Abstract: A method for monitoring autoregulation includes, using a processor, receiving a blood pressure signal, a regional oxygen saturation signal, and a blood volume signal from a patient. The method also includes determining a first linear correlation between the blood pressure signal and the regional oxygen saturation signal and determining a second linear correlation between the blood pressure signal and the blood volume signal. The method also includes determining a confidence level associated with the first linear correlation based at least in part on the second linear correlation and providing a signal indicative of the patient's autoregulation status to an output device based on the linear correlation and the confidence level.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for identifying, monitoring, and treating migraines and migraineurs. An electroencephalogram (EEG) of a patient is obtained. The EEG comprises a plurality of EEG signals. At least two features are extracted of a network feature across at least one pair of the plurality of EEG signals in the alpha frequency band, a feature derived from a signal decomposition of at least one EEG signal, and a feature representing the power spectrum density of at least one EEG signal. The patient is classified into one of a plurality of classes, each representing one of the presence of migraine symptoms, a response to migraine treatment, a type of migraineur, a current stage of a migraine, and a likelihood that the patient is a migraineur, according to the extracted at least two features.

Abstract: A patient monitoring device includes an ECG sensor coupled to a patient, a sensor coupled to the patient and configured to bio-vibrational signals, and a radio frequency monitoring device configured to produce information responsive to electromagnetic energy reflected from the patient's thoracic cavity. A processor processes the ECG signals, the bio-vibrational signals, and the radio frequency information to generate a plurality of physiological parameters of the patient. The processor also performs at least one of a predictive analysis and a trend analysis of the plurality of physiological to determine a current clinical condition of the patient. The trend analysis includes determining a substantial relationship between changes in the plurality of physiological parameters.

Abstract: User equipment is configured to collect biosensor data from an integrated biosensor or by receiving biosensor data from one or more external biosensors. The user equipment includes a Health Monitoring (HM) application. The HM application is configured to receive the biosensor data and display the biosensor data on the display of the user equipment. The user equipment may also communicate biosensor data over a local or wide area network to a third party, such as a pharmacy or health care provider.

Abstract: A method and system for identifying location of a touched body part. The method includes initializing a tracking system for monitoring travel of a pointer useful for indicating a touching operation, wherein the touching operation is performed on a body part. In addition, the method includes monitoring the travel of the pointer from a predetermined first location to a second location, wherein the second location coincides with a touch endpoint on a body part; and identifying the location of body part that was touched by the pointer.

Abstract: An overdose of opioids can cause the user to stop breathing, resulting in death. A physiological monitoring system monitors respiration based on oxygen saturation readings from a fingertip pulse oximeter in communication with a smart mobile device and sends opioid monitoring information from the smart mobile device to an opioid overdose monitoring service. The opioid overdose monitoring service notifies a first set of contacts when the opioid monitoring information.

Abstract: Method for estimating radiation dose received by a tissue of interest during an imaging scan comprising: i, obtaining image data of a body region including the tissue of interest, ii. sub-dividing the image data into axial slices, comprising tissue axial slices and non-tissue axial slices, iii. determining a net amount of radiation dose emitted or received by each axial slice by combining scan parameters of each axial slice with pre-calculated amounts of radiation dose, iiii summing the net amounts of radiation dose of all the tissue axial slices to obtain a tissue dose.

Abstract: A method is for operating an at least partially autonomously moving, mobile medical unit, which has at least one sensing device for detecting possible collision objects in the environment of the unit and a control device, which evaluates the sensing data of the sensing device and which is designed to at least partially autonomously operate the movement of the unit while performing a collision protection function. In an embodiment of the method, a possible collision object described by the sensing data is classified by evaluating the sensing data and the classification is taken into consideration in the autonomous operation of the unit, in particular in the calculation of a trajectory to be traveled.

Abstract: Provided is a radiation shielding device according to various embodiments. The radiation shielding device includes: a body structure forming a receiving space receiving a user's body part, wherein a through passage penetrating an inside of the body structure is formed in the body structure; a shielding unit positioned to reciprocatively move along the through passage, wherein a shielding pad configured to shield the radiation is included in a portion of the shielding unit; and a driver configured to transfer a driving force to the shielding unit to cause the shielding unit to reciprocatively move.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for operating an imaging system that includes an intra-oral imaging sensor and an electronic processor. The intra-oral imaging sensor includes a housing, an image sensing component at least partially housed within the housing, and a multi-dimensional sensor at least partially housed within the housing. The electronic processor is configured to receive an output of the multi-dimensional sensor indicative of movement of the intra-oral imaging sensor. The output is compared to predetermined movement criteria indicative of a type of movement and, in response to determining that the type of movement of the imaging sensor has occurred, the electronic processor alters the operation of the imaging system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a portable X-ray generation device, which uses an electric field emission-type X-ray source, and is thus advantageous in reducing weight and volume and has excellent reliability in X-ray emission performance.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a nuclear medical diagnostic apparatus includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry acquires gamma-ray emission data based on gamma rays emitted from radio isotopes administered to an object. The processing circuitry further executes scattered-ray correction on the gamma-ray emission data based on a second X-ray CT image obtained by replacing pixel values of a non-object region included in a first X-ray CT image with a predetermined pixel value.

Abstract: A hybrid imaging system is disclosed including an arcuate arm defining a first and a second end the arcuate arm including a first detector assembly for 2D x-ray imaging of a patient and a second detector assembly for CT imaging of the patient, wherein the imaging system includes an internal drive mechanism for rotating the arcuate arm (e.g. translating the arcuate arm along an arcuate path) around the patient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an imaging device for an X-ray image and, particularly, to an imaging device for an X-ray image which enables a posture of a patient to be checked and corrected in real time when an X-ray image of a specific part of a patient's body is to be imaged.

Abstract: The invention relates to x-ray imaging technology as well as image post-processing. Particularly, the present invention relates to post-processing of perfusion image data acquired by an x-ray imaging apparatus by absolutely or relatively normalizing perfusion image data to allow a preferred comparison of the image data, both with regard to different acquisitions as well as different patients. To allow normalization of perfusion image data, it may be desirable to know the amount of contrast agent injected, which remains in a coronary. Subsequently, image parameters may be adapted or normalized based on the known amount of contrast agent within the coronary for normalization of perfusion image data. To obtain a precise amount of injected contrast agent, the injected volume of contrast agent flowing through a defined region or section of a vessel may be estimated. Said injected volume of contrast agent may thus be deduced from the estimation of the total volume flow at this location.

Abstract: A method for optimizing an X-ray imaging system during a mammographic examination. In order to provide an optimization of the X-ray imaging a breast is compressed between a support plate and a compression plate. A force-height curve is then acquired during the compression. An elasticity value of the breast is determined based on the force-height curve. A parameter of the X-ray imaging system is optimized based on the determined elasticity value.

Abstract: In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to a method for non-invasively assessing a myocardial region of a subject by computed tomography (CT). In one embodiment, the method comprises: acquiring non-contrast imaging data for a myocardial region of a subject using dual energy computed tomography (DECT) scanning; reconstructing, from the acquired non-contrast imaging data, monochromatic images for a plurality of energy levels in a range of energy levels; determining, based at least in part on the image reconstruction, attenuation values for each respective energy level of the plurality of energy levels; and performing at least one of detection and quantification of myocardial fibrosis based at least in part on differences in the attenuation values across the plurality of energy levels.

Abstract: A CPU functions as an acquisition unit and a derivation unit. The acquisition unit acquires a first radiographic image and a second radiographic image respectively generated by a first radiation detector and a second radiation detectors which are irradiated with radiation with first energy emitted from a radiation source in preliminary imaging before main imaging from a radiography apparatus in which the first and second radiation detectors are arranged in a direction in which the radiation is emitted. The derivation unit derives the composition of a soft part of a subject, using the first and second radiographic images acquired by the acquisition unit, and derives second energy of the radiation emitted from the radiation source in the main imaging according to the derived composition of the soft part.

Abstract: A method for determining image values in marked pixels of at least one projection image is provided. The at least one projection image is part of a projection image set provided for reconstruction of a three-dimensional image dataset and acquired in each case using a projection geometry in an acquisition procedure. The image values are determined through evaluation of at least one epipolar consistency condition that is to be at least approximately fulfilled, that results from the projection geometries of the different projection images of the projection image set, and that requires the agreement of two transformation values in transformation images determined from different projection images by Radon transform and subsequent derivation as a condition transformation.

Abstract: A method for determining respiratory induced blood mass change from a four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) includes receiving a 4D CT image set which contains a first three-dimensional computed tomographic image (3D CT) and a second 3D CT image. The method includes executing a deformable image registration (DIR) function on the received 4D CT image set, and determining a displacement vector field indicative of the lung motion induced by patient respiration. The method further includes segmenting the received 3D CT images into a first segmented image and a second segmented. The method includes determining the change in blood mass between the first 3D CT image and the second 3D CT image from the DIR solution, the segmented images, and measured CT densities.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and system for reducing radiation dose in image acquisition. The method may include obtaining first image data of a subject related to a first scan of the subject. The first scan may be of a first type of scan. The method may include reconstructing a first image of the subject based on the first image data and generating a dose plan of a second scan based on the first image. The second scan may be of a second type of scan. The method may also include obtaining second image data of the subject related to the second scan of the subject. The second scan may be performed according to the dose plan.

Abstract: A nuclear medicine (NM) multi-head imaging system is provided that includes a gantry, plural detector units mounted to the gantry, and at least one processor operably coupled to at least one of the detector units. The detector units are mounted to the gantry. Each detector unit defines a detector unit position and corresponding view oriented toward a center of the bore. Each detector unit is configured to acquire imaging information over a sweep range corresponding to the corresponding view. The at least one processor is configured to, for each detector unit, determine plural angular positions along the sweep range corresponding to boundaries of the object to be imaged, generate a representation of each angular position for each detector unit position, generate a model based on the angular positions using the representation, and determine scan parameters to be used to image the object using the model.

Abstract: A synchronization signal transmitter is configured to be capable of storing unique identification information that can identify the synchronization signal transmitter and transmitting the identification information to a radiation irradiation apparatus and a radiation imaging apparatus. The radiation irradiation apparatus or the radiation imaging apparatus includes a hardware processor that determines whether or not the identification information that has been received by the radiation irradiation apparatus and the identification information received by the radiation imaging apparatus are in agreement with each other.

Abstract: A three-dimensional phantom for providing displacement profiles for a CT table having 6 degrees of freedom includes a body having at a top face, a side face and an end face; the top face and the side face sharing a common edge; the top face and the end face sharing a common edge; and the side face and the end face sharing a common edge; wherein an angle formed by the top face and the end face is less than 90 degrees; the side face including a first isocenter mark and a first offset mark, wherein the first offset mark has an angle corresponding to the angle formed by the top face and the end face; and an isocenter marker at the isocenter of the body.

Abstract: An ultrasound imaging system includes a processor programmed to generate an anatomy image and a number of needle frames at different transmit beam angles. The system analyzes the data in the needle frames and selects segments therein that are identified as likely representing an interventional instrument. Data from one or more needle frames are blended with the data for the anatomy image of the tissue to create a composite image of the tissue and the interventional instrument.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a medical diagnostic apparatus includes processing circuitry and display circuitry. The processing circuitry estimates a position of a structure in a subject based on data obtained by scanning with respect to the subject and analyzes tissue characterization in the subject. The display circuitry displays an analysis result of the tissue characterization obtained by the processing circuitry with respect to a plurality of positions in the subject except for the estimated structure position.

Abstract: An embodiment in accordance with the present invention provides a precise catheter tracking system, Active Ultrasound Pattern Injection System (AUSPIS). AUSPIS establishes ultrasonic communication between any ultrasound external probe and internal catheter (CUTE catheter). The system receives image beacon pulses, analyzes the acquired signal, and fires one or a series of active echo pulses from the same active echo element with a proper timing, frequency, duration and amplitude. Thus it enables injection of any “virtual” pattern into the B-mode image. The pattern injected to the B-mode image is from actively encoded ultrasound field in the tissue. The encoding is based on B-mode ultrasound image formation technique, so it doesn't require hardware or software modification to the US machine. It continuously measures the local acoustic signal amplitude, by which sub-millimeter elevation localization accuracy can be achieved.

Abstract: A catheter includes a first structure having an elongated catheter body with at least one lumen and a first connection portion. The catheter includes a second structure that has a second connection portion which is connectable to the distal side of the first connection portion and a third structure that has an inner tube in which an elongated imaging core having an image capturing unit for capturing an image is positionable and a third connection portion which is connectable to the proximal side of the first connection portion. The catheter includes a first prevention portion to prevent the first connection portion from connecting to the third connection portion when the first and second connection portions are connected and a second prevention portion to prevent the first connection portion from connecting to the second connection portion when the first and third connection portions are connected.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a transmitter transmits a reference signal. A position sensor obtains position information in a three-dimensional space by receiving the reference signal. A controlling unit associates three-dimensional image data generated by a medical image diagnosis apparatus with the three-dimensional space, on the basis of a registration between an arbitrary cross-sectional plane in the three-dimensional image data and a cross-sectional plane scanned by an ultrasound probe. A detecting unit detects if the position of the transmitter has changed within the associated three-dimensional space, on the basis of the position information obtained by the position sensor. A correcting unit corrects a misregistration between a cross-sectional plane in the three-dimensional image data and a cross-sectional plane scanned by the ultrasound probe, on the basis of a change amount of the position of the transmitter.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for a water collection feature of an imaging probe assembly. In one example, a medical imaging probe assembly includes an electrical connector, an imaging probe, and an electrical cable including a first end connected to the electrical connector and a second end coupled to the imaging probe, the cable including a water collection feature arranged at an outer surface of the cable, proximate to the first end. The water collection feature may have converging edges extending outward from the cable, toward the first end, shaped to draw water droplets away from the cable.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a multi-row ultrasonic probe of which a manufacturing failure rate can be decreased. The ultrasonic probe includes a piezoelectric layer configured to generate ultrasonic waves, a sound layer provided on a rear side of the piezoelectric layer, a flexible printed circuit board provided on a rear side of the sound layer, and a sound absorption layer configured to absorb the ultrasonic waves generated by the piezoelectric layer and propagating toward a rear surface of the ultrasonic probe, the sound absorption layer being provided on a rear surface of the flexible printed circuit board. The piezoelectric layer includes a kerf configured to divide the piezoelectric layer in a direction of elevation. The sound layer includes a funnel extending in a direction extending from a front side of the sound layer to the rear side of the sound layer to divide the sound layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an ultrasonic imaging apparatus and a control method thereof. The ultrasonic imaging apparatus includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire a volume data of an object and a process configured to determine whether an acquisition position of the volume data is within an allowable range by using pre-stored landmark information and configured to acquire a plurality of reference planes from the volume data when the acquisition position of the volume data is within the allowable range.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus and a power supply device. The ultrasonic diagnosis apparatus comprises: an ultrasonic host including a pluggable main battery pack; a backup power supply device including a plurality of pluggable backup battery packs, for powering the ultrasonic host; and a trolley for carrying the ultrasonic host and the backup power supply device; wherein a specification of each of the plurality of backup battery packs is identical to that of the main battery pack.

Abstract: Provided are an ultrasound probe and a communication method of the ultrasound probe capable of selecting an ultrasound diagnosis apparatus and/or a wireless communication method that are most appropriate in an environment in which a plurality of ultrasound diagnosis apparatuses exist. A method of communicating with an ultrasound diagnosis apparatus, performed by the ultrasound probe, includes operations of obtaining a plurality of pieces of information about ultrasound diagnosis apparatuses; displaying an ultrasound diagnosis apparatus list, based on the plurality of pieces of information about the ultrasound diagnosis apparatuses; receiving an input for selecting an ultrasound diagnosis apparatus from the ultrasound diagnosis apparatus list; and wirelessly transmitting ultrasound image data to the ultrasound diagnosis apparatus, wherein the ultrasound image data is generated by the ultrasound probe.

Abstract: In the ultrasound diagnostic apparatus, the ultrasonic wave transmitter/receiver transmits and receives an ultrasonic beam to a subject to generate reception data using ultrasonic wave transmission/reception elements arranged in one direction; the delay correction unit corrects a delay time of the reception data to align a phase of the reception data; the reception aperture range determination unit determines a reception aperture range of reception data, which is used when producing an ultrasound image from reception data after correction of the delay time, based on a signal value of the reception data after correction of the delay time in an arrangement direction of the ultrasonic wave transmission/reception elements; and the image producer produces an ultrasound image by performing phase matching addition of the reception data after correction of the delay time corresponding the reception aperture range and performing data processing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for predicting an in vivo concentration of an analyte, including: estimating an in vivo intrinsic spectrum of the analyte; and predicting the in vivo concentration of the analyte by using a concentration predicting algorithm based on the estimated in vivo intrinsic spectrum and an in vivo spectrum obtained during a section in which the in vivo concentration of the analyte is not substantially changed.

Abstract: A sweat sensor device (200) includes one or more sweat sensors (220) and a seal (280) covering the one or more sweat sensors (220). The seal (280) is adapted to protect the sweat sensors (220) from outside contaminants when the device (200) is placed on the skin (12). The sweat sensor device (200) may include an absorbing medium (230) to absorb sweat from the skin (12) that is covered by the seal (280). The seal (280) can be permeable to gas, permeable to water and impermeable to at least one aqueous solute, or selectively permeable to at least one aqueous solute. The sweat sensor device (200) may include an artificial sweat stimulation mechanism (345) for stimulating sweat when the device (200) is placed on the skin (12).

Abstract: A biopsy sampling device comprises a handle with a flexible cannula extending from the handle. The flexible cannula includes: an inner catheter, which defines an opening in a lateral wall surface thereof, and further defines a central lumen in fluid communication with the opening; an outer catheter positioned around and moveable relative to the inner catheter; and a cutting element positioned at a distal end of the outer catheter. The flexible cannula is configured such that a vacuum can be applied through the central lumen of the inner catheter to create a suction that draws a piece of tissue into the opening defined in the lateral wall surface of the inner catheter. The handle is configured to move the inner catheter relative to the outer catheter, such that the cutting element shears and severs the piece of tissue that has been drawn into the opening.

Abstract: A tissue collecting tool includes: a main body that is long; an operation part arranged on a proximal end side of the main body; a bag part including a bottom portion and an opening portion and having a part of the opening portion fixed to the main body such that the opening portion is positioned on a further proximal end side than the bottom portion; and a linear member connected to the opening portion and the operation part and raising the opening portion by being moved in a longitudinal direction of the main body.

Abstract: A surgical tissue retrieval instrument has a collapsible pouch at the distal end of an elongated pusher rod that is introduced into a patient through a cannula. The instrument includes a two jaw fork that forms a loop when in an unconstrained configuration and that supports the pouch. Deployment and operation of the fork and the pouch are controlled by a securing mechanism. The two jaws and the securing mechanism are slid in a hem surrounding the opening of the pouch when the device is assembled.

Abstract: Methods and devices of tissue attachment with one or more tissue layers being attached using an adhesive to bone or other tissue layers including moving skin and surrounding tissues of the face or any other body part in relationship to the bone or cartilage structures below thus effecting a “skin tightening” or lifting procedure. Methods and devices for minimally invasively locating a precise tissue layer, repositioning the tissue layer in relation to the surrounding tissue layers, creating a specific potential space, delivering an adhesive material within the tissue and depositing an amount of adhesive/sealant material to allow for tissue adhesion.

Abstract: A surgical device includes one or more cameras integrated therein. The view of each of the one or more cameras can be integrated together and provided to a surgeon display and/or an assistant display. A surgical tool that includes an integrated camera may be used in conjunction with the surgical device. The image produced by the camera integrated with the surgical tool may be associated with the images generated by the one or more cameras integrated in the surgical device. The position and orientation of the cameras and/or the surgical tool can be tracked, and the surgical tool can be rendered as at least partially transparent. A surgical device may be powered by a hydraulic system, thereby reducing electromagnetic interference with tracking devices.

Abstract: A surgical access assembly includes a sleeve assembly, a base member, and a sealing assembly. The sleeve assembly includes a proximal ring, a distal ring, and a sleeve defining a passage therethrough. The base member includes an annular body including a coupling member. The annular body defines an opening in communication with the passage of the sleeve, and a circumferential groove configured to support the proximal ring of the sleeve assembly. The sealing assembly includes an annular frame and a seal dimensioned to cover the opening of the base member in a sealing relation. The coupling member of the base member releasably secures the sealing assembly to the base member. The annular frame of the sealing assembly is configured to be in registration with the annular body of the base member such that the proximal ring is interposed between the base member and the sealing assembly.

Abstract: An anchor arrangement is provided for surgical tissue repair, such as in particular for repair of a meniscus tear, having at least one first anchor and one second anchor, which are movable along a hollow needle for placement on a tissue to be repaired and connected to each other via a seam element. The first anchor and the second anchor each extend between a distal end and a proximal end and form a guide surface on the outside thereof for contacting an inside of a hollow needle at least in part. In addition, there are deflectors on the anchors, via which a torque can be applied at least in part to the anchors during or after setting. At least one of the anchors has at least two anchor sections, which are movable relative to each other and which can be pivoted relative to each other between a folded position, in which the guide surface spans a cross-section deviating from a circular profile, and an unfolded position.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention is a system for repairing a meniscus including: a suture assembly including a first anchor, a second anchor, and a flexible suture connecting the first anchor and the second anchor, the flexible suture including a slide knot between the first anchor and the second anchor; and an inserter including a needle having a longitudinal extending bore and an open distal end, the bore being configured to receive the first anchor and the second anchor, a housing operatively connected to a proximal end of the needle, the housing having a lumen and a slot, the slot including a first portion, a second portion, a first shoulder and a second shoulder and a pusher configured to rotate and slide within the lumen of the housing and the longitudinal extending bore of the needle, the pusher having an extension extending through the slot and configured to be maneuverable through the first portion and second portion and engageable with the first shoulder and second shoulder.

Abstract: A soft tissue repair device. The device includes an inserter having a distal portion, a first anchor carried externally onto the distal portion, a second anchor carried externally onto the distal portion, and a flexible strand coupling the first and second anchors and forming an adjustable knotless loop.

Abstract: A suture device may include a suture translation assembly configured to be axially translatable within a lumen of a delivery system and a distal assembly configured to be securable to the distal end of the delivery system. The suture translation assembly and the distal assembly may cooperate to enable a user to pass a needle back and forth between the two in order to endoscopically suture a defect.

Abstract: Methods of controlling velocity of a firing member in a robotic surgical system are disclosed. One method detects an end effector condition during closure, sets a command velocity of a displacement member based on the closure condition, fires the displacement member at the set command velocity, detects an end effector condition during a firing phase, and sets a command velocity based on the firing condition. Another method receives closure force of a closure member, compares the actual closure force to a threshold, determines a set point velocity based on the comparison, and controls the actual velocity of the closure member based on the set point velocity. Another method receives actual closure force of a closure member, receives actual position of a firing member, and sets a new closure force based on the actual closure force applied to the closure member and the actual position of the firing member.

Abstract: A device for connecting body tissues has a head part, which can be pushed into a body opening and has a longitudinal axis, wherein tissue staples are accommodated in the head part in a storage position. The tissue staples have a linear main section and two engagement sections projecting perpendicularly therefrom aligned in a first plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Optimal usability in the human body is achieved by rotor elements, which are pivotable about an axis parallel to the main sections of the tissue staples with each have a bearing surface for an engagement section of a tissue staple to rotate said tissue staple from the storage position into a working position in which the tissue staple is arranged in a further plane oriented perpendicularly to the first plane, and in that a slider is provided to advance the tissue staple and deform it into a clamping position.

Abstract: An end effector comprising an anvil, a staple cartridge jaw, and a firing member is disclosed. The an anvil comprises staple forming pockets. Each staple forming pocket comprises a pocket base. The staple cartridge jaw comprises a staple cartridge comprising a longitudinal slot, a first longitudinal row of staple cavities, a first staple, a first staple driver, a second longitudinal row of staple cavities, a second staple, and a second staple driver. The first staple comprises a first unformed height and the second staple comprises a second unformed height that is the same as the second unformed height. The firing member is configured to lift the first staple driver and the second staple driver toward the anvil during a staple firing stroke. The first staple is deformed to a first formed height. The second staple is deformed to a second formed height that is different than the first formed height.