Abstract: A computer-implemented method for determining a reference proteomic profile of a pathological condition in a subject, comprising steps of: label free quantification of the relative protein abundances of a tissue sample from at least one subject for which a diagnosis of a pathological condition of said tissue has been previously established, said sample containing non-pathological and pathological tissue, determining the proteomic profile of said sample by calculating the ratio of the relative abundances, for each protein, of said protein in the pathological tissue with respect to said protein in the non-pathological tissue, determining a reference proteomic profile for the previously diagnosed pathological condition, by means of a statistical test established between at least two groups of subjects.

Abstract: Epileptic seizures are difficult to diagnose and are often difficult to distinguish from several conditions with similar presentations, and therefore, diagnosis of seizures is often a long, expensive, and unreliable process. This invention provides biomarkers for identifying seizures and epilepsy, assays for measuring and assessing biomarker concentration, predictive models based on biomarkers and computational systems for detecting, assessing and diagnosing phasic and tonic changes associated with seizures and epilepsy in all clinical and healthcare settings. Diagnostic and treatment methods, systems, kits, and predictive models provided herein, provide quantitative and/or qualitative assessment in order to allow patients to proceed immediately to diagnostic and/or treatment protocols, and assess therapeutic treatment effectiveness.

Abstract: Disclosed are approaches for analyzing a two-dimensional (2D) dot plot, without human intervention, to identify conditions in a hematology sample. The analyses operate to provide indications of left shift and/or small-pathologic red blood cells based on spatial distribution of one or more groups of dots in the 2D dot plot. Spatial distribution of a group of white blood cell dots is analyzed to provide an indication of left shift. Spatial distribution of a group of red blood cell dots is analyzed to provide an indication of presence of small-pathologic red blood cells.

Abstract: A method of detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biomarkers in a sample from a human subject by detecting hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers in the sample. The HCC biomarkers can include Tetracosanoic Acid, Heptadecanoic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, or Docosapentaenoic Acid. Optionally, the HCC biomarkers can further include osteopontin (OPN) and/or alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The sample is a sample of a bodily fluid obtained from a human subject. The subject can be a healthy patient, a patient suspected of having a liver disorder, a patient previously diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, or a patient previously diagnosed with liver fibrosis.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an apparatus for high throughput analysis of samples and a method of making an assay card and performing an assay using the apparatus. The apparatus can include a transporter to position and advance a first plate of the QMAX card, a first dispenser to deposit a sample on the first plate, a second dispenser to dispense a reagent to contact the sample, a press to compress the sample between the first and second plates of the QMAX card into a uniformly thick layer, and an imager to image the uniformly thick layer.

Abstract: Provided are methods and systems that relate to configuring a diagnostic analyzer. The diagnostic analyzer may receive an identifier from a dual design test cartridge. The parameter module disposed within the diagnostic analyzer may determine parameters corresponding to the received test cartridge identifier.

Abstract: A rack and lid for specimen containers is disclosed. The rack can include a top portion, a support, and a top portion. The top portion can include one or more clips configured to receive a specimen container. The rack can be configured to prevent the specimen containers from shifting and/or being damaged during transit. Other embodiments are disclosed herein.

Abstract: A transport system for transport of specimens in a medical or chemical analysis laboratory. The system includes a transport track predefining travel paths, and at least one self-propelled transport carriage configured to moving along the travel paths. The carriage has a specimen receptacle, four wheels driven by an electric motor, an electrical energy store for providing power to a motor drive, and a motor drive controller. The carriage wheels are arranged on two axes aligned parallel to one another, with only the wheels of a first axle being driven. Each wheel of the driven axle is connected to a dedicated electric motor drive and is driven at a rotational speed individually predefined by the controller. Longitudinal grooves are routed along the travel paths in the transport track and a guide projection protruding from the underside of the carriage engages in the longitudinal grooves.

Abstract: An anemometer (10) for measuring wind speeds includes a housing (16) and/or frame. A shaft (20) is mounted such that it can rotate in a bearing of the housing (16) and/or frame. Wind capturing means (14) are arranged on the shaft (20), said wind capturing means (14) setting the shaft (20) to rotate in the wind. Detecting means (43) detect the rotational speed (?) of the shaft (20). Issuing means (49) are also provided for issuing the detected rotational speed (?).

Abstract: The MEMS device is formed by a substrate and a movable structure suspended on the substrate. The movable structure has a first mass, a second mass and a first elastic group mechanically coupled between the first and the second masses. The first elastic group is compliant along a first direction. The first mass is configured to move with respect to the substrate along the first direction. The MEMS device also has a second elastic group mechanically coupled between the substrate and the movable structure and compliant along the first direction; and an anchoring control structure fixed to the substrate, capacitively coupled to the second mass and configured to exert an electrostatic force on the second mass along the first direction.

Abstract: An atomic force microscopy transitional tapping method for surface imaging.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacturing one or more needles of a probe card by refining and processing a conductive body that extends from the probe card to form a respective tip at the end of the respective conductive body. Forming the respective tip of a respective needle includes removing respective portions from the end of the conductive body by flowing an electrolytic fluid between a conductive pattern structure and an end of the respective conductive body. Removing the respective portions with the flow of the electrons may be performed in multiple successive steps to form various needles with various sizes, shapes, and profiles (e.g., cylindrical, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, etc.).

Abstract: A testing head apt to verify the operation of a device under test integrated on a semiconductor wafer includes a plurality of contact elements, each including a body that extends between a first end portion and a second end portion, and a guide provided with a plurality of guide holes apt to house the contact elements. The guide includes a conductive portion that includes and electrically connects the holes of a group of guide holes to each other and is apt to contact a corresponding group of contact elements apt to carry a same type of signal.

Abstract: Ground reference lead for measuring high frequency electrical signals using a probe head. The ground reference lead comprises a flexible body, a probe socket arranged on a probe end of the flexible body, a ground socket arranged on a ground end of the flexible body, an electrical contact pathway that electrically connects the probe socket and the ground socket and that extends at least partially within the flexible body, and a resistor that is electrically arranged in the electrical contact pathway.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pogo pin cooling system and a pogo pin cooling method and an electronic device testing apparatus having the system. The system uses a cooling fluid supply module for the cooling of the pogo pin, and the cooling fluid may be either a coolant or a cooling gas. When an electronic device is accommodated in the chip socket, the cooling fluid supply module supplies a cooling fluid into the chip socket through the cooling fluid supply channel and the inlet, and the cooling fluid passes through the pogo pins and then flows into the cooling fluid discharge channel through the outlet. In the present invention, the cooling fluid is mainly used to cool not only the pogo pins in the chip socket but also the bottom surface of the electronic device and the solder ball contacts on the bottom surface.

Abstract: The current disclosure relates to the design of an apparatus for enhancing the operation and reliability of high-power multi-chip modules, which are used in the design and implementation of power electronics converters. This apparatus is especially useful for modules containing recently-commercialized, high-performance wide band-gap semiconductors such as Silicon Carbide (SiC), which commonly emit undesirable high-frequency ringing and oscillation in the “Near-RF” spectral band between 1-30 MHz. The disclosed apparatus provides near-complete elimination of this high frequency spectral content, while leaving the desired frequency range (1-100 kHz) of the module unaffected. In addition to the suppression of this undesirable high-frequency content, the disclosed apparatus also provides for accurate, galvanically-isolated, high-bandwidth, real-time current measurement, which is essential for some types of power electronics converters.

Abstract: An electric circuit arrangement and to a measuring method for the galvanically separate, AC/DC-sensitive residual-current measurement, the measuring method including registering a residual current (Id) by means of a measuring current transformer having a toroid and precisely one secondary winding; supplying power to the secondary winding and generating a time-modulated, binary measuring signal (V) having a corresponding dwell time (Th, T1) in a first state (S1) and a second state (S2) by means of a driver circuit having an oscillation circuit; evaluating the dwell times (Th, T1) by means of a computing unit and outputting a residual-current measured value (Im, I'm) by a data interface, wherein the driver circuit having the oscillation circuit forms an integral structural unit in the form of a driver module, which is supplied with a shared, unipolar operating voltage (Ub) by a power-supply device together with the computing unit.

Abstract: A sensor device includes a silicon substrate having an active surface; a first sensing area disposed near a first edge of the active surface of the silicon substrate such that the first sensing area has at least one first magnetic sensing element is made of a first compound semiconductor material and contact pads; and a second sensing area disposed near a second edge of the active surface of the silicon substrate, such that the second edge is substantially opposite to the first edge, such that the second sensing area has at least one second magnetic sensing element made of a second compound semiconductor material and contact pads. A processing circuit is disposed of in the silicon substrate and is electrically connected via wire bonds and/or a redistribution layer with the contact pads of the first and second sensing areas.

Abstract: A server learns inference information for inferring a voltage difference value between a first battery and a second battery, and a vehicle communicates with the server. The vehicle includes: a low-voltage DC-DC converter (LDC); a first battery; a second battery; a battery equalizer (BEQ); a memory; and a processor configured to obtain output difference value between an output value of the LDC and an output value of the BEQ, obtain the voltage difference value corresponding to the obtained output difference value based on the inference information, and determine a charge time of the first battery and the second battery based on the obtained voltage difference value and a reference value.

Abstract: Output buffer diagnostic circuits for monitoring a sensor output buffer include a duplicate resistive network corresponding to a resistive network in the monitored sensor output buffer. The duplicate resistive network may include the same or similar topology as the output buffer resistive network. The duplicate resistive network is configured to produce a differential duplicate signal indicative of when an error condition exits in the sensor output buffer. The diagnostic circuit can include averaging circuitry configured to receive the differential duplicate signal and produce an average duplicate signal. The diagnostic circuit can include an error comparison circuit configured to receive the average duplicate signal and detect when the average duplicate signal exceeds a nominal or preset error value corresponding to an error condition in the sensor output buffer. The error comparison circuit is configured to produce an error indication when the average duplicate signal exceeds the preset error value.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for analyzing an electrical load include: receiving household electricity consumption data and household characteristic data of a user from a client device; selecting an electricity consumption analysis model according to household environment data of the user, and generating an electricity consumption tracking list according to a plurality of feature data of the household electricity consumption data and the household characteristic data via the electricity consumption analysis model; and transmitting the electricity consumption tracking list to the client device. An apparatus for modeling an electrical load includes: receiving a plurality of household electricity consumption data and of household characteristic data from client devices; and generating a plurality of electricity consumption analysis models according to the plurality of household electricity consumption data and the plurality of household characteristic data of the plurality of users.

Abstract: A test and measurement instrument, such as an oscilloscope, having a Nyquist frequency lower than an analog bandwidth, the test and measurement instrument having an input configured to receive a signal under test having a repeating pattern, a single analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the signal under test and sample the signal under test over a plurality of repeating patterns at a sample rate, and one or more processors configured to determine a frequency of the signal under test and reconstruct the signal under test based on the determined frequency of the signal, the pattern length of the signal under test, and/or the sample rate without a trigger.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a six-port circuit, a delay device, and a computing device, wherein the delay device is adapted to divide an input signal into a first input signal and a second input signal, to delay the first input signal by a first delay time, wherein, for example, a first delayed input signal is obtained, to delay the second input signal by a second delay time, wherein, for example, a second delayed input signal is obtained, the second delay time being different from the first delay time, wherein the delay device is adapted to output the first delayed input signal to a first input of the six-port circuit, and to output the second delayed input signal to a second input of the six-port circuit, wherein the computing device is adapted to determine a first quantity characterizing a frequency of the input signal in dependence on at least one output signal of the six-port circuit.

Abstract: A fault detection circuit according to the present disclosure includes a plurality of phase difference detection circuits configured to generate phase difference measurement signals having a pulse width corresponding to a magnitude of a phase difference between two of drive signals of different phases among a plurality of drive signals, a plurality of smoothing circuits configured to smooth the phase difference measurement signals, which have been associated with the smoothing circuits, respectively, in advance, and output phase difference detection voltages each having a voltage value corresponding to the magnitude of the phase difference; and an error detection circuit configured to compare the plurality of phase difference detection voltages and switch abnormality detection signals from a disabled state to an enabled state when there is the phase difference detection voltage having a voltage value exceeding a preset tolerance range.

Abstract: A method of measuring a fuse resistance includes steps as follows. A predetermined voltage value of a force voltage on a common ground (CGND) bus electrically connected to at least one fuse element, a first current value of a measured current through the CGND bus in a first condition, and a second current value of another measured current through the CGND bus in a second condition are preloaded. The second current value is subtracted from the first current value, so as to get a subtracted current value, thereby removing a value of a leakage current through the CGND bus. The predetermined voltage value is divided by the subtracted current value to equal the fuse resistance of the at least one fuse element.

Abstract: A method for achieving terminal-pair definition of four-terminal-pair (4TP) impedance and an application thereof are provided, which belongs to the field of precision measurement and metrology. A current output terminal of a two-stage follower is connected to a high current terminal of impedance through a coaxial line, and a voltage output terminal of the two-stage follower is connected to a high voltage terminal of the impedance through the coaxial line, which makes current of the high voltage terminal be 0, and core wire currents and outer wire currents of the high current terminal equal and reverse. The terminal-pair definition of the 4TP impedance can be satisfied; and the follower is added to make a bridge ratio variable and isolate effects of bridge load changes, thereby accelerating a balancing speed of the 4TP impedance bridge, and achieving accurate and fast comparative measurement having high precision of the 4TP AC impedance.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for measuring physical properties of hairpin coils, which includes a current sensor configured to apply a current for each frequency to a material of a hairpin coil to measure an induced current applied to the material, and a measurement processor configured to measure physical properties of the material by measuring an impedance of the material with the induced current measured by the current sensor and applying the impedance to a model established in the material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of measuring earth ground resistance. The method comprises the steps of: Performing an earth ground resistance measurement by means of an earth ground measurement device, thereby obtaining measurement data, Gathering the measurement data via at least two different channels of the earth ground measurement device such that multiple measurements are performed at once, wherein each channel is configured to perform an earth ground resistance measurement, and Uploading the measurement data automatically to a remote processing module separately formed with respect to the earth ground measurement device. Further, a system for measuring earth ground resistance is described.

Abstract: A fault detection circuit according to the present disclosure includes a rectangular pulse comparison circuit configured to generate, for each combination of the pulse width modulated signals, detection signals each indicating a difference component between pulse widths of two pulse width modulated signals having phases adjacent to each other, and a fault diagnosis unit configured to detect a fault in an inverter based on a shift in a combination of logic levels of a plurality of the detection signals output by the rectangular pulse comparison circuit from a preset determination value. The fault diagnosis unit uses the determination value that is different for each motor rotation angle assuming in advance that two alternating-current signals having phases adjacent to each other among the three-phase alternating-current signals have the same voltage.

Abstract: A tow electrical tester includes a housing having a socket defining positions for at least four electrical connections between a towing vehicle and a towed vehicle, with the preferred embodiment shown having seven such socket positions. A plurality of indicator LEDs are exposed on a distal end of the housing. An electrical circuit within the housing connects each LED in a circuit branch between a common/ground socket position and one of the other socket positions. The electrical circuit includes a primary series resistor within the housing arranged in series for each LED, which protects the LED and adjusts the forward voltage across the LED. For at least some of the circuit branches, a secondary parallel resistor is added within the housing arranged in parallel with the associated primary series resistor and indicator LED, thereby increasing current draw within that branch to meet the requirements of “trailer present” detection circuits.

Abstract: A system for detecting a fault type and faulted phase in a power grid includes a controller and a relay. The relay is configured to monitor a line of the power grid and generate a monitoring signal. The controller may be configured to determine, in response to the monitoring signal received from the relay, sequence voltages and sequence currents in the line. The controller may further determine, in response to the sequence voltages and sequence currents, an absence or a presence of a weak-infeed condition in the line. The controller may further determine, in response to the monitoring signal and the absence or the presence of the weak-infeed condition, a first plane sequence signature and a second plane sequence signature. The controller may further determine a fault type and faulted phase in the power grid in response to the first plane sequence signature and the second plane sequence signature.

Abstract: A device having a pulse catching function for detecting fault test pulses in an electrical power distribution network in response to a fault. The device includes one or more sensors for measuring current and/or voltage, where the device detects the pulses by loss of voltage followed by identifying one or more of a peak current magnitude of the pulses being greater than a predetermined current value, a pulse duration of the pulses being greater than a predetermined time, a predetermined interval between consecutive pulses and a presence of a pulse/inverse pulse sequence.

Abstract: A composite intermediary device using vertical probe for wafer testing, comprising: a printed circuit board, a glass interposer and a vertical probe set; wherein the printed circuit board has printed circuit connected with a measuring apparatus, the glass interposer has multiple contact pads connected with the printed circuit, and then the probes of the vertical probe set are against the contact pads of the glass interposer and the bumps of the device under test. By a fine pitch configuration of the printed circuit and the contact pads of the glass interposer, the present invention achieves the requirements of synchronous and interleaved testing of multiple ICs.

Abstract: A system includes at least one electrical component. A method of monitoring reliability of the system includes receiving input data including electrical characteristics of the at least one electrical component. The method includes processing the input data using a stored thermal model representing heat transfer for the at least one electrical component to determine temperature information of the at least one electrical component. The method includes monitoring the reliability of the system using the determined temperature information.

Abstract: A current mirror circuit generates test currents supplied to a first output pin and a second output pin. The current mirror circuit includes first to sixth transistors and first to fifth switches. The first switch and the second switch are turned on in a first mode requiring a large amount of test current and turned off in a second mode requiring a small amount of a first test current and a second test current.

Abstract: Provided are a wafer-type measuring apparatus capable of accurately measuring the magnetic flux density in a process chamber without opening the process chamber, and a magnetic flux density measuring method using the wafer-type measuring apparatus. The wafer-type measuring apparatus includes a wafer-type substrate, magnetic flux density sensors disposed on the wafer-type substrate and configured to measure a magnetic flux density, a power supply disposed on the substrate and configured to supply power to the magnetic flux density sensors, a microcontroller unit (MCU) disposed on the substrate and configured to signal process the measured magnetic flux density, and a wireless communication module disposed on the substrate and configured to transmit a signal from the MCU to the outside, and measure the magnetic flux density in a process chamber using a magnetic field.

Abstract: Disclosed are a signal processing method and an abnormal sound detection system. First, a neural network model is trained, including: (a) randomly selecting a plurality of sample signals from a training database to obtain a combined signal, wherein the training database includes the first sample set belonging to the first classification label and the second sample set belonging to the second classification label, and the number of selected sample signals conforms to the preset number; repeating the said step to obtain a plurality of combined signals and using the combined signals to train the neural network model. Then, a sound signal received from a sound receiving apparatus is inputted to the trained neural network model to output a probability value, and a corresponding notification signal is outputted based on the probability value.

Abstract: A test apparatus for testing image sensor packages. The test apparatus is configured to stably vacuum-absorb an image sensor package in a surface manner, wherein when a vacuum adsorption sheet having a package adsorption hole in the shape of a wide square surface is coupled to the bottom of the floating plate at which an upper socket is seated, a vacuum line is formed by connecting the cover vacuum hole of the pusher, the board vacuum hole of the upper circuit board, the plate vacuum hole of the floating plate, and the package adsorption hole of the vacuum adsorption sheet together.

Abstract: Methods and systems measuring structural parameters characterizing a measurement target based on changes in measurement signal values and estimated changes in electrical properties, optical properties, or both, of the measurement target due to perturbation of the properties are presented herein. The electrical and optical properties of a measurement target are perturbed by inducing changes in an electric field within the measurement target under measurement. In preferred embodiments, the changes in the electric field are induced by directing a modulated beam of illumination light at the measurement target under measurement. Both the changes in the measurement signal values and estimated changes in the electrical, properties, optical properties, or both, of the measurement target are quantified and provided as input to a measurement model. In this manner, the measurement is based on the derivatives of measurement signals with respect to electrical properties, optical properties, or both.

Abstract: Scan forest can effectively compress test data volume, however, CPU time and memory consumption must be well-controlled to handle industrial designs. The present disclosure provides a method to establish a scan forest, which reduces memory consumption and CPU time significantly. A new low-power test application scheme is proposed, which does not need to increase the test application cost but can be of help to compress test data volume. Another new test application algorithm is proposed to reduce capture cycle power and shift cycle power by just doubling the test application time, which does not sacrifice the test data compression performance.

Abstract: In an abnormality detector apparatus, a signal processor unit performs frequency analysis on data of a current or a voltage in different first and second time intervals to retrieve a first drive frequency corresponding to a maximum peak value of a spectrum in the first time interval and a second drive frequency corresponding to a maximum peak value of a spectrum in the second time interval; adjusts a frequency axis of one spectrum such that the maximum peak values coincide with each other, and calculates an averaged spectrum relating to the adjusted and unadjusted spectra; and retrieve an abnormal peak value equal to or more than a predetermined threshold value at a frequency different from the drive frequency having the maximum peak value based on the averaged spectrum; and determine an abnormal state of the motor depending on presence or absence of the abnormal peak value.

Abstract: An embodiment method of building a battery state of health (SOH) estimation model includes applying, by an optimization server, an error of a model voltage, an error of a measured voltage, a capacity, or a resistance of a battery mounted in a vehicle as an objective function and performing error minimization processing to derive optimal parameters of the battery.

Abstract: A power storage device management system, a management method, and a computer program that use AI are provided. The power storage device management system includes an electronic device including a power storage device and a server device. The power storage device includes a control portion and a storage battery; the control portion has a first function of creating second data utilizing first data at a first point in time and a second function of transmitting the second data to the server device; the server device has a third function of creating first data at a second point in time utilizing the second data and a fourth function of transmitting the first data at the second point in time to the control portion; and the first function, the second function, the third function, and the fourth function are repeatedly performed.

Abstract: A method for calculating a discharge remaining time, including: collecting a discharge current of an energy storage device based on a preset frequency, and performing amplitude limiting jitter processing on the sampled discharge current; when a current difference between a discharge current at a current moment and a discharge current at a previous moment is not greater than a current threshold, considering that the sampled discharge current has not changed, and directly using a target discharge current at the previous moment to calculate the discharge remaining time; and when the current difference between the discharge current at the current moment and the discharge current at the previous moment is greater than the current threshold, recalculating a target discharge current at the current moment.

Abstract: A method for estimating a battery state of charge may include determining a first estimated state of charge and a first estimated accuracy of the state of charge using a first estimation approach, determining a second estimated state of charge and a second estimated accuracy of the state of charge using a second estimation approach, and estimating the battery state of charge based on the first estimated state of charge, the first estimated accuracy of the state of charge, the second estimated state of charge, and the second estimated accuracy of the state of charge.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a battery-monitoring unit, comprising an interface which is configured to receive electrical voltages for each battery group comprising at least two battery cells being connected to each another in parallel and of a battery coupled with the battery-monitoring unit and comprising at least two battery groups, wherein an evaluation unit is provided which is configured to compare the voltages, received from the interface, of at least two series-connected battery groups with each another and to output a signal based on the result of the comparison.

Abstract: A short-circuit current prediction method includes deriving an internal equivalent circuit of a battery that reflects a short circuit condition in a direct current (DC) circuit, derive a first equivalent circuit in consideration of electrical characteristics of the battery, deriving a second equivalent circuit in consideration of electrical characteristics of a fuse, obtain a short-circuit current prediction model by reflecting the first equivalent circuit and the second equivalent circuit based on the internal equivalent circuit, and predict the short-circuit current according to a battery voltage using the short-circuit current prediction model. Thus, high-precision short-circuit current prediction is possible in units of battery modules, racks, and systems.

Abstract: A method for calculating state of health of battery, performed by a processing control circuit, includes: charging a battery under test to an upper voltage with a first constant current through a charging circuit and an electrical measuring circuit, discharging the battery under test to a lower voltage with a second constant current through the charging circuit and the electrical measuring circuit, obtaining an accumulated discharge capacity from the upper voltage to the lower voltage through the electrical measuring circuit, and calculating a state of health of the battery under test at least according to the accumulated discharge capacity and a design capacity.

Abstract: This document teaches a novel method for the characterization of electrochemical cells (5) in their operational timeframe (during charging/discharging). The electrochemical cell is placed in a thermogravimetric analyser and/or in a differential thermal analyser and/or in a dynamic differential calorimeter and/or simultaneous thermal analyser. The electrochemical cell is in physical contact with a measuring probe in the analyser and the cell is connected with several cables outside the analyser to a current source, preferably potentiostats and/or galvanostats. The interior of the cell comprises at least one current collector (15), one active material (20), one separator (25) and one electrolyte (27) and during an electronic measurement of the cell a response of the cell is measured.

Abstract: A failure detecting apparatus detects a failure of a capacitor part provided on a communication path. The capacitor part is configured of a plurality of capacitors connected in series so as to cutoff DC current. Also, the failure detecting apparatus is provided with a signal input part that receives a predetermined detection signal from a transmission apparatus via the communication path and a detection part that detects a short-circuit failure of any of the capacitors that constitute the capacitor part based on the detection signal received by the signal input part.