzing a measurement sample prepared by mixing a sample and the reagent arranged on the reagent arranging section; a display device; an input device; and a display control section for displaying a reagent arrangement displaying region for displaying a plurality of reagent marks inscribed with a reagent name respectively on the display device, wherein the each reagent mark is displayed in a manner selectable by the input device, wherein arrangement of the each reagent mark on the reagent arrangement displaying region corresponds to arrangement of the each reagent on the reagent arranging section, wherein the display control section displays detailed information related to the reagent corresponding to the reagent mark selected by the input device on the display device.

Abstract: A rack includes a container holder that is fixed to a stage and holds a container that contains a liquid to be dispensed and a camera that is fixed to the stage and located in a position where the camera is capable of capturing an image of the container.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for removing liquid from the interior of a flow channel tip, which enables both to reduce the amount of liquid remaining and prevent the time spent removing the liquid from being longer than necessary. The method comprises: suctioning a liquid within a flow channel, the liquid being suctioned into the interior of a liquid suction implement inserted into a first through-hole of a flow channel tip; and removing the liquid within the flow channel. This method comprises: a first suction step for suctioning some of the liquid within the flow channel at a first suction speed; and a second suction step for suctioning the liquid remaining within the flow channel at a second suction speed that is less than the first suction speed, the second suction step being performed in continuation from the first suction step.

Abstract: A pipetting apparatus (10) having a guidance frame (12) having a first linear guidance rail (52) and having a second linear guidance rail (56), the first and the second linear guidance rail (52, 56) proceeding parallel to one another along a displacement axis (VL) and being provided at a distance from one another orthogonally to the displacement axis (VL), and having a pipetting channel (14) which extends along a channel axis (K14) that is nonparallel, preferably orthogonal, to the displacement axis (VL) and which is guided displaceably along the displacement axis (VL) with a first bearing component (54) on the first linear guidance rail (52) and with a second bearing component (58) on the second linear guidance rail (56), is characterized in that the first and the second bearing component (54, 58) are arranged with a spacing (A) from one another along the displacement axis (VL).

Abstract: A rotation angle detection device for a vehicle brake includes: a housing accommodating a magnetic detection unit; a rotation member supported to be rotatable relative to the housing; and a magnet held by the rotation member and rotating integrally with the rotation member, in which the magnetic detection unit includes a stroke detection unit and a switch detection unit, the stroke detection unit detects a rotation angle by which the rotation member has rotated from a reference position based on a magnetic force of the magnet, the switch detection unit detects that the rotation member has rotated from the reference position by a predetermined angle or more, and at least a portion of the stroke detection unit is disposed at a position where the portion overlaps with the magnet in an axial direction of a rotational axis of the rotation member.

Abstract: A method of operating an atomic force microscope, comprising a probe, the probe being moved forth and back during respective trace and retrace times of a scan line, the method comprising: a) during trace time, oscillating the probe, b) generating a z feedback signal to keep an amplitude of oscillation of the probe constant at a setpoint value, the z feedback signal being generated by a first feedback loop, c) during retrace time, placing the probe in a drift compensation state by changing the setpoint value to a different value so that the z feedback signal being generated by the first feedback loop causes the probe to move away from the sample and oscillate free, d) detecting an amplitude of free oscillation of the probe and adjusting with a second feedback loop its excitation signal to maintain the amplitude of free oscillation of the probe close to a set value.

Abstract: To avoid applying overload on both a probe and a sample surface, and to reduce time for measuring irregular shapes on the sample surface in performing an intermittent measurement method, provided is a scanning probe microscope including: a cantilever having a probe attached thereto, the scanning probe microscope being configured to scan a sample surface by intermittently bringing the probe into contact with the sample surface; and a control device configured to perform a first operation of bringing the probe and the sample surface into contact with each other, and a second operation of separating the probe and the sample surface from each other after the first operation. The control device executes the second operation by thermally deforming the cantilever.

Abstract: An oscilloscope has a measurement channel comprising an analog-to-digital converter providing digitized measurement input signal values, a triggering unit, an acquisition memory, and a digital voltmeter connected to said analog-to-digital converter. The digital voltmeter is configured for receiving untriggered values, determining a characteristic value of said untriggered values in a predefined interval, determining an output value based on said characteristic value, and storing said output value in an output memory of the oscilloscope. Further, a method for analyzing a measured signal using an oscilloscope is provided.

Abstract: A transducer for high-voltage measuring technology, including a housing having a parallelepipedal basic contour, input connections arranged on the housing and carrying input measurement signals in the high-voltage range, output connections arranged on the housing and carrying output signals in the low-voltage range, a transducer circuit arranged in the housing and implemented on a printed circuit board and being contact-connected to the input and output connections. The parallelepipedal basic contour of the housing is designed as an upright construction. The printed circuit board is arranged upright between opposite side walls of a dome formed in the housing. The input connections are arranged facing away from one another on the outer sides of the side walls within the basic contour of the housing, and in a manner engaging through the respective side wall of the dome are in contact with contact elements of the transducer circuit on the printed circuit board.