Abstract: A glucose monitoring system can make use of electrocardiograph (ECG) data and bioimpedance data acquired from a wearable device. The ECG data and bioimpedance data can each be processed to obtain a glucose level. These values can be processed together to obtain an adapted glucose value. In some cases, photoplethysmography data can also be used to assist in processing of the ECG data. The various types of data can be acquired from sensors on a wearable device. The wearable device can be removably coupled to a user's skin, such as via an adhesive substrate. In some cases, the wearable device can include a reusable electronics module that couples to replaceable electrodes on a replaceable adhesive substrate.

Abstract: A bio information measurement device and a bio information measurement method are provided. The bio information measurement device includes: a heart information acquisition unit for acquiring heart information; a brainwave information acquisition unit for acquiring brainwave information; a control unit for acquiring heart-brain synchronization information on the basis of the heart information and the brainwave information; and a display unit for displaying the heart-brain synchronization information. According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a health index reflecting the influence of both the automatic nervous system and the central nervous system.

Abstract: A system (1) capable of generating an alert for customized parameters and upon reaching predefined limits for the patient, as per the patient's medical condition, diagnosis and current vital data and designing the alerts and sending them to relevant persons to automatically recreate, update or continue the treatment order which is designed according to the previous alert in the system (1).

Abstract: Computer implemented methods, systems and devices are provided to monitor for potential heart failure (HF). Cardiac activity (CA) data is obtained and filtered to obtain respiration data indicative of a respiration pattern. The respiration data is analyzed to determine one or more respiration characteristics of interest (COI) that are recorded along with collection time information to form an HF monitoring log. Additionally or alternatively, the CA data is analyzed to detect an event of interest. The cardiac activity data is filtered to obtain respiration data indicative of a respiration pattern, and the respiration data is analyzed for respiration induced under detection of the event of interest from the CA data.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for diagnosing and treatment planning for vascular steal syndromes and retrograde flow. One method includes receiving a reference blood flow direction at a location in a reference vasculature; determining a patient-related blood flow direction at a location in a patient's vasculature corresponding to the location in the reference vasculature; determining a difference in direction, between the reference blood flow direction of the reference vasculature and the patient-related blood flow direction of the patient's vasculature; and generating a representation of the location in the patient's vasculature associated with the difference in direction between the reference blood flow direction and the patient-related blood flow direction, or generating a treatment recommendation for the patient's vasculature based on the difference in direction between the reference blood flow direction and the patient-related blood flow direction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for determining a stroke volume (SV) of an individual, comprising the steps of: providing a first pulse contour stroke volume based on one or more characteristics of a measured arterial blood pressure waveform or providing a conventionally derived pulse contour stroke volume, determining at least one perfusion parameter descriptive for the perfusion through the fat free mass and the adipose mass of a body of the individual, and/or determining at least one fluid responsiveness parameter function depending on a fluid responsiveness parameter descriptive for a heart-lung interaction of the individual, and adjusting the first pulse contour stroke volume or the conventionally derived pulse contour stroke volume based on at the least one of the perfusion parameter and/or the fluid responsiveness parameter function to provide a second pulse contour stroke volume.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a system and method for determining blood volume in a subject. Blood volume is an important hemodynamic parameter for monitoring many disorders, such as stoke and cancer. Current MRI techniques for quantification of absolute blood volume for such clinical applications all require injecting exogenous contrast agents. To reduce associated safety risks and cost, the present invention is directed to a non-contrast-enhanced MRI method for blood volume mapping on MRI. The technique of the present invention employs velocity-selective (VS) pulse trains in paired control and label modules for separating vascular signal by subtraction. The Fourier-transform based VS saturation pulse train (FT-VSS) of the present invention has improved performance over conventional VS pulse trains for the blood volume measurement.

Abstract: A triboelectric wearable device (100) and a method for physiological monitoring, comprising: a support element (101); a first element (102) consisting of a first metallic contact (102a) and a second metallic contact (102b) between which is placed a dielectric layer, said first element (102) being able to be placed in contact with a wrist (50) of a user and bonded to the support element (101); a second element (103) overlapped and bonded to the first element (102) and to the support element (101). The triboelectric wearable device (100) further comprises an electronic interface (104) for acquiring and processing the signal generated by means of the triboelectric effect in the blood vessels of the user near the wrist (50), said electronic interface (104) being housed into the support element (101) and connected to the first metallic contact (102a) and to the second metallic contact (102b) of the first element (102).

Abstract: A pulse wave conduction parameter measurement system and method comprises: acquiring, by one or more processors, first vibration information of a supine subject from a first fiber optic sensor, the first fiber optic sensor being configured to be placed under a back region corresponding to the fourth thoracic vertebral body of the supine subject (step 711); acquiring, by the one or more processors, second vibration information of the supine subject from a second fiber optic sensor, the second fiber optic sensor being configured to be placed under a lumbar region corresponding to the fourth lumbar body of the supine subject (step 713); and generating, by the one or more processors, first hemodynamic related information on the basis of the first vibration information, and generating second hemodynamic related information on the basis of the second vibration information (step 715), thereby determining an aortic Pulse Wave Transit Time of the supine subject (step 719).

Abstract: A BFRT cuff and motor/pump unit and a method for exercising using said cuff. The method incudes providing a BFRT cuff and a motor/pump unit, placing the BFRT cuff on a user's limb, connecting the BFRT cuff to the motor/pump unit, selecting a pressure value or percent of limb occlusion pressure (LOP), causing the motor/pump unit to supply air to the BFRT cuff until the LOP of said limb is obtained, terminating air flow to the BFRT cuff and then reducing the pressure in the BFRT cuff, and exercising the user's limb while the BFRT cuff is at a selected pressure or a selected percent of LOP.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating bio-information may include a sensor configured to obtain a bio-signal from an object, and a processor configured to obtain a second-order differential signal of the bio-signal, and extract a progressive wave component from the bio-signal using, based on a first local minimum point of the second-order differential signal being stable, the first local minimum point of the second-order differential signal, or extract the progressive wave component from the bio-signal using, based on the first local minimum point of the second-order differential signal being unstable, a maximum amplitude point in a systolic portion of the bio-signal.

Abstract: A body sensor for measuring body activity of a user includes a sensor part and a separate connecting part for securing the sensor part to another side of a user's body part. The sensor part includes a housing enclosing components of the sensor part inside the housing. The components include a circuit board, an optical sensor configured to measure body activity by optical measurement, a first magnetic coupling part provided in connection with the optical sensor, and one or more other components provided inside the housing. The separate connecting part is independent from the sensor part and includes a second magnetic coupling part configured to provide a magnetic coupling with the first magnetic coupling part via the first surface of the housing.

Abstract: A pulse device includes: force sensor arrays, force sensor carrier whose positions are manually adjustable to apply variable force on human body, a fixation structure to fix the force sensor carrier to human body, a control system controlling collection and transmission of data, a memory system, and a display system. A method including: measuring pulse waveforms; calculating characteristics of measured pulse waves; recommending one or more treatment methods to test on a human body for a few seconds to several minutes, and tracking the characteristics of the pulse wave during or after treatments to test their effectiveness; recommending one or more effective treatments for longer duration after finishing effectiveness tests; instructing the user to end treatments. The pulse device is convenient to use in clinic. It can also be developed into a wearable device to measure users' pulse in real time, and instructs users to perform self-care through software applications.

Abstract: An electronic system for triggering and transporting conditional information from a user or an item, the system comprising at least one each of electronic circuit, carrier, rectifier, buffer, source, level shifter, system clock, sync unit, communication unit, interpreter and/or bidirectional interface; a set of electrodes for recognizing 3D-gestures of a user and at least one bidirectional integrated display, wherein sync unit synchronizes the electronic circuit with the source by briefly (e.g. for 1 millisecond) interrupt alternating electric charges and/or sound waves and/or vibrations, and/or also reacts to changes caused by external modulation and bringing logic elements into a defined state and separates the clock from data for facilitating introduction of information, data or commands into the electronic circuit and interpreter interprets received information or data into the electronic circuit as commands and forwards them over level shifter to the interface to operate the integrated (e.g.

Abstract: Systems and methods for diagnosing a condition in an individual by analyzing the individual's breath are provided. Sensors may be configured to capture data associated with the breath of an individual. The data captured by the sensors may include a change in resistance measurements recorded by solid-state sensors when the sensors are exposed to the individual's breath at several different temperatures. This captured data may be analyzed to identify one or more volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers in the individual's breath. Based on the identified VOC biomarkers, a condition associated with the individual may be determined. For example, a medical condition, or a condition of drowsiness or fatigue associated with the individual may be determined based on the VOC biomarkers in the individual's breath. In some examples, the sensors may be positioned inside a vehicle for determination of condition associated with a driver of the vehicle.

Abstract: A method of determining a fullness level of an organism's stomach comprises obtaining a specimen from the organism, measuring an amount of one or more analytes in the specimen, and determining the fullness level of the organism's stomach based on the measurement of the amount of the one or more analytes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a real-time dynamic and quantitative detection device for carbon dioxide in human exhaled air, which comprises: a face mask which comprises an air inlet and an air outlet; an inhalation channel connected with the air inlet of the face mask, a first one-way valve is provided in the inhalation channel; an exhalation channel connected with the air outlet of the face mask, a second one-way valve is provided in the exhalation channel; an air path switching element connected with the exhalation channel to realize the switching between an exhalation air path to be detected and an inflation air path; a detection air chamber connected with the exhalation channel, at least one carbon dioxide sensor connected with an external upper computer is provided in the detection air chamber; before detection, the air path switching element switches to the inflation air path to clean and initialize the detection air chamber; during detection, the air path switching element switches to the exhalation air path to be det

Abstract: A system, method and device for characterising a joint between a first body region and a second body region is disclosed. The system may comprise a reference portion configured to be coupled to the first body region, a movable portion configured to be coupled to the second body region and a movement source configured to move the movable portion relative to the reference portion, such as in a direction of the joint. A set of one or more sensors may collect a set of one or more measurements related to the movement between the reference portion and the movable portion, for example to determine a force between the movable portion and the body region coupled thereto, and/or a power consumed by the movement source. The measurements may be used to characterise the joint, such as by determining a rigidity of the joint.

Abstract: A method and a system provides temporal information on a subject. A ballistocardiographic signal is obtained with an accelerometer, and processed to obtain a beat-to-beat time (TB2B) signal and a stroke volume (SV) signal. Filtered TB2B SV signals are provided by filtering the signals to remove erroneous values not caused by heart-beats. A true HR signal is calculated from the filtered TB2B signal and a true SV signal and a stroke volume variability (SVV) signal are calculated from the filtered SV signal. The true HR signal is filtered to detect and separate abnormal heart; the true SV and SVV signals are used as parameters to facilitate separation of the abnormal and normal heart-beats. If abnormal heart-beats are detected, arrhythmia related to the detected abnormal heart-beats is identified and temporal information on occurrence and type of the identified arrhythmia is provided to a user.

Abstract: A biological state monitoring system (100) for monitoring a biological state of a subject on a bed (BD) over a predetermined monitoring period, includes: at least one load detector (11, 12, 13, 14) configured to detect a load of the subject on the bed; and a respiratory rate estimating unit (34) configured to successively obtain and output estimated values of a respiratory rate of the subject, based on a temporal variation of a detection value of the load detector. The monitoring period includes a body motion period in which the subject has a body motion, and a resting period in which the subject merely performs a respiration.

Abstract: A management device is used in an assistive device configured to assist an erecting action and a seating action of a care receiver and records, as a log data, an action history including erecting actions and seating actions. The management device for the assistive device includes a detecting section for detecting, in the log data, a cycle action executed in the order of the erecting action and then the seating action, and a determination section for determining, based on the log data, whether the cycle action detected is a transfer action in which the care receiver is transferred.

Abstract: A system for monitoring a user that includes a sensor unit configured and arranged to be disposed on the user, the sensor unit including an accelerometer and a communication arrangement; and at least one processor configured and arranged for performing actions including: receiving signals from the accelerometer of the sensor unit; determining a step count from the signals; determining a gait velocity from the signals; determining a step distance from the signals; determining a posture of the user from the signals; and determining a gait posture index as a function of the step count, gait velocity, step distance, and posture. In other embodiments, the system can be used to determine metrics other than the gait posture index, such as a fall prediction score based on gait velocity and posture deviation.

Abstract: A motion tracking element for an oral hygiene element such as a toothbrush. The motion tracking element may be detachably coupled to the oral hygiene element. The motion tracking element may include a body having an outer surface, a portion of the outer surface having a pattern that includes a plurality of indicators with a non-circular shape. The indicators may be flush with and form part of the outer surface. A plurality of visual markers may be located on the outer surface, each of the visual markers having a circular shape. The plurality of visual markers may be formed integrally with the body. A method for estimating a pose of an oral hygiene device may be achieved using the motion tracking element.

Abstract: A component concentration measurement device includes a light application unit (101) that applies pulsed beam light (121) of a wavelength that is absorbed by glucose to a site of measurement (151), and a detection unit (102) that detects a photoacoustic signal which is generated at the site of measurement (151) where the beam light (121) emitted from the light application unit (101) has been applied. The component concentration measurement device also includes a moisture measurement unit (103) that measures an amount of moisture in skin at the site of measurement (151), and a correction unit (104) that corrects an acoustic signal detected by the detection unit (102) with the amount of moisture measured by the moisture measurement unit (103).

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating continuous analyte monitoring (CAM) device are provided. In one example, a method comprises converting a first analyte data stream into analyte values reflective of a biological concentration of the analyte, obtaining one or more additional data streams from one or more adjunctive sensors, inferring based on the first data stream and the one or more additional data streams that conversion of the first data stream into analyte values is predicted to be inaccurate, and taking mitigating action to avoid inaccurate analyte values from being reported to a user. In this way, corrective measures can be taken to improve overall CAM device operation, quality of data provided via a CAM device may be enhanced, and user health and safety profile associated with the continuous analyte monitoring device may be improved.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, a continuous analyte monitoring wearable device includes a disposable base unit having a power source and an analyte sensor, and a reusable transmitter unit that includes electronic circuitry configured to bias the analyte sensor, measure current through the analyte sensor, and, in some embodiments, even compute analyte values based on measured current through the analyte sensor. The disposable base unit is configured to couple to the reusable transmitter unit and supply electrical power to the electronic circuitry of the reusable transmitter unit for continuous analyte monitoring. Numerous other embodiments are provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for non-invasively monitoring blood glucose levels with a level of accuracy that is high enough to replace invasive methods such as finger prick devices and others. In some examples, glucose values are determined using a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Additionally, glucose values may additionally be determined using an impedance spectroscopy based method and then combined with glucose values determined using an ECG waveform to output a blood glucose value.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for non-invasively measuring blood glucose levels in a biological sample based on spectral data. This includes at least one light source configured to strike a target area of a sample, at least one light detector positioned to receive light from the at least one light source and to generate an output signal, having a time dependent current, which is indicative of the power of light detected, a processor configured to receive the output signal from the at least one light detector based on the received output signal, calculate the attenuance attributable to blood in a sample present in the target area with a ratio factor, eliminate effect of uncertainty caused by temperature dependent detector response of the at least one light detector, and then determine a blood glucose level associated with a sample present in the target area based on the calculated attenuance with the processor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring brain activity of a user is disclosed. The apparatus includes a plurality of spatially separated emitters operable to generate infrared radiation. The apparatus also includes a plurality of spatially separated infrared radiation detectors, and a plurality of light pipes urged into contact with the user's scalp, each one of the plurality of emitters and detectors having an associated light pipe operable to couple infrared radiation from the emitter into the scalp or to couple infrared radiation from the scalp to the detector.

Abstract: Device with probe located within hollow microneedles and having a ping to protect the probe from damage, and method of using the same to detect analyte.

Abstract: The invention relates to the technical field of medical instruments, in particular to a push-type blood collection needle, comprising a housing having an accommodating cavity therein, a rear cover and a needle body disposed in the accommodating cavity. The rear cover is movably disposed on the housing, and the rear cover has a supporting leg (21) extending into the accommodating cavity. The needle body is provided with a rib. The accommodating cavity is internally provided with a projecting part that cooperates with and blocks the bottom of the rib. The supporting leg is provided with a stopper that cooperates with and blocks the side wall of the rib. And an elastic member is disposed between the needle body and the rear cover. The invention has a reasonable structure setting, is convenient to operate, enables automated assembly production and can realize safe blood collection and the control of the depth.

Abstract: A vascular access device may have a vented blood collection port. The vented blood collection port can be provided on a side port of the vascular access device that is positioned between a catheter adapter and an extension set. The side port provides separate fluid pathways for collecting blood and injecting fluids to thereby isolate the blood from the extension set. The vented blood collection port may be provided in the form of a septum housing that moves from a blood collection position to a fluid injection position. When in the blood collection position, the septum housing may enable the extension set to be primed and remain primed during a blood draw.

Abstract: A package for a needle assembly includes a tray defining a compartment in a first configuration for receiving the needle assembly. The tray can be reconfigured in a second configuration to form a holder configured to hold the needle assembly during fluid collection.

Abstract: A closure for protectively sealing a biological fluid collection device is disclosed. The closure includes a cap and an adapter or connector. The closure of the present disclosure allows for connection to multiple different blood collection devices. In a first configuration, with the cap connected to the adapter, the closure may be connected to a first blood collection device. In a second configuration, with the cap disconnected from the adapter, the closure may be connected to a second blood collection device. An advantage of the closure of the present disclosure is that it enables a single closure device to accommodate a variety of connection options, hi one embodiment, the closure includes a barrier in communication with a portion of the cap, and the barrier protectively shields a portion of the stopper and/or protectively shields a portion of the cap.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to receiving bodily fluid through a device opening. In one aspect, the device includes a flow activator arranged to cause fluid to be released from a subject. A deployment actuator may actuate the flow activator in a deployment direction, which may in turn cause fluid release from a subject. The flow activator may also be moved in a retraction direction by a retraction actuator. In one aspect, the device may include a vacuum source that may help facilitate fluid flow into the opening of the device and/or may help facilitate fluid flow from the opening to a storage chamber. In one aspect, a device actuator may enable fluid communication between the opening and the vacuum source and the flow activator may be actuated after the enablement of fluid communication.

Abstract: An extension set for a catheter assembly may include a first lumen coupled to an infusion port and a second lumen coupled to a blood collection port. The second lumen may include a flow resistance that is optimized to reduce hemolysis during blood collection.

Abstract: Integrated IV catheters can have a side port that facilities drawing blood. The side port provides separate fluid pathways for drawing blood and for injecting fluids via an extension set. The side port can be configured to allow the extension set to be primed while a blood sample is collected. In this way, the collection of a blood sample at the time of catheter insertion is facilitated.

Abstract: An adapter may include a distal end, which may be configured to couple to a catheter assembly. The adapter may include a proximal end, which may include a proximal connector configured to couple to a blood collection device. The adapter may include a fluid pathway disposed between the distal end and the proximal end, wherein the fluid pathway includes a non-linear portion. The non-linear portion may form a coil shape, an S-shape, or another suitable shape.

Abstract: Changes in lactate concentrations in vivo may be indicative of a number of physiological conditions, among which can be emotional stress events. Sensing systems for emotional stress events may comprise a lactate-responsive sensor adapted for detecting lactate in vivo, and a processor communicatively coupled to the lactate-responsive sensor. The processor is adapted to determine a plurality of lactate concentrations measured by the lactate-responsive sensor over a period of time. The processor is further adapted to correlate a lactate concentration spike, a lactate concentration change, and/or a lactate concentration rate of change to an emotional stress event occurring within the period of time. The systems may exclude data received during designated or specified sleeping times, exercise, or after eating in order to determine a genuine emotional stress event.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide an information processing system, an information processing method, and a recording medium that can detect a worry and notify a user of a message. [Solution] An information processing system includes a control unit that performs control to estimate at least one of a worry cause of the user and a degree of worry of the user, and present a message to the user when at least one of the worry cause and the degree of worry satisfies a specific condition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of schizophrenia or an autism spectrum disorder (“ASD”) diagnostics and disease management. Specifically, the present disclosure teaches a method of assessing schizophrenia or ASD in a subject in which a subject's usage data for a mobile device is collected over a first predefined time window. A usage behavior parameter is determined from the usage data, and the determined usage behavior parameter is compared to a reference. From the comparison it may be determined whether the schizophrenia or ASD in the subject is improving, persisting or worsening. A system including a mobile device having sensors recording usage data and a remote device operatively linked to the mobile device is also disclosed.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus of drowsiness detection for vehicle control. For example, a vehicle includes: a camera configured to face a driver of the vehicle and generate a sequence of images of the driver driving the vehicle; an artificial neural network configured to analyze the sequence of images and classify, based on the sequence of images, whether the driver is in a drowsy state; and an infotainment system configured to provide instructions to the driver in response to a classification by the artificial neural network that the driver is in the drowsy state.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are described for neuromonitoring. A minimum stimulus signal required to elicit a threshold neuromuscular response is determined by delivery of stimulus signals to tissue and detection of neuromuscular responses in muscle tissue. The strength of the delivered stimulus signals is varied, for example by adjusting the current amplitude or pulse width of the signals, and muscle responses are measure, for example by detecting EMG signals. The delivered stimuli and corresponding responses are then used to determine a stimulation threshold. The stimulation threshold may be used to indicate at least one of nerve proximity and pedicle integrity.

Abstract: A method and a wireless cardiac monitoring device to measure and transmit cardiac physiological signals of a subject. The device comprises a patch configured to be in contact with a skin surface of the subject. The patch comprises a plurality of electrodes and at least one wire-free module, embedded in the patch. The wire-free module comprises a patch orientation detection module to detect an orientation of the patch on the subject using a plurality of sensors. The wire-free module also comprises a processing module to select at least two pair of electrodes from the plurality of electrodes based on the detected orientation of the patch and process one or more bio-potential signals corresponding to the at least two pair of electrodes selected, as the physiological signals. The wire-free module further comprises a transmission module to transmit the physiological signals to an external device for further processing.

Abstract: A system for acquiring electrocardiograph (ECG) and bioimpedance (BI) data is disclosed. The system (an ECG/BI measurement system) can use as few as one or two pairs of electrodes, permitting wearable devices employing the ECG/BI measurement system to be made into smaller, more comfortable, and more inconspicuous formats, as well as decreasing potential failure points in the measurement of electrical signals conducted between the system and the user. The system can measure both ECG and BI data using at least one shared pair of electrodes. In some cases, ECG and BI data are separately extracted from a measured signal across a shared pair of electrodes, while another pair of electrodes is being driven with a supply current. In other cases, internal switching can automatically switch a pair of electrodes between ECG-measuring circuitry and BI-measuring circuitry, such as based on a clock signal or other trigger.

Abstract: A method is proposed for determining a pulse rate through a sound-sensing element placed on an individual's trachea. The method includes a preliminary step of recording sound signals for a lengthy duration, and subsequently the following steps: filtering digital signals representative of the sound signals by using an adaptive filter, applying a lowpass filter to the signals obtained in order to select the signals comprised in a specified passband, selecting a first temporal portion of filtered digital signals of a specified duration, intercorrelation with a temporal portion of filtered digital signals that follows the first temporal portion in time and is of a same duration, searching for the intercorrelation, computing the time interval corresponding to this temporal position and computing the corresponding pulse rate throughout the recording duration, to obtain a temporal series of pulse rates.

Abstract: An electrophysiology catheter with a distal electrode assembly having covered spine carrying a plurality of microelectrodes. The spines have nonconductive covers that are reinforced with tensile members, e.g., wires or fibers, that extend (or have portions that extend) longitudinally so as to minimize any elongation of the covers and the microelectrodes carried thereon. The tensile members may also have a length greater than the length of the spines so the proximal portions extend proximally from the spines, through the catheter and at least into the control handle for actuation by an operator for deflecting and moving the spines, like “fingers.

Abstract: An electrophysiology catheter constructed with assembly and wiring of ring electrodes using spacer rings of electrically-nonconductive material, whose length is predetermined/premeasured, includes a distal section with at least one spine having two electrodes, and a spacer member therebetween, wherein the spacer member configured to provide a separation gap between the two electrodes. The separation gap may span in an axial direction and/or in a circumferential direction. The spacer member may be configured generally as a ring with a center axial opening configured to receive the spine therethrough.

Abstract: A system and method of identifying focal sources is presented. The method can comprise detecting, via sensors, electro-cardiogram (ECG) signals over time, each ECG signal detected via one of the sensors having a location in a heart and indicating electrical activity of the heart, each signal comprising at least an R wave and an S wave; creating an R-S map comprising an R-to-S ratio for each of the ECG signals, the R-to-S ratio comprising a ratio of absolute magnitude of the R wave to absolute magnitude of the S wave; identifying, for each of the ECG signals, local activation times (LATs); and correlating the R-to-S ratios for the ECG signals on the R-S map and the identified LATs and using the correlation to identify the focal sources.

Abstract: Cardiac mapping catheters and methods for using the catheters are described. The catheter can detect the presence, direction and/or source of a depolarization wave front associated with cardiac arrhythmia. A mapping catheter includes a plurality of bipolar electrode pairs in which the members of each pair are opposed to one another across a perimeter, for instance in a circular pattern (compass mode). The spaced arrangement of the electrodes can be utilized to identify directional paths of moving electric fields or wave fronts in any direction passing across the endocardial surface. Double potential (DP) recordings in compass mode can provide a regional assessment for the existence of rotational activity. Simultaneous DP recordings in compass mode, narrow-adjacent bipolar, and unipolar recording provide an accurate assessment of the time, location, and path that a rotational mechanism breaches a perimeter of electrodes.