Abstract: An improved dry grind system and method for producing a sugar stream from grains or similar carbohydrate sources and/or residues, such as for biofuel production, using membrane filtration. In particular, a sugar/carbohydrate stream, which includes a desired Dextrose Equivalent (DE) where DE describes the degree of conversion of starch to dextrose (aka glucose) and/or has had removed therefrom an undesirable amount of unfermentable components, can be produced after saccharification and prior to fermentation (or other sugar conversion process) using membrane filtration, with such sugar stream being available for biofuel production, e.g., alcohol production, or other processes. In addition, the systems and methods also can involve the removal of certain grain components, e.g., corn kernel components, including protein, oil and/or fiber, prior to fermentation or other conversion systems. In other words, sugar stream production and/or grain component separation occurs on the front end of the system and method.

Abstract: A method of operating a metallurgic plant for producing iron products includes the following steps, wherein the metallurgic plant includes a direct reduction plant and an ironmaking plant, the metallurgic plant: feeding an iron ore charge into the direct reduction plant to produce direct reduced iron products, operating the ironmaking plant to produce pig iron, wherein biochar is introduced into the ironmaking plant as reducing agent, and whereby the ironmaking plant generates offgas containing CO and CO2, and treating offgas from the ironmaking plant in a hydrogen enrichment unit to form a hydrogen-rich stream and a CO2-rich stream. The hydrogen-rich stream is fed directly or indirectly to the direct reduction plant. The CO2-rich stream is converted to be valorized in the direct reduction plant. A corresponding metallurgic plant is also related.

Abstract: In this cast austenitic stainless steel, in a cross section when heated at 1000° C., an average number Nc per unit area of carbides having an equivalent circle diameter of 500 nm or larger in a center portion of an austenite crystal grain is 6.0×10?2 particles/?m2 or more, and, when an average number per unit area of the carbides having an equivalent circle diameter of 500 nm or larger in a vicinity of a grain boundary in an austenite crystal grain is represented as Ngb, Ngb/Nc is 1.3 or less.

Abstract: An ultra-high strength maraging stainless steel with nominal composition (in mass) of C?0.03%, Cr: 13.0-14.0%, Ni: 5.5-7.0%, Co: 5.5-7.5%, Mo: 3.0-5.0%, Ti: 1.9-2.5%, Si: ?0.1%, Mn: ?0.1%, P: ?0.01%, S: ?0.01%, and Fe: balance. The developed ultra-high strength maraging stainless steel combines ultra-high strength (with ?b?2000 MPa, ?0.2?1700 MPa, ??8% and ??40%), high toughness (KIC?83 MPa·m1/2) and superior salt-water corrosion resistance (with pitting potential Epit?0.15 (vs SCE)). Therefore, this steel is suitable to make structural parts that are used in harsh corrosive environments like marine environment containing chloride ions, etc.

Abstract: A cold rolled and annealed steel sheet, made of a steel having a composition including, by weight percent C: 0.03-0.18%, Mn: 6.0-11.0%, Al: 0.2-3%, Mo: 0.05-0.5%, B: 0.0005-0.005%, S?0.010%, P?0.020%, N?0.008%, and including optionally one or more of the following elements, in weight percentage: Si?1.20%, Ti?0.050%, Nb?0.050%, Cr?0.5%, V?0.2%, the remainder of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, the steel sheet having a microstructure including, in surface fraction, from 25% to 54% of retained austenite, from 46% to 75% of ferrite, less than 8% of fresh martensite, a carbon [C]A and manganese [Mn]A content in austenite, expressed in weight percent, wherein [C]A*?[Mn]A is from 0.48 to 1.8, and an inhomogeneous repartition of manganese characterized by a manganese distribution with a slope above or equal to ?50.

Abstract: A method of making high strength steel sheet with a tensile strength of 800 to 1000 MPa and a hole expansion ratio of at least 50%, comprising the steps of reheating a previously cast slab, or retaining the heat from a directly cast slab, above Ar3; hot rolling the slab to final desired thickness; cooling the steel sheet at a rate of 50° C. per second to a temperature less than 400° C.; and winding the steel sheet into a coil.

Abstract: Provided is a high-strength steel sheet suitable for automobile structural members, etc., and a method for manufacturing same, wherein the high-strength steel sheet has a low yield ratio and high strength and has excellent formability through improvement of ductility that may prevent processing defects such as cracks, wrinkles, or the like, during press forming.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a welding base metal for recycling a railway wheel and a method for recycling a railway wheel using the same, which can overlay-weld a railway wheel with a welding base metal suitable for overlay-welding a railway wheel through a heat treatment, form a surface hardened layer, and strengthen the metal structure of the railway wheel, in order to recycle the railway wheel. The welding base metal for recycling a railway wheel may be used as a surface hardened layer of a railway wheel because the welding base metal has high hardness while exhibiting a similar property to the railway wheel. Furthermore, the welding base metal can change the metal structure of the recycled railway wheel, and thus delay the initial wear time of the recycled railway wheel.

Abstract: A method for producing a zinc or zinc-alloy coated steel sheet with a tensile strength higher than 900 MPa, for the fabrication of resistance spot welds containing in average not more than two Liquid Metal Embrittlement cracks per weld having a depth of 100 ?m or more, with steps of providing a cold-rolled steel sheet, heating cold-rolled steel sheet up to a temperature T1 between 550° C. and Ac1+50° C. in a furnace zone with an atmosphere (A1) containing from 2 to 15% hydrogen by volume, so that the iron is not oxidized, then adding in the furnace atmosphere, water steam or oxygen with an injection flow rate Q higher than (0.07%/h×?), ? being equal to 1 if said element is water steam or equal to 0.52 if said element is oxygen, at a temperature T?T1, so to obtain an atmosphere (A2) with a dew point DP2 between ?15° C. and the temperature Te of the iron/iron oxide equilibrium dew point, then heating the sheet from temperature T1 up to a temperature T2 between 720° C. and 1000° C.

Abstract: Disclosed is an incomplete extraction method for recycling batteries, which may include: introducing a pretreatment gas into a device loaded with a waste battery powder, and bringing a gas outlet into communication with absorption liquid A and absorption liquid B in order; raising the temperature and introducing the pretreatment gas; reducing the temperature and introducing a reaction gas; raising the temperature, introducing the reaction gas, and then introducing the pretreatment gas; and reducing the temperature, and turning off the pretreatment gas; adding an extractant to absorption liquid A, mixing the mixture, taking organic phase A, adding a stripping agent, and taking aqueous phase A; and adjusting the pH to acidity, then adding an extractant, taking organic phase B, adding a stripping agent to obtain a stock solution enriched in Li, Mn, Ni and Co.

Abstract: A molten metal mixing system capable of controlling generation of oxides in mixing of molten metals to. The system includes 1st/2nd apparatus for melting 1st/2nd raw materials into 1st/2nd molten metals, and a pipe connecting the 1st and 2nd apparatus. The 2nd molten metal produced in the 2nd apparatus is transferred through the pipe to the 1st apparatus to mix with the 1st raw material and/or the 1st molten metal. The 2nd apparatus has a tapping chamber for retaining the 2nd molten metal to be transferred to the 1st apparatus. The 1st apparatus has a receiving chamber for retaining the 2nd molten metal transferred from the 2nd apparatus. When part of the 2nd molten metal is discharged out of the receiving chamber to lower the surface of the molten metal, the 2nd molten metal in the tapping chamber is transferred through the pipe into the receiving chamber by siphon principle.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and a device for retrieving, from an object A, elements G present in a matrix M, characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps: bringing said abject A into contact with a dense fluid Fd with a molar mass greater than 2 g mol?1 under temperature T1 and pressure P1 conditions suitable for transforming the intergranular phase and for releasing the elements G, (302), modifying the temperature T2 and/or pressure P2 values to stop the reaction transforming the intergranular phase, (303), and recovering the elements G separated front the matrix M (304).

Abstract: THIS invention relates a method for processing a sulphide ore containing metal values comprising the integration of a sand heap leach (10) and a flotation process (12), providing a method which is suited to processing ores with significant quantities of leachable sulphides. The method includes a comminution step (14), and the classification of the comminuted ore into an oversize coarse fraction (16), a fine fraction (18) suitable for fine flotation and optionally an intermediate fraction (20) suitable for coarse flotation. A concentrate (30) containing iron sulphides from a fine flotation step (22) and optionally a concentrate (36) from a coarse flotation step (34) are blended with the oversize coarse fraction (16), to obtain a blended ore (39) is stacked and subjected to a heap leach process (40).

Abstract: A method for obtaining non-ferrous metals, in particular black and/or raw copper, from scrap containing organic matter, comprises the following steps: i) providing a melting reactor, wherein the melting reactor includes a melting region, a combustion region and a pyrolysis region; ii) supplying the melting reactor with a mixture comprising the scrap such that it first passes through the pyrolysis region and the combustion region before it reaches the melting region, and is at least partially pre-pyrolyzed and/or combusted, such that an energy-containing gas stream is formed; iii) transferring the energy-containing gas stream into a thermal post-combustion chamber, in which the energy-containing gas stream is completely combusted and thermal energy released during combustion is carried off via an energy recovery unit; and iv) melting the scrap containing organic matter at least part of which has been pre-pyrolized and/or combusted.

Abstract: An alloy powder which has a composition AlxScy, where 0.1?y?0.9 and x=1?y. The allow powder has purity of 99% by weight or more, based on metallic impurities, and an oxygen content of less than 0.7% by weight, based on a total weight of the alloy powder, as determined by a carrier gas hot extraction.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an aluminum alloy and a component part prepared therefrom. The aluminum alloy comprises: 7-9 wt % of silicon (Si), 0.2-0.7 wt % of manganese (Mn), 0.09-0.4 wt % of iron (Fe), 0.1-0.3 wt % of vanadium (V), 0.1-0.2 wt % of titanium (Ti), 0.01-0.03 wt % of strontium (Sr), and the balance being aluminum and inevitable impurities, wherein the weight ratio of the manganese (Mn) to the iron (Fe) is not less than 1. The aluminum alloy of the disclosure can be exempt from heat treatment process after casting in the processing process, so as to contribute to energy conservation and emission reduction, and the component part prepared therefrom can achieve desired mechanical properties.

Abstract: An apparatus, material and method for forming a brazing sheet has a high strength core bonded with corrosion protection layer on the coolant side and/or layers on both airside and coolant side. The material enables heat exchanger components, such as tube, header, plate, etc., for applications, such as automotive heat exchangers, that require high fatigue life as well as high service life in a corrosive environment.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ultra-high-strength steel having excellent plasticity, comprising in mass percent the chemical elements: C: 0.26-0.30 wt %; Si: 0.8-1.00 wt %; Mn: 2.80-3.30 wt %; Al: 0.04-0.08 wt %; with the balance being Fe and other inevitable impurities. Also disclosed is a manufacturing method for manufacturing the ultra-high-strength steel having excellent plasticity, comprising the following steps: (1) smelting and thin slab continuous casting; (2) heating; (3) hot rolling, wherein an oxide scale on the surface of a hot-rolled steel strip has a thickness of ?6 ?m, and (FeO+Fe3O4)?40 wt % in the oxide scale on the surface of the hot-rolled strip steel; (4) acid pickling or acid pickling and cold rolling; and (5) continuous annealing: annealing at 800-920° C. and performing slow cooling at 3-10° C./s to 690-760° C.; performing fast cooling to 250-350° C. at 50-100° C.; and then heating to 360-460° C., maintaining the temperature for 100-400s and cooling to room temperature.

Abstract: A nanogranular magnetic film comprises a structure including first phases comprised of nano-domains dispersed in a second phase. A ratio of a volume of the first phases to a total volume of the first phases and the second phase is 65% or less. A largest one of A(Fe1)/A(Fe2), A(Co1)/A(Co2), and A(Ni1)/A(Ni2) has a value of 1.20 or more and 8.00 or less, provided that a percentage of Fe in the first phases is A(Fe1), a percentage of Fe in the second phase is A(Fe2), a percentage of Co in the first phases is A(Co1), a percentage of Co in the second phase is A(Co2), a percentage of Ni in the first phases is A(Ni1), and a percentage of Ni in the second phase is A(Ni2). The first phases comprised of the nano-domains have an average size of 2 nm or more and 30 nm or less.

Abstract: A method for producing an extruded material includes: casting a billet at a casting speed of 60 mm/min or more using an alloy containing: 0.50 to 1.0% of Mg, 0.80 to 1.30% of Si, 0.10 to 0.60% of Mn, 0.05 to 0.35% of Fe, 0.35% by mass or less of Cu, less than 0.10% by mass of Cr, Zr, Zn respectively, 0.10% by mass or less of Ti, and the balance being aluminum, the alloy having 0.85 to 1.75% of stoichiometric Mg2S with 0.10 to 0.85% of excess Si, and 0.15 to 0.95% of Mn and Fe; homogenizing at 560 to 590° C. for 2 to 8 hours, cooling at 50° C./h or more; preheating at 400 to 550° C., extruding the billet into the extruded material, cooling the extruded material from 460 to 550° C. at an average rate of 350° C./min or more; and applying artificial aging.

Abstract: New 5xxx aluminum alloys and products made therefrom are disclosed. In one approach, a new 5xxx aluminum alloy may include from 3.5 to 4.6 wt. % Mg, from 0.5 to 1.3 wt. % Mn, from 0.08 to 0.15 wt. % Sc, from 0.05 to 0.15 wt. % Zr, up to 0.8 wt. % Zn, up to 0.20 wt. % Cr, up to 0.20 wt. % V, up to 0.20 wt. % Cu, up to 0.15 wt. % Ti, up to 0.10 wt. % Fe, up to 0.10 wt. % Si, the balance being aluminum, incidental elements and impurities. The 5xxx aluminum alloy sheet product may include, for instance, at least 0.5 vol. % of beta phase particles.

Abstract: A hot-dip coated steel substrate coated with a layer of Sn directly topped by a zinc or an aluminum based coating is provided, the steel substrate having the following chemical composition in weight percent: 0.10?C?0.4%, 1.2?Mn?6.0%, 0.3?Si?2.5%, Al<2.0%, and on a purely optional basis, one or more elements such as P<0.1%, Nb ?0.5%, B? 0.005%, Cr?1.0%, Mo?0.50%, Ni?1.0%, Ti?0.5%, the remainder of the composition making up of iron and inevitable impurities resulting from the elaboration, the steel substrate further having between 0.0001 and 0.01% by weight of Sn in the region extending from the steel substrate surface up to 10 ?m.

Abstract: A deposition mask includes a metal plate including first and second surfaces located opposite each other, through holes bored through the metal plate from the first surface to the second surface, and a flat region located between two through holes adjacent to each other in a case where the deposition mask is seen from the second surface side. The through holes are arrayed in a staggered arrangement in first and second directions in planar view. The flat region includes first and second flat regions located at first and second sides, respectively, of a first center line. The first center line passes through center points of two through holes adjacent to each other in the first direction. The first and second flat regions include portions in which dimensions of the first and second flat regions in the first direction increase away from the first center line, respectively.

Abstract: A deposition mask apparatus includes a frame, a deposition mask, and an alignment mask. The alignment mask has two first alignment mask holes located at positions different from each other in the second direction and overlapping the frame. A first weld joining the frame with the alignment mask is located in an outer side of the alignment mask in the second direction with respect to a corresponding one of the first alignment mask holes. A second weld joining the frame with the alignment mask is located in an inner side of the alignment mask in the second direction with respect to a corresponding one of the first alignment mask holes.

Abstract: A sputtering target includes at least one single piece with a length of at least 600 mm. The sputtering target has a backing structure provided with target material for sputtering. At least 40% of the mass of the target material includes a so-called target volatile material which shows, at pressures between 700 hPa and 1300 hPa, either a sublimation temperature, or decomposition temperature below its melting point or a melting temperature and an absolute boiling temperature being close to each other. The sputtering target has a target material density of at least 95% of the theoretical density of the target material. The sputtering target includes a bonding layer with a thickness of 0 to 500 ?m between the backing structure and the target material.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a sputtering target includes the steps of providing a backing structure, providing target material comprising ceramic target material for spraying, subsequently thermal spraying the target material over the backing structure thus providing a target product where at least 40% in mass, for example at least 50% in mass, of the target material including a ceramic target material, and subsequently performing hot isostatic pressing on the target product thus increasing the density of the target material.

Abstract: A sputtering target containing silicon nitride (Si3N4) with reduced specific resistance of is provided. A sputtering target including Si3N4, SiC, MgO and TiCN, wherein a specific resistance of the sputtering target is 10 m?·cm or less.

Abstract: A method for functionalizing a cellulose-based substrate by chemical deposition of at least one thin layer, from gaseous precursors. The method includes the provision of a substrate including at least one sheet having a first face and a second face, of surface roughness greater than or equal to 0.1 ?m. The first face has a part superposed to another part belonging to the first face or to the second face. A spacing between said parts is conserved at least locally, so as to enable a diffusion of the gaseous precursors. The method also includes the gaseous chemical deposition of at least one thin layer on the substrate such as provided by diffusion of the gaseous precursors, the gaseous precursors diffusing at least in each spacing.

Abstract: A deposition method performed using a deposition apparatus is provided. The deposition apparatus includes: a source line configured to supply Ru3(CO)12 contained in a raw material container into a chamber; a CO gas line configured to supply a CO gas into the raw material container; a bypass line connecting the source line and the CO gas line, and forming a line that does not pass through the raw material container; and a first valve connected to the source line. The deposition method includes: opening the first valve to supply Ru3(CO)12 and the CO gas from the raw material container through the source line; and controlling a pressure in the source line such that the pressure in the source line is a predetermined first pressure or more, and closing the first valve to stop supplying of Ru3(CO)12 and the CO gas to the chamber.

Abstract: A genus of rare earth containing chemicals is disclosed. These rare earth containing chemicals are suitable for use in sequential vapor deposition processes to form rare earth fluoride or rare earth oxyfluoride films. Such films may be used to protect materials and devices from corrosive chemicals.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for in situ seasoning of process chamber components, such as electrodes. The method includes depositing a silicon oxide film over the process chamber component and converting the silicon oxide film to a silicon-carbon-containing film. The silicon-carbon-containing film forms a protective film over the process chamber components and is resistant to plasma processing and/or dry etch cleaning. The coatings has high density, good emissivity control, and reduces risk of device property drift.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and compositions for producing liquid repellant materials include a first support configured to support a spool of flexible substrate, a second support configured to support a plurality of compressing rollers configured to apply a force to a segment of the flexible substrate that extends from the roll. The segment is located within a zone between the compressing rollers. The system, in an embodiment, has a plurality of gas directors, wherein each one of the gas directors is configured to direct a stream of gas that flows at least partially around one of the compressing rollers. The streams cause an air pressure reduction in the zone. Also, the system has a precursor supply configured to expose the substrate to a precursor (e.g., a siloxane precursor), resulting in a coated material or protected material.

Abstract: Methods for forming a boron nitride film by a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process are provided. The methods may include: providing a substrate into a reaction chamber; and performing at least one unit deposition cycle of a PEALD process, wherein a unit cycle comprises, contacting the substrate with a vapor phase reactant comprising a boron precursor, wherein the boron precursor comprises less than or equal to two halide atoms per boron atom; and contacting the substrate with a reactive species generated from a gas comprising a nitrogen precursor.

Abstract: An atomic layer deposition system is provided, including: a main body, a platform, a gas distribution showerhead assembly and a first ring member. The main body defines a reaction chamber, and the platform is located in the reaction chamber. The gas distribution showerhead assembly is disposed on the main body and includes at least one gas inlet channel and at least one gas diffusion plate. Each of the at least one gas diffusion plate includes a plurality of through holes. The first ring member defines a radial direction and is disposed between the platform and the at least one gas diffusion plate. A region of the at least one gas diffusion plate distributed with the plurality of through holes defines an outermost distribution profile. An inner circumferential wall of the first ring member and the outermost distribution profile keep a distance in the radial direction.

Abstract: A substrate support includes a body and a thermal void. The body is configured to support a substrate during processing of the substrate. The body includes plates including a top plate, a first intermediate plate, a second intermediate plate and a bottom plate. The plates are arranged to form a stack. The first intermediate plate is disposed on the second intermediate plate. The thermal void is defined by an upper surface of the second intermediate plate and at least one of a lower surface of the first intermediate plate or a lower surface of the top plate. The thermal void is annular-shaped.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein provide a lid assembly of a chamber for independent control of plasma density and gas distribution within the interior volume of the chamber. The lid assembly includes a plasma generation system and a gas distribution assembly. The plasma generation system includes a plurality of dielectric plates having a bottom surface oriented with respect to vacuum pressure and a top surface operable to be oriented with respect to atmospheric pressure. One or more coils are positioned on or over the plurality of dielectric plates. The gas distribution assembly includes a first diffuser and a second diffuser. The first diffuser includes a plurality of first channels intersecting a plurality of second channels of the second diffuser.

Abstract: A gas manifold includes a gas inlet surface having a first and second gas input port and a gas outlet surface. A first internal chamber is coupled to the first gas input port. A first plurality of gas conduits, each including an input coupled to the first internal chamber and an outlet at the gas outlet surface where a direction of at least one of the conduits in the first plurality of gas conduits relative to the gas outlet surface is different. A second internal chamber is coupled to the second gas input port and is isolated from the first internal chamber. A second plurality of gas conduits, each including an input coupled to the second internal chamber and an outlet at the gas outlet surface. A direction of at least one of the conduits in the second plurality of gas conduits relative to the gas outlet surface is different.

Abstract: There is provided, a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus which reduces loss of a process gas or a precursor transferred from a nozzle to a wafer by improving the injection efficiency of the process gas or the precursor from the nozzle to the substrate. The semiconductor manufacturing apparatus includes a boat on which a substrate is loaded in a first direction, an inner tube which covers the boat, a nozzle which extends in the first direction and through which a process gas to be provided to the substrate moves, a nozzle tube which surrounds the nozzle and comprises a gas injection hole for injecting the process gas toward the substrate, and a nozzle protrusion which is connected to the gas injection hole and extends in a second direction, wherein a shortest distance from an end of the nozzle protrusion to the substrate is greater than 0 mm and less than 9 mm.

Abstract: In some examples, an automated tilting system is provided for adjusting an orientation of a component in a substrate processing chamber. The automated tilting system comprises at least one tilt adjustment motor arranged to cooperate with the component and be connected to a portion of the component by a coupling. The coupling is configured such that automated rotational motion by the at least one tilt adjustment motor imparts corresponding axial movement, relative to the at least one tilt adjustment motor or a datum structure, to the connected portion of the component to adjust the orientation of the component in the processing chamber.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a substrate on which a central area and a peripheral area adjacent to the central area are arranged. The central area includes a display area. The display apparatus further includes: at least one insulation pattern that is formed in the peripheral area; a groove from which a material for forming the insulation pattern is removed and that is formed adjacent to the insulation pattern; and at least one insulating layer that is interposed between the insulation pattern and the substrate. The groove is located in the at least one insulating layer.

Abstract: There is provided a method for treating a surface comprising heating the object and the object with a solution comprising a thermal initiator and a polymerizable molecule, wherein the polymerizable molecule reacts with the surface and forms a covalent bond and optionally a covalently bound polymer on the surface of the object. Metal ions are bound to the surface to make the surface possible for adding further metal later. Advantages include that complicated geometries can be coated, problems with oxygen inhibition of the initiator is reduced, and surface reaction to form covalent bonds is promoted compared to the bulk polymerization reaction.

Abstract: In examples, a method of forming a semiconductor package comprises forming a conversion coating solution comprising a salt of a vanadate, a salt of a zirconate, or both with a complexing agent; cleaning a copper lead frame, wherein the cleaned copper lead frame comprises copper oxide on an outer surface thereof; immersing the cleaned copper lead frame in the conversion coating solution; rinsing the copper lead frame; and forming an assembly by coupling a semiconductor die to the copper lead frame, coupling the semiconductor die to a lead of the copper lead frame, applying a mold compound onto at least a portion of the outer surface of the copper lead frame, and curing the mold compound. An adhesion strength at an interface between the mold compound and the at least the portion of the outer surface of the copper lead frame is increased relative to a same assembly formed without immersing the copper lead frame in the conversion coating solution.

Abstract: A functional film that has a hydrophilic property or an antifog property and that is formed on a base material includes a fluorine-containing layer that contains fluorine.

Abstract: An electrolytic water spraying device (100, 100A) according to the present disclosure includes: a reservoir (14) that stores water; a dispensing timing controller (320) that controls a dispensing timing that is a timing at which an electrolysis-accelerating agent is to be dispensed into the reservoir (14); a dispensing amount controller (310) that controls a dispensing amount that is an amount of the electrolysis-accelerating agent to be dispensed into the reservoir (14); and an electrolyzer (17) that produces electrolyzed water by electrolyzing the water stored in the reservoir (14) and into which the electrolysis-accelerating agent has been dispensed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for generating hydrogen gas by reacting a nanogalvanic alloy with water vapor. The apparatus comprises a water vapor source for supplying water vapor to a reaction chamber containing a nanogalvanic alloy. The nanogalvanic alloy reacts with the water vapor to produce hydrogen.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for producing lithium hydroxide from lithium chloride and sodium chloride through an electrolysis process. A solution of lithium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide may be produced through electrolysis of a lithium chloride and sodium chloride solution. Lithium hydroxide in the produced solution may then be crystallized and filtered out to produce substantially pure lithium hydroxide crystals.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of continuous electrochemical dinitrogen reduction to produce ammonia, the method comprising: supplying dinitrogen to an electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte in contact with at least a cathode; introducing protons to the electrolyte by anodic oxidation of a hydrogen-containing species; and cathodically reducing the dinitrogen in the presence of a metal selected from lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zinc, aluminium and vanadium to produce ammonia, wherein the electrolyte comprises a cationic proton carrier capable of reversible deprotonation to form a neutral proton acceptor, wherein the neutral proton acceptor is an ylide.

Abstract: An electrode and system for electrocatalytic water splitting. The electrode for overall water splitting comprises a conductive substrate, and a bifunctional electrocatalyst comprising primarily metallic phosphides disposed on a surface of the substrate. The system comprises an anode and a cathode. Each of the anode and the cathode comprises a uniform distribution of a bifunctional electrocatalyst comprising metallic phosphides on a conductive substrate. The metallic phosphides can comprise iron phosphide (FeP) and dinickel phosphide (Ni2P). The bifunctional electrocatalyst promotes hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode, and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode.

Abstract: A modular system for hydrogen generation includes a plurality of cores and a hub. Each core includes an electrolyzer and a power supply. The power supply is operable to manage electrical power to the electrolyzer of the core and is redundant to the power supply of at least another one of the plurality of cores. The hub includes a water module, a heat exchange module, and a switchgear module. The water module includes a water source in fluid communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, the heat exchange module includes a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, and the switchgear module includes a switch activatable to electrically isolate the power supply of each one of the plurality of cores.

Abstract: A hydrogen generator with hydrogen leakage self-aware function comprises an electrolytic module, an integrated passageway device, a condensate filter, a humidification cup, a housing, an internal hydrogen sensing component, and a monitoring device. The electrolytic module is configured to electrolyze an electrolyzed water to generate a gas comprising hydrogen. The integrated passageway device comprises gas inlet passageway and a gas outlet passageway. The condensate filter is configured for filtering the gas comprising hydrogen. The humidification cup is configured for humidifying the gas comprising hydrogen. The gas comprising hydrogen flows through the condensate filter and the humidification cup by the way of the integrated passageway device. The internal hydrogen sensing component is configured in the housing for sensing the hydrogen concentration in the housing to generate an internal sensing result. The monitoring device is coupled to the internal hydrogen sensing component.