Abstract: In an arithmetic operation system, an evaluation unit calculates a difference amount between a teaching signal and an estimated signal. The teaching signal has a value that is obtained by integrating spatial distribution signals observed by a sensor using emission waves for a spatial structure along a region of interest in an emission wave region in which emission waves are emitted from a plurality of emission reference directions and reach the sensor. The region of interest is a curved line region or a curved surface region intersecting the plurality of emission reference directions. This estimated signal is calculated by integrating a plurality of pieces of estimated density of a plurality of sample points obtained from a spatial estimation model by having a sampling unit input information about a position of each of the plurality of sample points on the region of interest to the spatial estimation model.

Abstract: A system and method of LIDAR imaging to overcome scattering effects pulses a scene with light pulse sequences from a light source. Reflected light from the scene is measured for each light pulse to form a sequence of time-resolved signals. Time-resolved contrast is calculated for each location in a scene. A three-dimensional map or image of the scene is created from the time-resolved contrasts. The three-dimensional map is then utilized to affect operation of a vehicle.

Abstract: Indirect time-of-flight camera systems for operating in multiple optical channels using active modulated light and accompanying methods of operation are provided. In one aspect, the indirect time-of-flight camera system includes first and second modulatable laser sources outputting light of different wavelengths for illuminating a target environment. The camera system further includes a wavelength-selective reflective element designed to reflect the light of a first wavelength and to transmit the light of a second wavelength. The camera system further includes a controller comprising instructions executable to control the camera system to, in a first time period, activate the first modulatable laser source and deactivate the second modulatable laser source, and in a second time period, deactivate the first modulatable laser source and activate the second modulatable laser source.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical system for obtaining 3D spatial information within a spatial region, in particular for detecting 3D information of an object, comprising: a light receiving device (110) comprising at least one light detector, which is alignable or aligned with the spatial region; an optical modulator unit (106) for rotating a polarisation of a light passing through the modulator unit (106); and at least one polarisation filter (111), which is optically connected downstream of the modulator unit; wherein at least one band-pass filter is optically connected downstream of the polarisation filter and/or wherein the modulator unit comprises at least two optical modulators.

Abstract: A vehicle mirror assembly is provided. The vehicle mirror assembly, for example, includes a housing attachable to a vehicle. The vehicle mirror assembly also includes a reflective surface coupled to the housing or covering an opening in the housing. The vehicle mirror assembly further includes a movable sensor coupled to the housing or contained in a space formed by the housing and reflective surface. The vehicle mirror assembly further includes an actuator assembly configured to modify an orientation, a position, or a combination thereof of the movable sensor in response to a control signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and computer program products for operating a lidar system (LS). The methods comprise: receiving result values (RVs) from photodetectors (the RVs based on operations performed by each photodetector to facilitate measurements associated with a light signal reflected off an object external to LS); combining different sets of RVs to generate super pixels; using super pixels to obtain spatiotemporal coherence metrics; selecting a subset of light pulses or a group of RVs based on the spatiotemporal coherence metrics; and detecting a distance between LS and object based on the selected subset of light pulses or the selected group of RVs. The methods enable variable resolution imaging systems in which the resolution of the pixel can be configured to automatically integrate a variable number of spatial and temporal measurements that belong to the same object to improve detection quality rather than using a fixed number of measurements.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods are provided to implement anomaly detection. The method includes a FMCW LIDAR system that steers the laser beam of the LIDAR system via the wavelength tuning of a FMCW. The direction of the laser beam can be diffracted and controlled by the optical grating antennas which may diffract the laser beam as a function of wavelength. The method may also provide a LIDAR sensor with exhibits a controlled and wide-angle fill or output without the use of conventional mechanical mechanisms for scanning. The LIDAR system provides a cost-effective method to reduce scan dimensionality without sacrificing performance.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a respective channel signal from a respective satellite encoded with a pseudorandom number (PN) sequence. The method includes, for the respective channel signal: generating and aggregating intermediate results for a plurality of epochs of a single pseudorandom number (PN) sequence period of the PN sequence, including: for each respective epoch of the plurality of epochs, analyzing samples of the respective channel signal using a discrete Fourier transform (DFT), to produce an intermediate result for the respective epoch; and aggregating the intermediate results for the plurality of epochs to produce a DFT correlation result. The method includes processing the DFT correlation result to produce a code phase correction for the respective channel and, in accordance with the code phase correction, computing position and velocity estimates for the mobile object; and performing a navigation function for the mobile object.

Abstract: An embodiment vehicle includes a signal transmission part configured to transmit a signal for wireless network connection to an outside of a shaded area where a global positioning system (GPS) signal is not received based on the vehicle having entered the shaded area and a positioning part configured to communicate with another vehicle located outside the shaded area and receiving the signal and to calculate a relative position of the vehi

Abstract: A low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite operates to: determine an orbital position of the LEO satellite based on the first signaling and based on precise point positioning (PPP) correction data associated with the constellation of non-LEO navigation satellites, wherein the PPP correction data includes orbital correction data and timing correction data associated with the constellation of non-LEO navigation satellites, and wherein the PPP correction data is received separate from the first signaling; determine, based on the inter-satellite communications, an error condition associated with one of the other LEO navigation satellites of the constellation of LEO navigation satellites; and broadcast a navigation message based on the orbital position, wherein the navigation message includes a timing signal and the orbital position associated with the LEO satellite, correction data associated with the constellation of non-LEO navigation satellites, and an alert signal that indicates the error condition associated with one

Abstract: A positioning terminal includes: a reception unit which receives a first signal from a satellite and a second signal from a signal generator installed in a structure; and a control unit which, on the basis of a comparison result between a distance between a first positioning result acquired from the first signal and a second positioning result acquired from the second signal and the positioning accuracy of the second positioning result, outputs either the first positioning result or the second positioning result.

Abstract: A method for the GNSS-based localization of a vehicle includes (a) receiving GNSS satellite signals from at least one GNSS satellite and determining GNSS localization data using the received GNSS satellite signals, (b) receiving 5G signals and determining 5G localization data using the received 5G signals, and (c) evaluating the GNSS localization data using the 5G-localization data in order to identify possible impairments of GNSS satellite signals.

Abstract: An X-ray detector (100) includes a pixelated array (110) of X-ray detector elements (130i,j) configured to determine detection times of received X-ray quanta from detection events representing the received X-ray quanta; and a processor (120) estimates an amount of scattered X-ray quanta received by the X-ray detector elements (130i,j) based on a count of pairs of detection events detected within a predetermined time interval of each other by adjacent X-ray detector elements (130i,j, 130i,j(a . . . h)) in the pixelated array (110).

Abstract: A single photon radiation detector is designed for a particular radiation source fluence, such that an incident radiation photon strikes a scintillator monolith, creating scintillation photons, which are amplified by appropriately sized channels of photomultipliers optically coupled to the scintillator monolith. The photomultiplier output is electronically shaped into a corresponding stream of scintillation pulses (otherwise referred to as scintillation photons) that pass through a comparator to produce a bitstream of the detected scintillation photons, which is sampled into a field programmable gate array (FPGA) acting as a giga-sample transceiver to produce time-to-digital conversions, capable of producing an output data stream of 10's-of-giga-samples per second or more. Appropriate design ensures sparsity of scintillation photon arrival, so that each photon in the bitstream corresponds to a single incident scintillation photon.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a radiation detector module including a sensor component and a heat dissipation component includes arranging a reactive multilayer system between the sensor component and the heat dissipation component. The sensor component and the heat dissipation component are brought together. The reactive multilayer system is activated for creating an RMS connection between the sensor component and the heat dissipation component. A radiation detector module manufactured with this method, as well as a radiation detector with such radiation detector modules and an imaging system, and also a replacement part for a radiation detector module are also provided.

Abstract: An in-core detector configured to measure a power distribution in a nuclear reactor is disclosed herein. The in-core detector includes a housing configured to be placed within a predetermined location of the nuclear reactor and a plurality of a gamma detectors. Each gamma detector of the plurality of gamma detectors includes a Schottky diode including an active semiconductor region and a Schottky contact, an Ohmic contact, a photoelectron source material configured to transfer electrons to the active region upon contact with gamma radiation, and a first and second lead. The plurality of gamma detectors are positioned within the housing such that each gamma detector of the plurality of gamma detectors is radially offset relative to an adjacent gamma detector of the plurality of gamma detectors, such that the first and second leads of each gamma detector are offset relative to the first and second leads of the adjacent gamma detector.

Abstract: A positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is provided having a plurality of detector subsystems, including processing circuitry to determine, for each detector subsystem of the plurality of detector subsystems, a singles count loss correction factor of the detector subsystem; determine, for each detector subsystem pair of a plurality of pairs of the detector subsystems, a coincidence count loss correction factor for the detector subsystem pair; calculate a scanner coincidence count loss correction factor for the PET scanner based on the coincidence count loss correction factors determined for the plurality of pairs of the detector subsystems; and reconstruct an image based on the calculated scanner count loss correction factor and scan data acquired from a scan of a patient performed using the PET scanner.

Abstract: A detector module is provided that can be used as part of a time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) system. The detector module comprises a plurality of emitter elements, each emitter element including an emitter composed of a substance that produces scintillation light and/or Cherenkov radiation in response to gamma photons and, coupled to each of two opposing ends of the emitter, a plurality of photodetectors. The height or thickness of the emitters between their coupled photodetectors is less than 20 mm (e.g., 5-15 mm). The photomultipliers may be silicon photomultipliers or SiPMs that have surface areas less than approximately 9 mm2. Due to the quantity of photodetectors, their operating locations at both ends of each emitter, and the relative thinness of the emitters, the emitter elements and the detector module provide a timing resolution better (lower) than 100 ps full width at half maximum.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides devices, systems, and methods for time correction. The device may include a first time measurement component configured to measure a receiving time of a valid signal; a correction component configured to collect correction information for correcting the receiving time of the valid signal; and a processing device configured to determine a corrected receiving time of the valid signal by correcting the receiving time of the valid signal based on the correction information.

Abstract: Systems and methods for utility pole localization employing a DFOS/DAS interrogator located at one end of an optical sensor fiber remotely capture dynamic strains on the optical sensor fiber induced by acoustic events. A captured two-dimensional spatiotemporal map in an ambient noisy environment is analyzed by a trained machine learning model which then automatically detects an area in which a pole is located without requiring domain knowledge. Original DFOS/DAS signals are separated into pole regions and non-pole region time series for machine learning model training. A contrastive loss function measures similarities between low-frequency and high-frequency features. A Gaussian distribution is applied to the original signals to generate weighted labels to eliminate effects of label noise. The machine learning model fuses low-frequency and high-frequency features in the frequency domain for pole region classification.

Abstract: A method for forming an image of a subterranean region of interest, using an observed seismic dataset, a seismic velocity model and a simulated seismic dataset based in part, on the seismic velocity model is provided. This method includes forming trace pairs from the simulated and observed seismic dataset, wherein each of the trace pairs comprises of an observed trace and a simulated trace. An objective function is formed based on a penalty function and a phase cross-correlation between the observed and simulated seismic trace of each of the trace pairs. This method further includes determining an extremum of the objective function and a seismic velocity increment based on the extremum. The seismic velocity model is updated by combining the seismic velocity increment and the seismic velocity model and the image of the subterranean region of interest is formed based in part, on the seismic velocity model.

Abstract: A method is described for seismic amplitude analysis that uses a set of artificial and individually separable reflectors consistent with dip fields in the subsurface volume of interest to define an AVA basis functions; the AVA basis functions are used in true-3D AVA modeling and true-3D AVA inversion. The inversion result and well logs representative of the subsurface volume of interest are used to train a model to create a rock property prediction model. The method may apply the rock property prediction model to a second seismic image to generate a rock property volume. The method is executed by a computer system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to geophysics, and more particularly processing of seismic data for analysis and interpretation. A computer implemented method for extracting or estimating rock properties from seismic traces is disclosed. This method assists in understanding the interpretation of post-stack and pre-stack seismic data by predicting density and velocity.

Abstract: A method includes receiving observed seismic data, determining an envelope or magnitude of the observed seismic data as a first observed value, generating a variable noise term based in part upon the first observed value, and utilizing the variable noise term to determine a likelihood function of a stochastic inversion operation. The method also includes utilizing the likelihood function to generate a posterior probability distribution in conjunction with the stochastic inversion operation and applying the posterior probability distribution to characterize a subsurface region of Earth.

Abstract: A method for predicting a size range of a lost circulation channel based on deep learning (DL) is provided. The method includes the following steps: S1: acquiring data of the lost circulation channel, and establishing a prediction dataset of the size range of the lost circulation channel; S2: preprocessing the prediction dataset of the size range of the lost circulation channel, and determining the size range of the lost circulation channel; S3: establishing a prediction model for the size range of the lost circulation channel; and S4: optimizing the prediction model for the size range of the lost circulation channel, and predicting the size range of the lost circulation channel. The method overcomes the shortcomings of conventional methods, for example, the prediction value of the size of the downhole lost circulation channel is single, inaccurate and not real-time.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a system and a method for evaluating an urban ground stability using traffic noise, which derive a physical property (S wave velocity) according to a depth by performing an inversion for a surface wave dispersion curve generated by traffic vibration in order to more accurately derive an underground physical property value (S wave velocity). In order to achieve the object, a system for evaluating an urban ground stability using traffic noise according to the present invention includes: a signal measurement unit measuring a passive elastic wave signal generated by the traffic noise, and acquiring an elastic wave signal containing refracted waves using an artificial transmission source in an exploration area; and a server performing an inversion by applying a surface wave dispersion curve inversion technique to a frequency-phase velocity dispersion curve according to the passive elastic wave signal or the elastic wave signal containing the refracted wave.

Abstract: A method may include determining various migrated azimuthal dip-angle gathers based on a migration function and seismic data from a seismic survey regarding a geological region of interest. The method may further include determining various partial dip-angle images using the migrated azimuthal dip-angle gathers. The method may further include determining various azimuthal bins that include the partial dip-angle images. The method may further include determining various wavefield components using an independent component analysis (ICA) function and the partial dip-angle images among the azimuthal bins. The method may further include determining a geological feature within the geological region of interest using the wavefield components.

Abstract: Method for source localization for cable cut prevention using distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS)/distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is described that is robust/immune to underground propagation speed uncertainty. The method estimates the location of a vibration source while considering any uncertainty of vibration propagation speed and formulates the localization as an optimization problem, and both location of the sources and the propagation speed are treated as unknown. This advantageously enables our method to adapt to variances of the velocity and produce a better generalized performance with respect to environmental changes experienced in the field. Our method operates using a DFOS system and AI techniques as an integrated solution for vibration source localization along an entire optical sensor fiber cable route and process real-time DFOS data and extract features that are related to a location of a source of vibrations that may threaten optical fiber facilities.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method and a system for acquiring seismic data of a four-component ocean bottom node (OBN). The method is implemented by the system, comprising controlling installations of a plurality of ocean bottom submerged buoys and a plurality of four-component OBN seismic data acquisition instruments and sending positioning signals and timing signals to the plurality of ocean bottom submerged buoys through armored opto-electronic composite cables. The method also includes obtaining real-time and uninterrupted water temperature data, pressure data, density data, and salt saturation data along the armored opto-electronic composite cables from the ocean surface to locations of the plurality of ocean bottom submerged buoys, and calculating real-time and three-dimensional data of waters of a whole measurement work area through interpolation.

Abstract: A method includes drilling a wellbore into a subsurface using a drill bit and, for each of a plurality of depths of the drill bit in the wellbore, detecting, at each of a plurality of receiver stations located along a fiber optic cable disposed behind a casing string within the wellbore, a seismic signal created by the drill bit drilling the wellbore, sending an optical signal generated by the detection of the seismic signal from each of the plurality of receiver stations to an interrogator, sorting, using a computer processor, the optical signals by receiver station, and determining, using the computer processor, a seismic velocity using first breaks picked from the sorted optical signals.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment, a well inspection method and system is disclosed. The method includes transmitting an acoustic signal from a well inspection tool into a casing structure, receiving return signals from the casing structure to the well inspection tool, performing, using at least one processor associated with the well inspection tool, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on a plurality of frequencies of the return signals to generate spectrogram data, determining entropy spectra from the spectrogram data, and determining casing loadings associated with the casing structure based at least in part on the entropy spectra.

Abstract: A transient electromagnetic device with variable shape and turns includes squares, a transmitting coil carrying frame, a transmitting coil, a turns-variable device, a current generator and a working power supply. The transmitting coil carrying frame is arranged inside the transmitting coil; the transmitting coil carrying frame is configured as a carrier of the transmitting coil, and configured for adjusting a side length of the transmitting coil and a shape of the transmitting coil; the square is configured for clamping and connecting the transmitting coil and the transmitting coil carrying frame to fix the transmitting coil to the transmitting coil carrying frame. The current generator is configured for generating transient current; the turns-variable device is configured for changing the turns of the transmitting coil; and the transmitting coil is configured for transmitting the transient current to a target area to be measured.

Abstract: Method, techniques, and apparatus of providing obscured feature detection. The disclosed embodiments provide an obscured feature detector to be placed on a surface to detect an obscured feature obscured by the surface, the obscured feature detector having a plurality of sensor plates arranged in an array. Measurements, via a sensing circuit, of capacitance readings sensed by the sensor plates in a plurality of regions are taken, each region corresponding to an area surrounding one or more of the at least three sensor plates. A comparison is made of the sensed capacitance readings in different regions using a controller coupled to the sensing circuit. The controller identifies an edge of the obscured feature and a centerline of the obscured feature, based on the comparison of the sensed capacitance readings. The controller activates an edge indicator to indicate proximity to the edge of the obscured feature and a centerline indicator to indicate the centerline of the obscured feature.

Abstract: An estimation device collects sensor data representing a change in a load along a time series as a change in a voltage value from a sensor that generates a voltage when a load applied to an area changes, and estimates a matter related to a measurement target passing through a predetermined area by using sensor data collected from the sensor installed in the predetermined area.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for experimentally determining a critical sand-carrying gas velocity of a shale gas well. The method includes: collecting well structure and production data, calculating parameter ranges of a gas flow velocity and a liquid flow velocity; carrying out a physical simulation experiment of sand carrying in the shale gas well to obtain the sand holding capacity of the wellbore under different experimental conditions, and calculating a sand holding rate; by observing a change curve of the sand holding rate of the wellbore vs. the gas flow velocity, defining a turning point, and sensitively analyzing the influence of other experimental variables on the turning point, to calculate the critical sand-carrying production of the shale gas well under different conditions. Therefore, this calculation method is simple and applicable, and provides a theoretical basis for the optimization design of water drainage and gas production process.

Abstract: A method may include receiving a core description comprising a plurality of lithofacies and at least one sequence boundary, generating a depositional ordering model of the plurality of lithofacies from the core description, and using the depositional ordering model to construct a 2D depositional model of a horizontal arrangement of the plurality of lithofacies.

Abstract: The disclosure includes systems and methods for receiving a location; determine a hail size associated with the location using a first hail model; determine a hail frequency associated with the location using a first hail frequency model; obtain first feature data associated with the location, the first feature data including the hail size associated with the location, the hail frequency associated with the location, and data describing a first set of features at the location; determine a damage frequency associated with the location by applying a first damage frequency model to the first feature data; obtain second feature data associated with the location, the second feature data including data describing a second set of features at the location; and determine a damage severity associated with the location by applying a first damage severity model to the second feature data.

Abstract: The disclosure includes systems and methods for identifying, using one or more processors, a plurality of properties, including the first set of properties that experienced hail damage and the second set of properties that did not experience hail damage; determining, using the one or more processors, a location and the first set of features for each property in the plurality of properties; training, using the one or more processors, a first damage frequency model; and validating, using the one or more processors, the first damage frequency model.

Abstract: An image capture apparatus comprises a focal plane array and a filter device. The focal plane array comprises a plurality of detectors and the filter device is coupled with and covering the focal plane array. The filter device comprises at least one set of spectral filters, comprising at least a first spectral filter, which comprising a first wavelength range, and a second spectral filter, which comprises a second wavelength range that is different from the first wavelength range. The filter device also comprises a plurality of polarization channels, each having a polarization value that is different than the polarization value of any other of the plurality of polarization channels. The filter device further comprises a plurality of sounding filters, each operable within a spectral wavelength range and each configured to determine a characterization of atmospheric conditions.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to humidity sensitive nano-photonics and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly to humidity sensitive nano-photonics including a metasurface and a method for manufacturing the same. The humidity sensitive nano-photonics and the manufacturing method thereof according to an embodiment of the present disclosure include a metasurface that are capable of expanding and contracting depending on changes in the relative humidity of the surrounding environment, and have the advantage of being easily manufactured, mass-produced at low cost, capable of effectively adjusting the phase and intensity of light, and applicable to various materials and various shapes of surfaces as well.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are provided for imaging with a meta-lens. For instance, a process can include receiving light at a first substrate, the first substrate comprising a first meta-lens; receiving a first portion of the light at a second substrate, the second substrate including an optical sensor, wherein: the optical sensor is directly covered by a solid covering, and the first substrate is mechanically coupled to the second substrate such that the solid covering is between the first substrate and the second substrate; and receiving, by the optical sensor and through the solid covering, at least a second portion of the light focused by the first meta-lens.

Abstract: A method for designing a metasurface is provided. The method may include selecting a first metamaterial structure of a plurality of metamaterial structures of the metasurface; generating a forward light propagation model for the first metamaterial structure; generating a reciprocal light propagation model for the first metamaterial structure using a light manipulation function for the metasurface; determining a first electromagnetic response difference between the forward light propagation model and the reciprocal light propagation model; and determining a first property range of the first metamaterial structure such that the first electromagnetic response difference is optimized.

Abstract: A display system according to an embodiment includes: an image projector including at least one optical member; a screen including at least one optical member; and a peripheral device. The at least one optical member of the image projector and the at least one optical member of the screen include a metamaterial member having a negative refractive index.

Abstract: A package for protecting a light sensitive material is disclosed. The package includes an optical film including a plurality of polymeric layers. For a substantially normally incident light, an optical transmittance of the optical film versus wavelength includes a band edge separating a first wavelength range including at least wavelengths from about 360 nm to about 400 nm from a second wavelength range including at least wavelengths from about 520 nm to about 680 nm. The optical film has an average optical transmittance of less than about 15% in the first wavelength range and an average optical transmittance of greater than about 70% in the second wavelength range.

Abstract: In some implementations, an optical element comprises a glass substrate, a dark mirror coating disposed on a first surface of the glass substrate, and a lens disposed on a second surface of the glass substrate. An aperture is formed in the dark mirror coating, and the aperture is aligned with the lens. The optical element is a monolithic optical element.

Abstract: An optical device includes a substrate and an optical layer disposed on the substrate. In some implementations, a surface of the substrate that forms an interface with the optical layer is non-planar, and an overall surface area of the interface is greater than if the surface of the substrate were planar. Adhesion of the optical layer to the substrate can, at least in some cases, be improved by the higher surface area of the interface.

Abstract: An optical lens is provided, including a substrate and multiple phase delay structures. The phase delay structures are disposed on the substrate in an array. Each of the phase delay structures is circular, and includes a center of circle and multiple microstructures. Distances D between the two adjacent microstructures of each of the phase delay structures in a radial direction of the center of circle are the same, and at least two of the phase delay structures among the phase delay structures have the different distances D.

Abstract: A metalens including a transparent substrate and lenses is provided. The lenses are located on the transparent substrate. Each of the lenses includes first columnar microstructures continuously arranged along a first direction and second columnar microstructures continuously arranged along a second direction. A pitch of the first columnar microstructure is different from a pitch of the second columnar microstructure.

Abstract: Optical or light diffusers (or, simply, “diffusers”) designed and manufactured to include numerous facets arranged in cells or sets in which the planar faces or outward-facing surfaces have orientations and transmission angles (as may be defined by direction cosines of normal) to redirect received light to a region or portion of a predefined light distribution. A method of designing or defining the facets of the diffuser is also provides as are methods of manufacturing the diffusers and apparatus or products that include the new diffusers (such as microdisplays and lighting components). The diffusers are optically designed to produce a user-specified distribution of light. The diffusers can be engineered through the configuration of the facets on its front or outer surface (light transmission surface) to produce nearly any type of light distribution or shape, and the diffuser design facilitates their manufacture using extrusion processes as well as other fabrication techniques.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lens, comprising a container (100) defining a volume (V) which is filled with a transparent liquid (2), wherein the container (10) comprises a transparent and elastically deformable membrane (20) and a rigid member (30), wherein the membrane (20) and the rigid member (30) delimit said volume (V), and a lens shaping element (200) that contacts the membrane (20) and defines an area (21) of said membrane (20), which area (21) has an adjustable curvature for adjusting the focal length of the lens (1). According to the invention, the lens (1) is configured to compensate a thermal expansion of the liquid (2) and/or a change of the refractive index of the liquid (2) due to an increased temperature of the liquid (2) in order to reduce an unwanted thermally induced change of the focal length of the lens (1).