Abstract: A co-packaged optical-electrical chip can include an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a plurality of optical modules, such as optical transceivers. The ASIC and each of the optical modules can exchange electrical signaling via integrated electrical paths. The ASIC can include Ethernet switch, error correction, bit-to-symbol mapping/demapping, and digital signal processing circuits to pre-compensate and post-compensate channel impairments (e.g., inter-channel/intra-channel impairments) in electrical and optical domains. The co-packaged inter-chip interface can be scaled to handle different data rates using spectral efficient signaling formats (e.g., QAM-64, PAM-8) without adding additional data lines to a given design and without significantly increasing the power consumption of the design.

Abstract: A communication device includes: a light output unit for outputting light; a light splitting unit for splitting the light output by the light output unit into a plurality of split beams; and a plurality of spatial optical communication units provided in correspondence to the plurality of split beams, wherein the spatial optical communication units respectively transmit a corresponding split beam which is input from the light splitting unit to a partner communication device across space.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a photonic integrated circuit having an optical phased array, where the optical phased array includes multiple unit cells. Each unit cell includes (i) at least one antenna element configured to transmit or receive optical signals and (ii) a modulator configured to phase-shift the optical signals transmitted or received by the antenna element. Each unit cell is configured to transmit or receive light having multiple polarizations in the optical signals.

Abstract: A communication apparatus, a communication system, a communication method, and a non-transitory computer readable medium capable of reducing differences among receiving characteristics of a plurality of quadrature amplitude-modulated signals and optimizing the capacity of transmission signals are provided. A communication apparatus (1) according to the present disclosure includes a transmitting unit (2) capable of transmitting a plurality of types of quadrature amplitude-modulated signals, and an addition unit (3) that adds error correction codes to the quadrature amplitude-modulated signals. Further, the communication apparatus (1) includes a control unit (4) that changes the number of bits of the error correction code according to the type of the quadrature amplitude-modulated signal.

Abstract: An optical transmission system is an optical transmission system for transmitting a signal from an optical transmitter to an optical receiver via at least a transmission line among one or more optical nodes and the transmission line, wherein the optical transmitter includes a digital filter that compensates for, between ripple components that are micro-fluctuating components in a frequency region representing a transmission characteristic of the signal in the optical transmitter and the optical receiver and non-ripple components of the transmission characteristic, at least the ripple components of the transmission characteristic, and at least one of the optical node and the optical transmitter includes an optical filter that compensates for the non-ripple components of the transmission characteristic.

Abstract: A programmable two-dimensional simultaneous multi-beam optically operated phased array receiver chip is manufactured based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and indium phosphide (InP) semiconductor manufacturing processes, including the SiN process. The InP-based semiconductor is used for preparing a laser array chip and a semiconductor optical amplifier array chip, the SiN is used for preparing an optical power divider, and the SOI semiconductor is used for preparing a silicon optical modulator, a germanium-silicon detector, an optical wavelength multiplexer, a true delay line, and other passive optical devices. The whole integration of the receiver chip is realized through heterogeneous integration of the InP-based chip and the SOI-based chip. Simultaneous multi-beam scanning can be realized through peripheral circuit programming control.

Abstract: A branch ratio setting system includes: a branch ratio control unit; and a plurality of drop units configured to be able to receive an optical signal from the branch ratio control unit, and configured to branch and output the received optical signal, and the branch ratio control unit outputs light to the plurality of drop units via an optical fiber to measure characteristics of the optical fiber, and outputs a branch ratio determination signal to each of the plurality of drop units via the optical fiber based on the measured characteristics of the optical fiber, and the drop unit includes an optical splitter connected to the optical fiber and having a variable branch ratio and a branch ratio setting unit that sets the branch ratio of the optical splitter based on the branch ratio determination signal input via the optical fiber.

Abstract: An example of an apparatus may include signal circuitry to provide a first set of one or more signals and a second set of one or more signals for an electronic device, and radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation circuitry coupled to one or more of the signal circuitry, the first set, and the second set to provide a delay between respective signals of the first and second sets based on RFI mitigation information associated with the respective signals. Other examples are disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A system (1000) is disclosed including a resource allocation optimization (RAO) platform (1002) for optimizing the allocation of resources in network (1004) for delivery of assets to user equipment devices (UEDs) (1012). The RAO platform (1002) determines probabilities that certain asset delivery opportunities (ADOs) will occur within a selected time window and uses these probabilities together with information concerning values of asset delivery to determine an optimal use of asset deliveries. In this regard, the RAO platform (1004) received historical data from repository (1014) that facilitates calculation of probabilities that ADOs will occur. Such information may be compiled based on asset delivery records for similar network environments in the recent past or over time.

Abstract: A transmission method includes generating one or more frames for content transfer using IP packets, and transmitting the one or more generated frames by broadcast. Each of the one or more frames contains a plurality of second transfer units, each of the plurality of second transfer units contains one or more first transfer units, each of the one or more first transfer units contains at least one of the IP packets, an object IP packet of the IP packets contains first reference clock information indicating time for reproduction of the content in data structure different from MMT packet data structure, the object IP packet being stored in a first transfer unit positioned at a head in the one or more frames, the one or more frames contains control information storing second reference clock information indicating time for reproduction of the content, and header compression processing on the object IP packet is omitted.

Abstract: A timing method over air interface, a mobile terminal device and a readable storage medium are disclosed. The method may include: receiving a broadcast message transmitted by a base station, the broadcast message including a time synchronization message; when a synchronization time source is the time synchronization message, executing a time synchronization strategy to determine whether the time precision of the base station satisfies a preset condition; if the time precision of the base station satisfies the preset condition, continuously using the time synchronization message as the synchronization time source; and, if the time precision of the base station does not satisfying the preset condition, using local maintenance time information as the synchronization time source.

Abstract: A wireless communication method for use in a network node is disclosed. The method comprises receiving, from a communication node, a message indicating a capability of being a grand master clock, and transmitting, to the communication node, announce information associated with a first announce message based on the capability.

Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing phase delay variation impact are described. A microcontroller can receive a sequence of phase offsets determined by a slave device over time. The microcontroller can determine a weight vector based on a metric associated with the sequence of phase offsets. The microcontroller can adjust a set of filter coefficients based on the weight vector. The set of filter coefficients can be filter coefficients of a filter being implemented by the slave device to filter incoming packet data.

Abstract: Systems, devices, methods and techniques are provided to improve communication of data over a distance without using radio waves using a sequence of frames comprising optical codes. In one embodiment, the frames include multiple channels where each channel comprises the same optical codes but in a different order of a code sequence. In one embodiment, at a receiving device, a progress indicator is provided that is responsive to the decoding of the optical codes. In one embodiment, the progress indicator is indicative of frames (codes) read. In one embodiment, the progress indicator is a timer. In one embodiment, at a sending device, controls are provided for user input to selectively communicate frames (codes). In one embodiment, at a sequence generator, data is segmented to define frames to optimize communications.

Abstract: Provided is a multiplex transmission system capable of preventing occurrence of a mistake on connection of a client device to a multiplex transmission device. The multiplex transmission system includes: an extraction means configured to extract identification information from a signal inputted to a client port of each of a first multiplex transmission device 100 and a second multiplex transmission device 200; and a switch control unit 340 configured to control a switch unit 330 to connect the client port of the first multiplex transmission device 100 with the client port of the second multiplex transmission device 200 on the basis of a result of collation between identification information extracted from a signal inputted to the client port of the first multiplex transmission device 100 and identification information extracted from a signal inputted to the client port of the second multiplex transmission device 200.

Abstract: An optical distribution network includes a fore-positioned optical multiplexer section that has a plurality of optical inputs and a plurality of intermediate optical outputs. Each of the plurality of optical inputs of the fore-positioned optical multiplexer section receives a respective one of a plurality of input light signals of different wavelengths. The fore-positioned optical multiplexer section multiplexes a unique subset of the plurality of input light signals onto each of the plurality of intermediate optical outputs. The optical distribution network also includes an optical coupler section that has a plurality of optical inputs respectively optically connected to the plurality of intermediate optical outputs of the fore-positioned optical multiplexer section. The optical coupler section distributes a portion of each light signal received at each of the plurality of optical inputs of the optical coupler section to each and every one of a plurality of optical outputs of the optical coupler section.

Abstract: Various schemes for mitigating radio frequency (RF) interference are described, wherein an adaptive local oscillator (LO) is utilized. A receiver measures a jamming indicator which indicates a total power within a receiving band of the receiver. If the jamming indicator indicates a presence of substantial in-band interference, the receiver may program the LO to a different frequency and/or adjust a bandwidth of a filter accordingly to reject or reduce the interference. The receiver may adjust the LO and/or the filter repeatedly until the interference is rejected to a point that de-sense to the signal intended to be received is satisfactorily mitigated. The receiver may restore the LO and the filter to a default setting when the jamming indicator indicates that the interference is no longer present.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and processing nodes for managing a wireless communication session perform and/or comprise: setting a signal loss threshold; comparing a signal characteristic with the signal loss threshold, wherein the signal characteristic corresponds to a duplex communication between a wireless communication device and an access node in a first frame configuration format; and in response to a determination that the signal characteristic exceeds the signal loss threshold, causing the wireless communication device and the access node to switch from the first frame configuration format to a second frame configuration format.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) coverage enhancement for reduced capability wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs). Overbooking rules may be applied, for example, to limit the number of blind decodes, e.g., if/when PDCCH is repeated. A coverage enhancement (CE) level may be determined for a beam. Link recovery may be performed with CE levels. A PDCCH monitoring configuration may include repetitions. The number of blind decodes with repetitions may be limited. A WTRU may report an indication of a best repetition. A WTRU may be configured to perform a measurement associated with a PDCCH repetition, e.g., if/when a PDCCH subject to PDCCH repetition is successfully decoded.

Abstract: An apparatuses for radio access network configuration for video approximate semantic communications includes a transceiver that receives from a transmitter a bitstream corresponding to a video coded data transmission wherein the received bitstream includes bitwise transmission errors and a processor that performs FEC decoding and correcting at least one bitwise transmission error of the video coded data transmission whereas at least one bitwise transmission error is left in a bit-inexact reception of the video coded data transmissions post FEC decoding, applies, by a smart video decoder in a video approximate semantic communications mode, semantic error correction to decoded video coded data transmissions to correct and conceal one or more video artifacts in response to the bit-inexact reception of the video coded data transmissions post FEC decoding, and reconstructs a video uncoded representation of concealed approximate semantic content relative to the received bitstream corresponding to the video coded da

Abstract: An operation method of a transmitting node in a communication system may comprise: generating 2N initial transmission bits by encoding N information bits to be transmitted to a receiving node of the communication system in a polar coding scheme; transmitting, to the receiving node, an initial transmission signal generated by modulating the 2N initial transmission bits; receiving, from the receiving node, a signal indicating that the initial transmission signal is not normally received; interleaving the N information bits through an interleaver to generate N interleaved bits; generating 2N first retransmission bits by encoding the N interleaved bits in the polar coding scheme; and transmitting, to the receiving node, a first retransmission signal generated by modulating the 2N first retransmission bits.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for improving adaptive satellite communication. In some implementations, a method includes receiving, by a receiver and from a transmitter, code blocks transmitted according to a first set of parameters that comprises one or more of a first modulation used to transmit the code blocks or a first coding used to encode the code blocks for transmission. A number of corrupted code blocks and a number of parity blocks in a series of the code blocks received are determined. The number of corrupted code blocks are compared with the number of parity blocks. A second set of parameters are determined based on the comparison of the number of corrupted code blocks with the number of parity blocks. The second set of parameters are communicated to the transmitter for subsequent transmissions.

Abstract: This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to unequal modulation and coding scheme (unequal MCS). A device may decode user fields or first portions of unequal modulation and coding scheme (UEM) user fields from a first user specific field. The device may determine resource allocations, resource unit (RU) and multiple resource unit (MRU) allocations, based on the order of decoded user fields or the first portions of UEM user fields. The device may identify whether a user is a UEM user based on an indication in a first portion of a UEM user field or a new designed subfield, MCS type subfield, in a first user specific field. The device may decode a second user specific field to retrieve remaining portions of UEM user fields for UEM users to obtain the full set of MCSs.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to data processing methods and apparatuses. In one example method, a first data is obtained from first optical path data, where the first data is obtained by dividing the first optical path data. Padding data and the first data are added into a first data frame to form target data. Then the target data is encoded.

Abstract: A method, performed by a User Equipment (UE) for constructing a Hybrid-Automatic-Repeat-Request Acknowledge (HARQ-ACK) codebook, includes receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message from a Network (NW), the RRC message including an indication to the UE whether to disable a HARQ feedback for a HARQ process; if the indication of the RRC message indicates to the UE to disable the HARQ feedback for the HARQ process, not generating a HARQ-ACK bit corresponding to a first Transport Block (TB) and generating at least one HARQ-ACK bit corresponding to at least one second TB; and if a Downlink Control Information (DCI) format from the NW indicates to the UE to feedback reception of the first TB and the at least one second TB in a same slot, multiplexing the at least one HARQ-ACK bit to construct the HARQ-ACK codebook for the first TB and the at least one second TB.

Abstract: A communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT) is provided. The communication method includes intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. This disclosure provides a grant-free-based data transmission method and apparatus.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to a long training field (LTF) sequence for 320 MHz band transmission in a wireless local area network system. The main features comprise the steps of: generating a physical protocol data unit (PPDU); and transmitting the PPDU through a 320 MHz band, wherein the PPDU includes an LTF signal and the LTF signal is generated on the basis of an LTF sequence for the 320 MHz band. Therefore, the proposed LTF has improved effects such as increased bandwidth, an improved PHY layer protocol data unit (PPDU) structure, an improved sequence, and use of a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) technique.

Abstract: Embodiments herein provide a method for managing HARQ procedure for multiple numerologies multiplexing in a wireless communication network. The method includes transmitting, by a User Equipment (UE), capability parameters of the UE to a Base Station (BS). Further, the method includes receiving, by the UE, a plurality of HARQ configuration parameters corresponding to the capability parameters of the UE from the BS, and perfuming, by the UE, one of an individual HARQ process and a shared HARQ process based on the plurality of HARQ configuration parameters received from the BS.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device for transmitting a Type-3 hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) codebook comprises receiving downlink control information (DCI) requesting a Type-3 HARQ-ACK codebook, wherein the DCI request is of a DCI format other than DCI format 1_1 for a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission, and based on the DCI request, transmitting the Type-3 HARQ-ACK codebook to a network node.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of communication technology with regard to cell scheduling. A method of operating a network node comprises transmitting a single Downlink Control Information (DCI) to a radio node, the single DCI scheduling Physical Downlink Shared Channels (PDSCHs) on a plurality of cells. The single DCI indicates a counter downlink assignment indicator (DAI) which is either based on the plurality of scheduled cells or independent of the plurality of cells scheduled by the single DCI.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for methods and algorithms of data multiplexing at a physical (PHY) layer. A network node is configured to schedule using a single downlink control information, DCI, message a first transmission with repetition of a first transport block, TB, and a second transmission with repetition of a second TB, the repetitions of the first and second TBs being mapped to non-overlapping time-domain resources and the repetitions of first and second TBs being mapped to a same physical resource block, PRB, set; and trigger the first transmission with repetition of the first TB and the second transmission with repetition of the second TB based on the single DCI scheduling. A wireless device, WD, is configured to receive the single DCI message; and process the repetitions of the first TB and the repetitions of the second TB based at least in part on the single DCI scheduling.

Abstract: Complex-valued waveform samples in time-domain, frequency-domain and spatial-domain are organized into a plurality of dimensions. A vector of complex-valued samples is extracted from a multidimensional sample buffer. An input transform is applied to a vector of complex-valued samples to produce two vectors of real-valued samples. Each real-valued sample vector is processed to produce a two-dimensional codebook matrix and to generate a vector of indices into the columns of the generated codebook. The two indices vectors are merged to produce an encoded index stream. The encoded index stream along with the two codebooks is used to produce real-valued sample vectors. An output transform is applied to two real-valued sample vectors to produce a vector of complex-valued samples.

Abstract: A transmission device that improves data reception quality includes: a weighting synthesizer that generates a first precoded signal and a second precoded signal from a first baseband signal and a second baseband signal, respectively; a phase changer that applies a phase change of i x ?? to the second precoded signal; an inserter that inserts a pilot signal into the second precoded signal applied with the phase change; and a phase changer that applies a phase change to the second precoded signal applied with the phase change and inserted with the pilot signal. ?? satisfies ?/2 radians < ?? < ? radians or ? radians < ?? < 3?/2 radians. Each of the first baseband signal and the second baseband signal is modulated via a modulation scheme of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) using non-uniform mapping.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for carrier control. The method which may be performed by a network node comprises calculating first feedback latency of a terminal device with respect to the network node, based at least in part on a numerology of a candidate cell for the terminal device. The method may further comprise determining whether to select the candidate cell as a secondary cell of the terminal device, according to the first feedback latency.

Abstract: Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for determining transmissions to avoid. One method includes receiving, at a first user equipment, information from a second user equipment indicating second resources used by the second user equipment for a second transmission to a third user equipment. The method includes determining whether the second resources used by the second user equipment for the second transmission to the third user equipment overlap with first resources used by the first user equipment for a first transmission to the third user equipment. The method includes, in response to determining that the second resources overlap with the first resources, determining whether to avoid the first transmission on the first resources based on a destination identifier, a logical channel prioritization procedure, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may determine a transport block size based at least in part on a set of physical uplink shared channel resources corresponding to a set of physical uplink shared channel repetitions that are configured to be transmitted over a repetition unit having a plurality of slots in accordance with a frequency hopping pattern that is configured such that a repetition slot count associated with the repetition unit and a frequency hop length are related by an integer-multiple relationship. The UE may transmit the set of physical uplink shared channel repetitions based at least in part on the transport block size. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for bit interleaving for sidelink communication with interlaced waveform. A method that may be performed by a user equipment (UE) includes mapping first bits and second bits to resource blocks (RBs) such that the first bits are mapped to first subcarriers of the RBs, a first subset of the second bits are mapped to the first subcarriers, and a second subset of the second bits are mapped to second subcarriers of the REs; and transmitting the first bits and the second bits via the RBs according to the mapping.

Abstract: This application discloses a communication method, a communications apparatus, and a communications device. The method includes: dividing, by a first communications device, first communication information into n pieces of first target subband information. The method further includes inputting the n pieces of first target subband information into a first Artificial Intelligence (AI) subnetwork of a first AI network model. A maximum input amount of the first AI subnetwork is N pieces of subband information. A maximum input amount of the first AI network is M pieces of subband information. n, M, and N are all integers greater than 0, and n?N?M. The method also includes sending second communication information output by the first AI subnetwork.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, devices, apparatus, and methods, including computer programs encoded on storage media, for tracking channel variations via a model-based representation of the channel. A first network entity may receive from a second network entity or transmit to the second network entity, a model configuration indicative of a model condition of a channel between the first network entity and the second network entity. The model configuration may be associated with one or more initial parameters. The first network entity may receive a reference signal from the second network entity to measure a condition of the channel between the first network entity and the second network entity, and transmit, to the second network entity, one or more updated parameters for the model configuration based on a measurement of the condition of the channel in comparison to the model condition of the channel based on the model configuration.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are provided for wireless communications at a network entity. For example, then systems and techniques can include determining, at the network entity, a transmission timing compensation between a first reference signal and a second reference signal. The first reference signal can be transmitted using a first communication link. The second reference signal can be transmitted based on an offset determined based on the transmission timing compensation, wherein the second reference signal is transmitted suing a second communication link. The offset can be used to offset transmission of the second reference signal from transmission of the first reference signal.

Abstract: The present invention improves reference signal transmission efficiency. A terminal is equipped with: a reception circuit for receiving information indicating some of a plurality of candidate unit-time resources for non-periodic transmission of reference signals: and a control circuit for, on the basis of the information, controlling the allocation of time resources to be used in the transmission of reference signals.

Abstract: Provided in the embodiments of the present application are a signal transmission method and apparatus, and a device and a storage medium. The method includes: configuring first information for a second device, where the first information is used to indicate a time-domain transmission location of a signal corresponding to a first signal resource and/or a first signal resource set; and sending the first information to the second device by means of signaling. Therefore, according to the embodiments of the present application, a second device performs corresponding signal transmission on the basis of the flexible scheduling of a first device, to improve the signal transmission reliability and flexibility.

Abstract: A signal processing method and apparatus, an information configuration method and apparatus, a device, and a storage medium are provided. The signal processing method includes: receiving reference signal configuration information, the reference signal configuration information including a reference signal generation mode; and processing a signal on the basis of the reference signal configuration information.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein associated with transmission of demodulation reference signals (DMRS) in wireless systems. DMRS symbols may be placed in a slot for channel estimation operations. For example, channel estimation performance may be enhanced based on using an increased number of DMRS symbols. Channel estimation enhancements may be performed by transmitting DMRS symbols in an extended slot, for example, to avoid data degradation (e.g., which may result from replacing data transmission symbols with DMRS symbols). An extended slot may be a slot that includes symbols spanning across multiple slots (e.g., two slots, consecutive slots), for example, such as a slot n and a slot n+1.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods and apparatus for channel state measurement and reporting. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method may include: transmitting, from a first node, a first signaling indicating a resource configuration of a kind of reference signal for a second node and a first identifier associated with the second node; and receiving a second signaling indicating a reporting metric associated with the reference signal and a second identifier associated with the reference signal.

Abstract: Aspects presented herein relate to methods and devices for wireless communication including an apparatus, e.g., a UE and/or a TRP or base station. In one aspect, the apparatus may receive, from a TRP, a MAC-CE activating a subset of configured joint DL and UL TCI states, each activated joint DL and UL TCI state indicating a common beam for communication in DL and UL, the MAC-CE indicating a CORESET pool ID associated with a set of CORESETs. Additionally, the apparatus may communicate with the TRP through DL and UL scheduled through one or more CORESETs of the set of CORESETs associated with the CORESET pool ID based on the activated joint DL and UL TCI states.

Abstract: A transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state determination method and apparatus includes receiving an indication signaling; and determining, according to the indication signaling, N TCI states corresponding to a search space set of the terminal, N being a positive integer by reading a configuration of the search space set from the indication signaling, including TCI state identifiers of the N TCI states corresponding to the search space set.

Abstract: Provided are a method for transmitting a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) of a terminal in an unlicensed band and a device using the same method. The method comprises: receiving first information indicating a symbol index and second information indicating a length; and transmitting, in at least one slot capable of transmitting the PUSCH, the PUSCH by using a time resource determined on the basis of the first information and the second information.

Abstract: A terminal device receives a reference signal, a first machine learning model, and a second machine learning method, and transmits a CSI report. The terminal device selects a machine learning model that is used to compress a CSI related data obtained from the reference signal. The terminal device includes the compressed CSI data and an indication indicating the selected machine learning model in the CSI report.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for wireless communication by a first wireless node, comprising detecting cross link interference (CLI) between the first wireless node and a second wireless node, determining whether the first wireless node or the second wireless node is to take action to mitigate CLI based on one or more rules and taking one or more actions to mitigate CLI when the determination is that the first wireless node is to take action to mitigate CLI.