Abstract: A spine connecting rod includes a coupling assembly, a first rod and a second rod. The coupling assembly includes a cylindrical body having first and second coupling parts and a cylindrical elastic part inside the body. The first rod, pivotally connected with the coupling assembly, has a diameter less than any inner diameter of the elastic part and the first coupling part. One end of the first rod is furnished with a ball having a diameter greater than that of the first rod and any inner diameters of the elastic part and the second coupling part. The second rod is connected with the coupling assembly. The first and second rods protrude out of the first and second coupling parts, respectively. The ball of the first rod is rotationally disposed inside the coupling assembly to allow the first rod to undergo elastic movements via the elastic part.

Abstract: A digital pedicle screw assembly may be installed inside of the body of a patient and be configured to sense various attributes of the assembly and the patient. Embodiments may include a receiver having a U-shaped cavity for supporting a longitudinal rod and set screw therein. The receiver may include a lower cavity configured to couple to a pedicle screw and a side portion integrally connected to the receiver and including a housing defining a sealed cavity for supporting a microelectronics assembly and a battery therein. Embodiments may include at least one antenna attached to an outside of the housing and being in electrical communication with the microelectronics assembly, and at least one strain gauge configured to detect a localized force experienced by the receiver and being in electrical communication with the microelectronics assembly.

Abstract: A bone fastener system can comprise a fastener and a first sizing component. The fastener can comprise a shaft that provides an anchoring footprint. The first sizing component can be configured to be connected to the shaft and can include a first anchoring feature, or circumferential bone engaging feature, to increase a size of the anchoring footprint. The first anchoring feature can comprise a sleeve that radially expands a diameter of the threaded shaft. The first anchoring feature can comprise axially extending teeth. The system can further comprise a second sizing component including a second anchoring feature to increase the size of the anchoring footprint, the second anchoring feature being different from the first anchoring feature. The second anchoring feature can expand the diameter of the threaded shaft a greater amount than the first anchoring feature. The second anchoring feature can have a length greater than the first anchoring feature.

Abstract: A method for locking an elongate rod within a head of a bone anchor implant assembly that is configured for surgical implantation into a bone of a patient. The method includes providing an elongate rod, providing a separate shank and the head, and providing a closure mechanism configured as a one-part closure or two-part closure. The method further includes receiving the elongate rod in the channel and closing the channel with the closure mechanism. The one-part closure and two-part closure are configured to be interchangeable with each other for closing a channel of the head and locking the assembly and the elongate rod between arms of the head with the closure mechanism.

Abstract: Systems, methods and devices are disclosed for facilitating assembly and use of spinal fixation apparatus, including a helical cage structure for selective engaging and/or securing an engagement member or surgical screw in a spinal fixation system.

Abstract: A disposable insertion instrument for inserting an implant includes a handle assembly, a drive assembly, and a plunger assembly. The drive assembly comprises an inner shaft and a spring received within an outer sleeve. A locking pin and drive lobes on the inner shaft cooperate to reversibly lock the drive assembly in a retracted position. A medical implant may be attached to the instrument via an adapter located at a distal end of the drive assembly. Following use for insertion of the medical implant into a patient, the disposable insertion instrument may be discarded.

Abstract: An insertion instrument for inserting an implant includes an elongated main body having a proximal handle and a distal portion that selectively couples to the implant. A wing actuation tool is slidably engaged in a central passage of the elongated main body to fix the implant to the elongated main body. The wing actuation tool temporarily attaches to the implant allowing for deployment and retraction of wings of the implant during surgery. Longitudinal translation of the wing actuation tool deploys an actuation plunger of the implant.

Abstract: A medical instrument grip holder includes an outer shaft, a guide sleeve, and a stopper having a cylindrical shape. The stopper includes, on a proximal end portion, a second flange in contact with a proximal end of a grip. The stopper includes, on an inner peripheral surface of a cylindrical portion of the stopper, a projecting portion configured to engage with a recessed portion disposed on a cylindrical surface of the guide sleeve when the guide sleeve is inserted to a predetermined position. The guide sleeve is housed in an inner portion of the grip with the outer shaft and the stopper assembled from opposite directions along an axis line of a cylinder of the guide sleeve.

Abstract: A bone insert includes a cap having a convex top surface, an elongated stem, and a barrier between the cap and the stem. The stem of the bone insert is inserted into a hole formed in a host bone until the barrier is pressed against the exposed bone. The bone implant can be placed against a small focus contact point on the cap. Liquid cement can be injected into a space volume between the host bone and a bone implant. The cap can be made of a material and/or have surface features that create a strong bond with the cement when the liquid cement cures. The stem can be made of a material and/or have bone ingrowth surface features that create a strong bond with the bone.

Abstract: A fracture fixation system includes a barrel extending along a barrel axis from a proximal end to a distal end having a peripheral wall. The barrel defines a passage through the barrel that extends along the barrel axis. The peripheral wall defines a transverse bore passing through opposing sides of the peripheral wall at the proximal end of the barrel in a direction that is substantially transverse to the barrel axis. The fixation system includes a peg extending along a peg axis and configured for insertion into the passage. The fixation system includes a flange configured for insertion into the transverse bore of the peripheral wall.

Abstract: A screw element for the fixation of bone components and bone fragments is disclosed having a shaft with an outside screw thread and a longitudinal axis extending along the shaft and defining a distal direction and a proximal direction, and an insertion direction and an opposite removal direction, and has a tool attachment point starting radially inwards and the tool attachment point has a central opening and in the wall of this opening at least five tooth profiles directed radially outwards and mainly parallel to the screw axis directed radially outwards and mainly parallel to the screw axis are formed in the wall of this opening, and for each tooth profile an insertion wall in insertion direction and a removal wall in removal direction can be separated, and that the surface of the insertion wall is greater than the surface of the removal wall.

Abstract: A bone fastener includes a screw shaft having a proximal portion and a distal portion. The proximal portion is formed by a first manufacturing method and defines a distal face. The distal portion is formed onto the distal face by a second manufacturing method. In some embodiments, systems, spinal constructs, surgical instruments and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A surgical screwdriver system can include a ratchet handle assembly, a carrier assembly (either left handed or right handed), and a guide pin assembly. A screwdriver forward end can be joined to the handle assembly. A screw can be engaged with the distal end of the screwdriver over a guide pin of the guide pin assembly. A stop knob of the carrier assembly can be adjusted to set the desired depth penetration for the guide pin into the patient's bone or tissue when an impact force, such as from a mallet, is applied to the strike knob of the carrier assembly.

Abstract: A closed refrigerant loop system for fluid communication with a treatment tool that includes a compressor to compress a gas supply of the refrigerant to an elevated pressure; a condenser to cool the compressed gas and convert it to a liquid while at least substantially maintaining the elevated pressure of the refrigerant; and a cryocooler to bring the liquid that is maintained under the elevated pressure to a working temperature for the tip of the treatment tool. The closed refrigerant loop system further comprises a check or expansion valve to receive the refrigerant from the treatment tool; and a warming heat exchanger to provide the gas supply of the refrigerant.

Abstract: A tissue treatment system configured to ablate a tissue, the system comprising: (a) a clamp assembly comprising a first jaw mechanism and a second jaw mechanism configured to receive and compress a tissue therebetween; (b) a first electrode disposed on the first jaw mechanism and configured to contact the tissue; and (c) a second electrode disposed on the second jaw mechanism and configured to contact the tissue, where the first electrode and the second electrode are configured so that at least one of an ablation energy output of the first electrode and an ablation energy output of the second electrode is automatically adjusted to accommodate variable tissue thicknesses between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: A method for monitoring a high resistance condition at an instrument terminal of an electrosurgical generator, which includes current and voltage measuring devices for determining a current and a voltage at the terminal to determine the high resistance condition, and includes a calculation device connected to the measuring devices which is configured to evaluate the determined current and voltage, including: determining a crest factor value from the current and/or voltage, wherein the crest factor value describes a ratio of a peak value to an effective value of the current and/or voltage; comparing the determined crest factor value with a comparison value by means of a comparison device, wherein the comparison value is stored in a data storage device; and signaling a high resistance condition with a signaling device when the determined crest factor reaches or exceeds the predetermined crest factor comparison value. Also, an electrosurgical generator and electrosurgical generator system.

Abstract: In an example, an electrosurgical device includes a housing defining an interior bore, a shaft coupled to the housing, and an electrosurgical electrode coupled to the shaft. The shaft extends distally from the interior bore of the housing. The shaft is rotationally fixed relative to the housing. The shaft includes a smoke evacuation channel extending from a proximal end of the shaft to a distal end of the shaft. A distal portion of the electrosurgical electrode extends distally from the shaft, and wherein the electrosurgical electrode is rotatable relative to the housing and the shaft.

Abstract: A system for controlling a robotic end-effector is disclosed. The system includes a robotic arm, a surgical tool including an end-effector with articulatable arm and a clamp jaw. A tool driver is coupled to the surgical tool and a motor is coupled to the tool driver and is configured to drive the surgical tool. A sensor is configured to sense external forces applied to the end-effector. A central control circuit is configured to control the tool driver. The central control circuit is configured to receive a sensed parameter from the sensor, receive a sensed motor current (I) from the motor, and control the tool driver based on the sensed parameter and the motor current (I).

Abstract: An electrosurgical pencil includes a handle housing. A light source is disposed within the handle housing and is configured to generate light for illuminating a surgical site. A light-transmitting nozzle formed of a resin is disposed in proximity to the light source and defines a fluid lumen in fluid communication with a fluid lumen of the handle housing for suctioning surgical smoke from a surgical site. The light-transmitting nozzle is configured to transmit light generated by the light source. An electrode extends from a distal end portion of the handle housing and through an aperture defined by the light source. The electrode is configured to deliver electrosurgical energy to tissue.

Abstract: Surgical systems having an end effector, a conductor, and a disconnection mechanism associated with the at least one conductor, wherein the mechanism is configured to electrically disconnect the end effector from an energy source when not in use so as to reduce energy leakage out of the instrument. Other embodiments include various robotic surgical devices having a disconnection mechanism. Further implementations include methods of mitigating energy coupling during use of a robotic surgical device.

Abstract: Intrauterine devices and methods for facilitating deployment thereof using a bumper are disclosed. In one embodiment, an intrauterine device comprises a structure including a first central support member and a deployment mechanism coupled to the first central support member. The intrauterine device further comprises a bumper positioned at a distal end of a second central support member and at a more distal position relative to a distal end of the structure so as to prevent the distal end of the structure from contacting the fundus of the uterus of a patient during deployment of the deployment mechanism. In another embodiment, the intrauterine device comprises a bumper coupled to the deployment mechanism and configured to move from a more distal to a more proximal position relative to a distal end of the structure.

Abstract: An electrode catheter includes a catheter shaft, an irrigation member, and a distal-end electrode. A female thread is formed on the distal-end electrode. The irrigation member includes a first component having an annular shape, and a second component having an eccentric flow path formed inside a proximal-end part thereof and a male thread formed at a distal-end part thereof, the male thread being screwed to the female thread of the distal-end electrode. With the first component and the distal-end electrode fitted to each other, the first component and the second component fitted to each other, the distal-end portion of the second component inserted into the distal-end electrode, and the female thread and the male thread screwed to each other, the distal-end electrode and the irrigation member are connected to each other while forming, inside the first component, a storage space for a liquid.

Abstract: A computer-implemented radio frequency power control method is disclosed. The method includes providing a radio frequency ablation device comprising a radio frequency energy generator, a signal acquisition device, and a controller, wherein the signal acquisition device comprises an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal acquisition device comprising a plurality of electrodes, and the controller is electrically connected to the radio frequency energy generator and the ECG signal acquisition device; obtaining, by the plurality of electrodes, multi-lead ECG signals, wherein the plurality of electrodes are in contact with a plurality of different body surface sites of a patient; and controlling, by the controller, a radio frequency power outputted by the radio frequency energy generator according to the multi-lead ECG signals.

Abstract: A surgical system for ablating a tissue, the system comprising: (a) an ablation mechanism comprising a first electrode and an opposed second electrode, wherein the ablation mechanism is configured to receive a tissue between the first electrode and the second electrode, and wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is movable to allow the first electrode and the second electrode to accommodate variable tissue thicknesses therebetween; and (b) a clamping mechanism configured to release and apply clamping pressure to the tissue between the first electrode and the second electrode, where the ablation mechanism is configured to automatically individually adjust at least one of an ablation energy output of the first electrode and an ablation energy output of the second electrode to accommodate variable tissue thicknesses between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: A method for treating tissue through a branched luminal network of a patient is provided. A pathway to a point of interest in branched luminal network of a patient is generated. An extended working channel is advanced transorally into the branched luminal network and along the pathway to the point of interest. The extended working channel may be positioned in a substantially fixed orientation at the point interest. A tool is advanced though the extended working channel to the point of interest. Tissue at the point of interest is treated.

Abstract: Provided herein are devices, systems, and methods for delivering energy to tissue for a wide variety of applications, including medical procedures (e.g., tissue ablation, resection, cautery, vascular thrombosis, treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and dysrhythmias, electrosurgery, tissue harvest, etc.). In certain embodiments, devices, systems, and methods are provided for delivering energy to difficult to access tissue regions (e.g. central or peripheral lung tissues), and/or reducing the amount of undesired heat given off during energy delivery.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods to measure a baseline temperature of a tissue prior to a laser ablation procedure are disclosed. The devices can be a thermometer including an optical fiber probe and a catheter. The catheter includes nanodiamonds embedded into a wall of the catheter. The nanodiamonds are excited by light from the optical fiber probe to emit a temperature dependent fluorescent light that is received by the optical fiber probe and transmitted to a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor can process the fluorescent light to calculate a temperature. The thermometer can be positioned adjacent to or within a target tissue structure prior to a laser ablation procedure to measure the baseline temperature. The baseline temperature can be input into a magnetic resonance imaging system to calculate a thermal damage estimate.

Abstract: Techniques for reducing blade exposures include a computer-assisted device having one or more processors and a drive system comprising one or more drive units configured to be coupled to a cutting instrument. The one or more processors are configured to: measure, using one or more first sensors, a jaw angle between gripping jaws of the cutting instrument; measure, using one or more second sensors, a roll of a shaft of the cutting instrument; correct the jaw angle based on the roll of the shaft; determine a restriction on a cutting operation to be performed using the instrument based on the corrected jaw angle; and perform or prevent the cutting operation according to the restriction.

Abstract: Systems and methods present multiple images of a three-dimensional model, including a three-dimensional representation of an anatomic structure and a representation of a medical device relative to the anatomic structure, on a graphical user interface. The multiple images correspond to different views (e.g., in multiple, different planes) of the three-dimensional model to provide complementary spatial information regarding a position of the medical device relative to the anatomic structure during a medical procedure performed on the anatomic structure. Such complementary spatial information can, for example, provide spatial context to facilitate controlling the position of the medical device relative to the anatomic structure during the medical procedure.

Abstract: Various embodiments of an apparatus, methods, systems and computer program products described herein are directed to a Trajectory Alignment Engine that generates within a unified three-dimensional (3D) coordinate space: (i) a 3D virtual medical model positioned according to a model pose, (ii) a virtual trajectory extending from a target point associated with a selected portion of the 3D virtual medical model and (iii) a dynamic navigation guide virtual object. The Trajectory Alignment Engine detects one or more changes in an instrument pose and/or an instrument position of a physical instrument in the 3D coordinate space. The Trajectory Alignment modifies the display of the dynamic navigation guide virtual object in the AR display at least in part on one or more of: the instrument pose changes and the instrument position changes.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for simulating microvascular networks from a vascular tree model to simulate tissue perfusion under various physiological conditions to guide diagnosis or treatment for cardiovascular disease. One method includes: receiving a patient-specific vascular model of a patient's anatomy, including a vascular network; receiving a patient-specific target tissue model in which a blood supply may be estimated; receiving joint prior information associated with the vascular model and the target tissue model; receiving data related to one or more perfusion characteristics of the target tissue; determining one or more associations between the vascular network of the patient-specific vascular model and one or more perfusion characteristics of the target tissue using the joint prior information; and outputting a vascular tree model that extends to perfusion regions in the target tissue, using the determined associations between the vascular network and the perfusion characteristics.

Abstract: There are provided an ultrasound diagnostic apparatus and a control method of the ultrasound diagnostic apparatus which allows an examiner to easily understand a depth reached by an insertion object in a case of inserting the insertion object into a blood vessel while capturing an ultrasound image representing a cross section of the blood vessel of the subject.

Abstract: A surgical device is disclosed for attachment to a body of a surgical tool usable to manipulate a desired tissue in a surgical site within a patient, the surgical device may include a housing with at least one each of a projecting device, an imaging device and/or an illuminating device. The housing may be removably attachable to the body in an operatively-aligned orientation relative to the body. The projecting device(s) may emit an optical targeting marker from the exit port in a targeting direction onto the surgical site. The illuminating device(s) may illuminate the surgical site. The one imaging device(s) may obtaining an image of the surgical site.

Abstract: A method for adjusting the operation of a surgical instrument using machine learning in a surgical suite is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of gathering data during surgical procedures, wherein the surgical procedures include the use of a surgical instrument, analyzing the gathered data to determine an appropriate operational adjustment of the surgical instrument, and adjusting the operation of the surgical instrument to improve the operation of the surgical instrument.

Abstract: A surgery system includes: an imager capturing an image of a treatment target; a display having a screen displaying the image of the treatment target captured by the imager; and a processor configured to control a display area of the treatment target on the screen, wherein the processor is configure to: calculate a position of a resection end section of the treatment target on the basis of the image of the treatment target acquired by the imager; cause the display area of the treatment target to be moved to a position at which the resection end section is disposed at a prescribed reference position on the screen; calculate an orientation of a marking added to the treatment target on the screen; and cause the display area of the treatment target to be rotated to an orientation in which the marking is disposed in a prescribed reference orientation on the screen.

Abstract: A control system of a surgical robotic system, the surgical robotic system comprising a first robot arm and a second robot arm, each of the first and second robot arms comprising a series of joints by which the configuration of that robot arm can be altered, the series of joints extending from a base at a proximal end of the robot arm to an attachment for a surgical instrument at a distal end of the robot arm, the control system being configured to reconfigure the surgical robotic system by: controlling the first robot arm to operate in a surgical mode in which a first surgical instrument attached to that first robot arm is inside a patient's body; and whilst the first robot arm is operating in the surgical mode: (i) controlling the second robot arm so as to permit a second surgical instrument attached to the second robot arm to be inserted into a port in the patient's body; (ii) determining a fulcrum about which the second surgical instrument pivots when the configuration of the second robot arm is altered w

Abstract: A surgical robotic arm includes an instrument having a plurality of cables that are movable longitudinally and an end effector movable by the cables. The surgical robotic arm also includes a drive unit having a plurality of motors each of which is configured to move one of the cables and a plurality of torque sensors, each of which is configured to measure torque output by one of the motors. The surgical robotic arm also includes a controller configured to receive a torque measurement from each of the torque sensors and control each of the motors to apply a minimum torque to maintain a minimum tension on each of the cables based on the torque measurement from each of the torque sensors.

Abstract: A surgical instrument for use with and for selective connection to an instrument drive unit includes an end effector, an instrument drive connector including a plurality of drive assemblies, and a plurality of drive members in mechanical cooperation with the instrument drive connector and the end effector. Each drive assembly of the plurality of drive assemblies includes a drive screw including an elongated threaded body and a drive nut threadedly engaged with the elongated threaded body of the drive screw such that rotation of the drive screw results in longitudinal movement of the drive nut. Each drive member of the plurality of drive members includes a proximal end portion secured to a respective drive nut of one of the plurality of drive assemblies such that longitudinal translation of the respective drive nut causes longitudinal translation of the drive member to drive a function of the end effector.

Abstract: An assembly of a medical device may comprise an elevator configured to raise and lower in order to adjust an orientation of an instrument inserted through a working channel of the medical device. The elevator may include a magnet. The assembly also may include a sensing element configured to measure a magnetic field of the magnet and to output a signal indicative of a configuration of the elevator.

Abstract: A controller for controlling the configuration of a joint in a surgical robot, the joint being driven by a drivetrain which transfers power from a drive source to the joint, wherein the controller is configured to: receive a first input indicating a configuration of the drive source; receive a second input from a first sensor, the second input indicating a measured configuration of the joint in the surgical robot; calculate a value of output torque about the joint using the first input and the second input; and calculate, using the value of output torque, a value of input torque to be applied to the joint in the surgical robot by the drive source.

Abstract: A system for controlling a user interface of a teleoperated surgical system, the system comprises a first master controller communicatively coupled to the teleoperated surgical system; and a display device communicatively coupled to the teleoperated surgical system and configured to display a graphical user interface; and wherein the first master controller is configured to transmit a first input signal to an interface controller, the first input signal caused by manual manipulation of the first master controller, the interface controller to use the first input signal to update a graphical user interface presented by the display device.

Abstract: A powered surgical tool for a user to manipulate a desired tissue in surgical site within a patient may include a body having a tissue manipulation portion powerable and having a manipulation member for manipulating the desired tissue, and a projecting device with an exit port. The projecting device is powerable to emit an optical targeting marker from the exit port in a targeting direction onto the surgical site in a way that is operationally related to the operative direction and is visible to the user for providing information about at least one of a location and an orientation of the manipulation member and an operative direction within the surgical site. An imaging device may be provided to obtaining an image of the surgical site using an optical receiver attached to the body. The device may also measure and/or indicate distance to the surgical site.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tube (100) with a hollow cylindrical elastic base structure (102) for insertion into a blood vessel (200) of a vascular system (202). The tube (100) comprises an outer anisotropic surface structure (104) comprising a geometrical anisotropy between a direction circumferential to the tube and a direction longitudinal to the tube (100). The anisotropic surface structure (104) is configured for establishing an anisotropic friction between the anisotropic surface structure (104) and an inner surface of the blood vessel (200). The anisotropic friction results in a surface propulsion of the tube (100), when the tube (100) is rotated around a central longitudinal body axis (106) of the tube (100). The tube (100) further comprises a magnetic material (108) distributed circumferentially around the tube (100) and configured for establishing within an external magnetic field a rotation of the tube (100) around the central longitudinal body axis (106) of the tube (100).

Abstract: A surgical system is provided comprising: an input device; and a controller for receiving control inputs from the input device and for providing haptic feedback at the input device, the controller configured to apply a staged transition from a first haptic feedback profile at the input device to a second haptic feedback profile at the input device.

Abstract: A drape can be used to cover a display device in a medical environment to create a sterile barrier over the display. The drape includes a front panel and a rear panel. The drape can form first and second top corner pockets and first and second bottom corner pockets. The drape may include a pull tab connected to one or both of the first and second bottom corner pockets. In use, a clinician can position the first and second top corner pockets of the drape over first and second upper corners of the display. The clinician can grasp the pull tab and pull the drape around the bottom edge of the display, positioning the first and second bottom corner pockets of the drape over the first and second bottom corners of the display. This can provide a tight fit between the drape and display for good visualization through the drape.

Abstract: A surgical instrument that can include a proximal control mechanism that includes an opening through which a resilient latch arm is inserted into the proximal control mechanism and engages a locking surface of a fixed latch structure contained within the proximal control mechanism; means for receiving a release tool through an outer periphery of the proximal control mechanism and beyond the opening through which the resilient latch arm enters the proximal control mechanism, the means for receiving the release tool remaining uncovered when the resilient latch arm is attached to the fixed latch structure, and means for providing a fulcrum for the release tool on the outer periphery of the proximal control mechanism such that the release tool can release the surgical instrument by prying the resilient latch arm away from the locking surface of the fixed latch structure using the release tool as a lever.

Abstract: A diagnostic kit tray is provided, which includes a tray body including a plurality of receiving recesses for storing diagnostic kits, and a tray cover coupled to an upper portion of the tray body to prevent foreign substances from penetrating into the receiving recesses, in which the tray body includes a lower plate including a plurality of recesses spaced apart from each other, and a locking member positioned at an edge of the lower plate and including a protrusion and a locking jaw to couple with the tray cover, and the tray cover includes a cover plate including a plurality of seating recesses to receive a portion of the diagnostic kit such that the diagnostic kit can be temporarily stored during use, and a coupling portion including a coupling recess to be coupled to the locking member.

Abstract: A Computer Vision enabled Smart Tray (CVST) is designed for use in medical training, such as for Central Venous Catheterization (CVC). The tray is configured to hold a plurality of medical instruments. A support surface supports the tray with areas that are selectively illuminable, and a sensing system is operable to sense the presence of instruments or supplies in at least some areas of the tray. Background color is used by the computer vision algorithm to distinguish between tools and the tray. In addition, the computer vision algorithm is evaluated for accuracy in tool detection.

Abstract: Provided is a filtering facepiece respirator. The respirator includes a mask body having an anterior side portion, a posterior side portion, a middle portion, a first side portion, a second side portion, a top side portion, a bottom side portion and outer edge portions. The respirator further includes a primary port positioned at the anterior middle portion of the mask body and a detachable primary port adapter which is positioned over and engages the primary port. The respirator may further include an oxygen port and oxygen port adapter and a luer port and luer port adapter.

Abstract: A cranium bracing system includes a strut mount adapter and a bracing strut, wherein the strut mount adapter is adapted to connect the bracing strut to a cranium hole base member which is rigidly connected to a patient's cranium. The strut mount adapter includes a first connecting section with one or more engaging members configured to engage with the correspondingly formed cranium hole base member to fixedly connect the strut mount adapter to the cranium hole base member. The strut mount adapter further includes a second connecting section configured to engage with a correspondingly formed connecting section of the bracing strut to connect the strut mount adapter to the bracing strut, and a passage extending through the strut mount adapter and having a first passage opening at the first connecting section and an opposed second passage opening.