Abstract: Disclosed herein are composition and methods for gold recover based on precisely controlling the reciprocal transformation and instantaneous assembly of the second-sphere coordinated adducts formed between cyclodextrin and gold anions optionally in the presence of an additive.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a process for co-producing lithium, aluminum, and silicon-oxygen (Si—O) materials, and more particularly, to a process for co-producing lithium, aluminum, and Si—O materials from a hard rock source in the form of a granular concentrate of one or more lithium-containing silicate minerals including spodumene. In particular, there is provided a process for co-producing Li, Al, and Si—O materials from the beta (?) crystallographic form of the Li-containing silicate mineral spodumene, which in its purest state has the composition LiAlSi2O6.

Abstract: Acquisition of critical minerals via refinement from aqueous sources. Technological and geopolitical advantages inure to conflict-free refinement of rare materials including critical minerals used in production of energy storage devices, among other applications. Additionally, the applied “clean tech” methods advance environmental goals such as those given in the Paris Agreement. Various site-specific system configurations and corresponding site-specific methods of operation bring to bear a panoply of economically viable approaches to critical mineral refinement. In some approaches, electrical power needed to drive refinement is provided by selected site-specific renewable energy sources. Real-world implementations involve co-locating a dissociative reactor with a geothermal energy plant near a salar or other source (preferably aqueous) of critical minerals therein. Refined critical minerals are produced on site.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high-plasticity composite modified aluminum alloy product and a preparation method therefor. Wherein, the preparation method includes the following steps: step S1, providing an aluminum alloy melt; step S2, providing a modifier; step S3, adding the modifier to the aluminum alloy melt under an inert gas atmosphere and melting, to obtain a modified aluminum alloy melt; step S4, performing casting by using the modified aluminum alloy melt, to obtain the cast aluminum alloy blank; and step S5, performing a heat treatment on the modified aluminum alloy blank, wherein, the heat treatment includes: a solution treatment, involving heating the aluminum alloy blank to 530° C.-550ºC, and maintaining the temperature for 120-300 min; a water quenching treatment, involving adding the aluminum alloy blank after the solution treatment into a water bath with the temperature of 60° C.-70° ° C.

Abstract: Alloy comprising 90 to 96.8 wt. % of tin; 0.1 to 2.0 wt. % of silver; 2.0 to 4.0 wt. % of bismuth; 1.0 to 2.0 wt. % of antimony; 0.1 to 1.0 wt. % of copper; and 0.01 to 1 wt. % of germanium.

Abstract: The invention relates to nonferrous metallurgy, namely to the development of low-alloyed titanium alloys characterized by high-temperature strength and thermal stability, and can be used for manufacture of articles intended for long-term operation at high temperatures, namely components of exhaust systems of vehicle engines. titanium alloy containing aluminum, molybdenum, silicon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, hydrogen, with the alloy components taken in the following ratio, % wt.: Aluminum 1.5 to 3.0 Molybdenum 0.1 to 0.5 Silicon 0.1 to 0.6 Iron 0.2 max Oxygen 0.15 max Carbon 0.1 max Nitrogen 0.03 max Hydrogen 0.015 max Titanium and inevitable impurities—balance, which in one embodiment additionally contains copper 0.5 to 1.5% wt., and article made thereof.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy has a chemical composition that contains Sc: 0.01 mass % or more and 0.40 mass % or less, Mg: 0 mass % or more and 2.5 mass % or less, and Zr: 0 mass % or more and 0.4 mass % or less, the remainder being Al and unavoidable impurities. The compressive-deformation resistance, which is calculated based on the true stress when the aluminum alloy is deformed by compressing at a temperature of 450° C. and a strain rate of 1 s?1, is 62 MPa or less.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include magnesium-based alloys especially adapted for extrudable aerospace grade applications. Alloys of the invention provide excellent combinations of mechanical properties, good extrudability in hollow forms, and resistance to combustion.

Abstract: The present application is a new improvement in the fine-grained cubic boron nitride sintered compact which may be employed to manufacture a cutting tool. The compact contains at least 80 vol % cBN with a metallic binder system and is sintered under HPHT conditions. The improvement incorporates alloys of aluminum in the metallic binder system. The invention has proved beneficial in the machining of cast iron.

Abstract: A niobium-silicide based alloy and a turbine having at least a turbine component formed from the niobium-silicide based alloy are provided. The niobium-silicide based alloy comprises: between about 14 atomic percent and about 24 atomic percent titanium (Ti); between about 11 atomic percent and about 19 atomic percent silicon (Si); between about 4 atomic percent and about 8 atomic percent chromium (Cr); between about 2 atomic percent and about 6 atomic percent hafnium (Hf); up to about 4 atomic percent aluminum (Al); between about 0.5 atomic percent and about 1 atomic percent tin (Sn); between about 5 atomic percent and about 15 atomic percent tantalum (Ta); between about 1 atomic percent and about 5 atomic percent tungsten (W); up to about 5 atomic percent rhenium (Re); up to about 5 atomic percent zirconium (Zr); up to about 6 atomic percent yttrium (Y); and a balance of niobium (Nb).

Abstract: A ferrosilicon vanadium and/or niobium (FeSi V and/or Nb) alloy having 15-80 wt % Si; 0.5-40 wt % V and/or Nb; up to 10 wt & Mo; up to 5 wt % Cr; up to 3 wt % Cu; up to 3 wt % Ni; up to 20 wt % Mg; 0.01 to 7 wt % Al; up to 13 wt % Ba; 0.01 to 7 wt % Ca; up to 13 wt % Mn; up to 8 wt & Zr; up to 12 wt & La and/or Ce and/or misch metal; up to 5 wt % Sr; up to 3 wt % Bi; up to 3 wt & Sb; up to 1.5 wt % Ti; balance Fe and incidental impurities; a method for the production of a FeSi V and/or Nb alloy and the use thereof in cast iron.

Abstract: In the production of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet by heating a steel slab containing, in mass %, C: 0.02 to 0.10%, Si: 2.5 to 5.5%, Mn: 0.01 to 0.30%, S: 0.0010 to 0.040%, Se: 0 to 0.040%, sol. Al: 0.010 to 0.040%; and N: 0.004 to 0.020% to 1300° C. or higher; subsequently performing hot rolling, hot-band annealing as necessary, cold rolling, and primary recrystallization annealing which also serves as decarburization annealing; applying an annealing separator on the surface of the steel sheet; and performing finishing annealing, edge cracks that may occur in the hot rolling are effectively prevented by keeping a slab lateral face temperature at a time of starting rough rolling during the hot rolling equal to or lower than a temperature Te defined by the following Expression Te=?120000 [% S]2+1400 (1) and carrying out width reduction after at least one pass in the rough rolling.

Abstract: There is provided a raw material cold-rolled steel sheet with Fe-based coating film excellent in primary rust prevention property or plating appearance. The raw material cold-rolled steel sheet with Fe-based coating film comprises: a base steel sheet having a chemical composition containing C of 0.80 mass % or less, Si of 0.10 mass % or more and 3.00 mass % or less, Mn of 1.50 mass % or more and 3.50 mass % or less, P of 0.100 masse or less; S of 0.0300 mass % or less, Al of 0.100 mass % or less, with a remaining part consisting of Fe and inevitable impurities; and a P-adhered Fe-based coating film containing an Fe-based coating film disposed on at least one surface of the base steel sheet and a P-containing substance adhered to a surface of the Fe-based coating film, and an adhesion amount of the P-containing substance in terms of P is 0.2 mg/m2 or more.

Abstract: Provided is a high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent surface quality and low mechanical property deviation; and a manufacturing method thereof and, more particularly, to: a high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet that can be suitably used for automotive parts by ensuring high strength and elongation with little surface defects and low mechanical property deviation; and a manufacturing method thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present application is a high-strength seamless steel tube resistant to carbon dioxide corrosion. In addition to containing Fe and inevitable impurities, the seamless steel tube comprises the following chemical elements in mass percentage: C: 0.05-0.18%, Si: 0.15-0.40%, Mn: 0.25-0.50%, Cr: 4.0-6.0%, Mo: 0.08-0.35%, Al: 0.020-0.055%, Ca: 0.001-0.004%; and one or more elements selected from Ti, Nb, V, Ce, and La, wherein 0.003%?Ti+Nb+V+Ce+La?0.20%. Also disclosed in the present application is a manufacturing method for the seamless steel tube. The method comprises the following steps: (1) manufacturing a tube billet; (2) subjecting the tube billet to heating, perforating, hot rolling, and sizing to obtain a hot-rolled tube; and (3) subjecting the hot-rolled tube to a quenching and tempering heat treatment: quenching within a temperature range of 860-940° C. for 15-120 min, and then tempering within a temperature range of 520-620° C. for 30-150 min.

Abstract: Described herein are coiled tubes with improved and varying properties along the length that are produced by using a continuous and dynamic heat treatment process (CDHT). Coiled tubes can be uncoiled from a spool, subjected to a CDHT process, and coiled onto a spool. A CDHT process can produce a “composite” tube such that properties of the tube along the length of the tube are selectively varied. For example, the properties of the tube can be selectively tailored along the length of the tube for particular application for which the tube will be used.

Abstract: Disclosed is an austenitic stainless steel alloy that includes or consists of, by weight, about 23.0% to about 25.0% chromium, about 8.5% to about 10.0% nickel, about 0.5% to about 2.0% manganese, about 0.8% to about 1.0% niobium, about 0.5% to about 1.5% silicon, about 0.35% to about 0.45% carbon, about 0.2% to about 0.28% nitrogen, a balance of iron, and other inevitable/unavoidable impurities that are present in trace amounts. The elements zirconium and sulfur are excluded from the alloy beyond impurity levels. Turbocharger turbine housings made of the stainless steel alloy, and methods of making the same, are also disclosed. The stainless steel alloy is suitable for use in turbocharger turbine applications for temperatures up to about 1,020° C.

Abstract: Disclosed is an austenitic stainless steel alloy that includes or consists of, by weight, about 24.0% to about 26.0% chromium, about 11.0% to about 13.0% nickel, about 1.0% to about 2.5% manganese, about 1.2% to about 1.6% niobium, about 1.0% to about 1.7% silicon, about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon, about 0.2% to about 0.3% nitrogen, a balance of iron, and other inevitable/unavoidable impurities that are present in trace amounts. The elements zirconium and sulfur are excluded from the alloy beyond impurity levels. Turbocharger turbine housings made of the stainless steel alloy, and methods of making the same, are also disclosed. The stainless steel alloy is suitable for use in turbocharger turbine applications for temperatures up to and beyond about 1,050° C., such as up to about 1070° C.

Abstract: There is provided a ferritic stainless steel which has a composition containing, in % by mass, C: 0.003 to 0.030%, Si: 0.01 to 1.00%, Mn: 0.05 to 0.30%, P: 0.050% or less, S: 0.020% or less, Cr: 24.0 to 30.0%, Ni: 1.50 to 3.00%, Mo: 1.00 to 3.00%, Al: 0.001 to 0.020%, Nb: 0.20 to 0.80%, and N: 0.030% or less, the balance being Fe and incidental impurities. The composition satisfies certain inequalities.

Abstract: A production method of producing a welded structural member with excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance that includes a first artificial aging treatment step of maintaining a 7000-series aluminum alloy material at a temperature of 90 to 110° C. for 1 to 5 hours, a second artificial aging treatment step of maintaining the 7000-series aluminum alloy material subjected to the first artificial aging treatment step at a temperature of 145 to 160° C. for 4 to 12 hours; a welding step of welding the 7000-series aluminum alloy material subjected to the second artificial aging treatment step with another aluminum alloy material to form a welded structure; and a heat treatment step of heat-treating the welded structure at a temperature of 165 to 195° C. for 10 to 60 minutes. The material includes Zn, Mg, Zr, Ti, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Al, and is formed of a metallographic structure that is of a fibrous structure.

Abstract: A method of galvanizing a workpiece. The method is performed using a trough. The trough includes connected walls configured to hold a molten galvanization material within the trough. The trough also includes a first end including a first gate system. The trough also includes a second end, opposing the first end, including a second gate system. The trough also includes a roller connected, inside the trough, to opposing inside walls of the connected walls. The trough also includes a sump disposed within the trough. The method also includes pumping the molten galvanization material into the sump until the molten galvanization material submerges the roller. The method also includes driving the workpiece through the first gate system, over the roller and through the molten galvanization material, and through the second gate system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a galvanized steel sheet comprising steel sheet containing C: 0.05 to 0.30%, Si: 0.01 to 3.00%, Mn: 0.80 to 3.00%, and Al: 0.010 to 2.000% and having a thickness of 0.10 to 0.95 mm, and a galvanized layer on the steel sheet, wherein a tensile strength is 550 to 1500 MPa, and, when defining a thickness of an internal oxide layer per surface of the steel sheet as “A” (?m), a thickness of a decarburized layer per surface of the steel sheet as “B” (?m), and a thickness of the steel sheet as “t” (?m), A/B: 0.01 to 0.50 and B/t: 0.001 to 0.200.

Abstract: An apparatus for displacing a portion of a dross layer enclosed within an introducer sheath of a dip tank includes a gas source and a gas distributor. The gas distributor is in communication with the gas source via a gas line. The gas distributor includes one or more gas outlets or a gas emitter. The gas distributor is configured to direct a flow of gas towards the dross layer at an angle to move the portion of the dross layer away from a predetermined point.

Abstract: Inventive techniques for forming unique compositions of matter are disclosed, as well as associated physical characteristics and properties of the materials. In particular, particles comprising a metal lattice are characterized by having carbon (preferably graphene) disposed within the crystalline lattice structure thereof. The carbon is at least partially disposed in interstitial sites of the metal lattice, and may be present in amounts ranging from about 15 wt % to about 90 wt % of the total particle mass, with about 15 wt % to about 60 wt % being disposed in the interstitial sites, e.g., between basal planes, of the metal lattice. The carbon, moreover, is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the resultant material, conveying unique and advantageous properties such as strength-to-weight ratio, density, mechanical toughness, sheer strength, flex strength, hardness, anti-corrosiveness, electrical and/or thermal conductivity, etc. as described herein.

Abstract: A thermal spray material feedstock is provided that includes an iron-based alloy having 5-12 wt % of Al; 1.8-7.5 wt % of B; 0-2 wt % of C; 0-4.5 wt % of Mo; 0-6.5 wt % of V; and a balance of Fe. The iron-based alloy is substantially free of chromium and nickel.

Abstract: A device including a chamber and a nozzle detachably connected to the chamber, the nozzle defining an aperture, a target carousel disposed within the chamber, a first laser configured to generate a first beam directed toward the target carousel to perform in-situ ablation to form a laser plume, a gas flow system configured to supply gas into the chamber, such that the gas interacts with the laser plume and causes condensation and formation of nanoparticles, and a second laser configured to generate a second beam directed through the interior of the chamber, through the aperture of the nozzle, and toward a substrate disposed outside the device, the second laser beam configured to sinter and crystalize on the substrate the nanoparticles exiting the nozzle.

Abstract: A nozzle for an evaporated material distributor is described. The nozzle includes a nozzle inlet for receiving evaporated material; a nozzle outlet; and a nozzle passage extending between the nozzle inlet and the nozzle outlet having a first passage portion, a second passage portion and a third passage portion, the second passage portion having an aperture angle which continuously increases in a direction from the nozzle inlet to the nozzle outlet and the third passage portion having an essentially constant aperture angle.

Abstract: Distributor assemblies for vapor transport deposition systems, and methods of conducting vapor transport deposition, are described.

Abstract: A cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly for coating on a flexible polymeric substrates with an antimicrobial material, said assembly comprising a sputtering setup and a cylindrical magnetron assembly; said cylindrical magnetron assembly being mounted in said sputtering setup: wherein said cylindrical magnetron assembly comprises: at least one cylindrical anode with slots mounted on a top base plate; at least one central target cylindrical cathode positioned at the center of said anode; a mechanical assembly for moving plurality of said flexible polymeric substrates; said mechanical assembly comprising at least one winder, at least one unwinder, plurality of pulleys and plurality of motors; said sputtering setup comprising plurality of magnetic field coils, vacuum chamber and plurality of power supply. Also provided is process for producing antimicrobial coating on flexible polymeric substrates by the cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for multi-cathode barrier seed deposition for high aspect ratio features in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process are provided herein. In some embodiments, a PVD chamber includes a pedestal disposed within a processing region of the PVD chamber. The pedestal rotates with a workpiece on it. The PVD chamber includes a lid assembly includes a first target and a second target of a same target material, where a first surface of the first target defines a first zone of the processing region a first distance from the upper surface of the pedestal, and a second surface of the second target defines a second zone of the processing region a second distance from the plane of the upper surface of the pedestal. A system controller is configured to simultaneously control a first voltage bias for the first target and a second voltage bias for the second target.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are bonded diamond composites that may include a ceramic composite layer, a diamond film layer, and a silicon carbide bonding layer bonding the diamond film layer to the ceramic composite layer. Example ceramic composite layers disclosed herein include diamond particles within a silicon carbide matrix. Methods of making bonded diamond composites through infiltration bonding are disclosed herein. Example methods include exposing a ceramic preform to molten silicon such that the silicon infiltrates into and through the silicon preform to a diamond film interfaced with the ceramic preform. Example methods include reacting the silicon with the ceramic preform and the diamond film to form a silicon carbide bonding layer bonding the diamond film to the resulting ceramic composite layer.

Abstract: There is provided a technique that includes: (A) forming a first layer containing a Group element on a surface of a substrate by supplying a gas containing the Group 15 element to the substrate; and (B) forming a film containing molybdenum on the first layer by performing: (a) supplying a gas containing molybdenum to the substrate; and (b) supplying a reducing gas to the substrate, wherein (a) and (b) are performed a predetermined number of times in (B) in an atmosphere capable of suppressing a decomposition of the first layer.

Abstract: Atomic layer deposition methods for coating an optical substrate with magnesium fluoride. The methods include two primary processes. The first process includes the formation of a magnesium oxide layer over a surface of a substrate. The second process includes converting the magnesium oxide layer to a magnesium fluoride layer. These two primary processes may be repeated a plurality of times to create multiple magnesium fluoride layers that make up a magnesium fluoride film. The magnesium fluoride film may serve as an antireflective coating layer for an optical substrate, such as an optical lens.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a treatment solution is provided. The treatment solution is used for treating halosilanes having a cyclic structure. The treatment solution includes at least one of an inorganic base or an organic base and being basic.

Abstract: A method includes depositing a coating including stoichiometric one-to-one ruthenium oxide (RuO) onto a surface of a substrate. The coating is deposited by performing an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process using at least one precursor.

Abstract: A processing chamber may include a gas distribution member, a substrate support, and a pumping liner. The gas distribution member and the substrate support may at least in part define a processing volume. The pumping liner may define an internal volume in fluid communication with the processing volume via a plurality of apertures of the pumping liner circumferentially disposed about the processing volume. The processing chamber may further include a flow control mechanism operable to direct fluid flow from the internal volume of the pumping liner into the processing volume via a subset of the plurality of apertures of the pumping liner during fluid distribution into the processing volume from the gas distribution member.

Abstract: The provision of a sublimation gas supply system and sublimation gas supply method, where there is no decrease in the utilisation rate of the sublimation gas even when the solid material vessel is replaced. Sublimation gas supply system, having: 1st vessel; 1st heater that heats 1st vessel; 1st buffer tank that stores sublimation gas; dilution gas channel for introducing dilution gas into 2nd channel, that is connected to 1st connector C1 in 2nd channel; 1st flow control device for controlling flow, provided between 1st connector C1 and 1st buffer tank on the 2nd channel; 2nd flow control device for controlling flow, provided on the dilution gas channel; and mixing vessel, provided on the 2nd channel, for mixing the 1st sublimation gas and dilution gas brought together by means of 1st connector C1.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for improving deposition uniformity in a cross-flow processing chamber are described. A precursor inlet is configured to allow a cross-flow of precursor from the precursor inlet side of the lid to an exhaust side of the lid opposite a center of the lid from the precursor inlet side. At least one purge gas inlet is in fluid communication with a purge gas channel, the purge gas channel having at least one opening aligned to provide a flow of gas to a center of a substrate in the cross-flow process chamber.

Abstract: Embodiments of precursor delivery systems are described herein. The precursor delivery systems include a reservoir having a cylindrical body, a conical shaped inlet on a first end of the cylindrical body, and a conical shaped outlet on a second end of the cylindrical body. Each of the conical shaped inlet and the conical shaped outlet independently have an angle in a range of from 5 degrees to 45 degrees. The amount of time to purge the reservoir described herein is reduced by at least 50% compared to reservoirs not having a conical shaped inlet and/or a conical shaped outlet. Additional embodiments relate to methods for removing particles from the reservoir. An increased number of particles are removed from the reservoir described herein compared to reservoirs not having a conical shaped inlet and/or a conical shaped outlet.

Abstract: Systems and techniques for depositing organic material on a substrate are provided, in which one or more shield gas flows prevents contamination of the substrate by the chamber ambient. Thus, multiple layers of the same or different materials may be deposited in a single deposition chamber, without the need for movement between different deposition chambers, and with reduced chance of cross-contamination between layers.

Abstract: A component of an apparatus for processing a substrate having a coating comprising fluorinated aluminum disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the component. A method of coating the component, a method of repairing a coating on a component, and a method of processing a substrate are also disclosed.

Abstract: A food product contact member that makes contact with a food product. The food product contact member is configured from a metal or a substance containing a metal. The food product contact member includes a contact surface making contact with the food product and having a micronized structure. Plural smooth circular arc shaped depressions without pointed protrusions are formed over an entirety of the contact surface. Titanium oxide is diffused and penetrated at a proximity to a surface of the contact surface contacting the food product.

Abstract: A coating system configured to be applied to a thermal barrier coating of an article includes an infiltration coating configured to be applied to the thermal barrier coating. The infiltration coating infiltrates at least some pores of the thermal barrier coating. The infiltration coating decomposes within at least some pores of the thermal barrier coating to coat a portion of the at least some pores of the thermal barrier coating. The infiltration coating reduces a porosity of the thermal barrier coating. The coating system also includes a reactive phase spray formulation coat configured to be applied to the thermal barrier coating.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure relate to articles, coated chamber components, and techniques of coating chamber components and systems. In particular, disclosed is a chamber component and methods of forming the chamber component that includes a substrate and a first layer disposed on the substrate, the first layer including a metal with a first atomic concentration. The chamber component further includes a second layer disposed on the first layer, the second layer including the metal with a second atomic concentration that is at least 5 percent higher than the first atomic concentration.

Abstract: A hydrogen production system according to the present invention can reduce the power consumed for hydrogen production, has no consumption of cell potential, and can produce hydrogen even by spontaneous reaction to show high hydrogen production efficiency. Furthermore, a composite electrode separator according to the present invention is configured such that an electrode part, a gas-liquid diffusion layer, and a separation plate as a plurality of parts are integrated into one element while the hydrogen production system is included in the electrode part, so that the application of the composite electrode separator to a stack can reduce the number of parts applied to the stack to simplify stack assembling and reduce the stack volume and can increase the operation current density due to a reduction in electrolyte resistance, thereby enabling high-efficiency and high-current driving.

Abstract: A water electrolysis apparatus includes: a power source; an electrolytic solution; a first tank immersed in the electrolytic solution and including a positive electrode connected to the power source, a supply opening and a discharge opening for H2O, and an O2 gas extraction opening; and a second tank immersed in the electrolytic solution and including a negative electrode connected to the power source, a supply opening and a discharge opening for H2O, and an H2 gas extraction opening. O2 gas is extracted from the first tank, and H2 gas is extracted from the second tank, by the power source maintaining voltage such that the potential of the positive electrode is higher than the potential of the negative electrode.

Abstract: The equipment, methods, and materials of electrochemical processes undergoing a series of hydration, dehydrogenation and OER processes are used to produce electrochemical hydrogen and a second product, or ammonia and methanol, or methanol alone, or methanol and urea, or formamide and D.I. water. The processes allow for flexibility of products to insure good profitability into the future of unknown pricing premiums for H2, NH3, CH3OH, H2NCH?O or (NH2)2C?O. All the processes herein, including the production of ammonia and urea, do not cause net nitrification of soil and water and are CO2-free.

Abstract: A series of cells for use in an electrochemical device, such as an electrochemical cell or battery, that can operate in a single bulk electrolyte solution shared among the cells. Methods of producing hydrogen or both hydrogen and electricity in appreciable quantities and in various ratios, and vehicles or other devices and applications powered by electrochemical devices comprising the series.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas diffusion layer for an electrochemical cell, having a contacting unit and a metal unit which is arranged at or on the contacting unit. With respect to a main surface with a defined thickness (d), the metal unit has a plurality of projections which are substantially perpendicular to the main surface. At least one opening is formed on at least one side surface or top surface of the plurality of projections of the metal unit. Each elongation of the plurality of projections is at least three times the thickness (d) of the metal unit.

Abstract: An electrolyser system and method of electrode manufacture. The electrolyser system may comprise a first vessel in communication with an electrolyser stack, a power supply, an electrode, a separator, a membrane, and a second vessel in communication with the electrolyser stack. The electrode may comprise a catalytic material and a micro-porous and/or nano-porous structure. The method of electrode manufacture may comprise providing a substrate, contacting the substrate with an acidic solution, applying an electric current to the substrate, simultaneously depositing a main material and supporting material comprising a scarifying material onto the substrate, and leaching the scarifying material.