Abstract: A sheet calendering method and apparatus including a calendering cylinder, a delivering cylinder, and a conveyor for transporting sheets between the calendering cylinder and the delivering cylinder; wherein the conveyor includes two flexible elongated members forming parallel endless loops around the calendering and delivering cylinders, a plurality of support members attached between the parallel loops, and a plurality of calendering plates each linked to an adjacent plate by the support members to form an endless belt.

Abstract: The invention has as its object the provision of a method and an apparatus for the generation of smoothness and gloss on paper which essentially precludes a re-erection of the surface fibers after the smoothing process. This is achieved in that the surface of a paper web (1) to be smoothed is heated to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the fibers at the surface of the web without subjecting the web to a press nip, and then these fibers are deformed and fixed in the deformed state in a subsequent process step under the simultaneous action of pressure with shock cooling. Accordingly, there is associated with each surface of the paper web (1) to be smoothed a heating device (2) and also a subsequent cooled body (5, 9, 10) which presses against the surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for roll cooling in paper machines with soft smoothing mechanisms. The object of the invention is to protect the soft roll from damage without having to increase the extent of edge trimming of the paper web. This is achieved in that the parts of the soft roll which respectively project beyond the width of the paper web are cooled by the application of a thin and sharply bounded water film. The corresponding devices for generating the water films are mounted in carriages which are displaceable along a transverse beam parallel to the roll.

Abstract: A garbage disposal system for household garbage which includes a crushing and shearing unit for the process to separate the liquid from the solid and to shear the solid into refuse strips, a screw friction machine to supply the heat source for a scrap metal recovery unit to collect scrap metal from refuse strips, a drying and a high-temperature heating process to heat refuse strips into dry state, a compressing process to compress refuse strips into refuse blocks, and a cement blocking process to make refuse blocks into caissons for sea water concrete or tidal land construction. Waste liquid filter and waste gas filter are used to filtrate impurities from waste liquid or gas.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new internally heated calendering roll capable of finishing paper satisfactorily at the temperatures, heat loads and pressures required for substrata thermal molding. The roll is internally heated and has a circumferential wall at least 4 inches thick. It includes means to provide heat into the interior of the circumferential wall to be conducted through the wall to the outer surface for heating the paper web being calendered by the roll. The roll is constructed of a first material with a thin circumferential surface layer of a second, cermet or ceramic containing material. The surface layer material has a hardness of at least 530 Vickers and a thickness of between .003 inch and .030 inches. It is capable of being polished to a roughness of less than 6 micro inches Ra. The roll has uniformly spaced conduits for passing heated fluid located no more than 2 inches from the outer edge of the conduits to the circumferential surface. The roll is capable of conducting at least 8,500 BTU/Sq. Ft./Hr.

Abstract: The calendering occurs in a press nip of a calender with application of pressure, moisture and heat. To achieve a desired surface quality, the surface of the paper or cardboard web which is to be calendered is brought in the press nip to a condition above the glass transition curve of the materials. Prior to expiration of 20 to 60 milliseconds, the surface of the paper web departing from the press nip is subjected to a transition step by virtue of a cooling device first in combination with a change in moisture content to a condition beneath the glass transition point of the material. The cooling can occur during contact of the surface to be cooled with a cooled surface or by direct contact with a cooling, preferably inert gas. After calendering there thus arises a diminished increase in the roughness of the paper web, so that the surface quality obtained in the press nip is predominantly retained. There have been illustrated suitable apparatuses for carrying out the method.

Abstract: The surface properties of a roll and/or rolls in a paper machine are affected by regulating the temperature of the roll face by means of an external heating device. In the arrangement, a combination of a heating device and a roll coating is used in such manner that the heating radiation penetrates through the paper or only directly to the roll face, but does not heat the roll itself at a depth greater than the roll face. The roll coating is preferably made of a dark, readily heatable and insulating material. The arrangement of the invention is utilized for example in a calendar and for detaching the paper from a roll.

Abstract: A heated wood sample (46) having a water content exceeding 20 percent is compressed axially in the direction of the grain or fibres of the sample in a compression mould (10). Oppositely directed compressive forces are applied not only to the end surfaces of the sample, for example by means of a hydraulic cylinder (18), but also to side surface parts of the sample as frictional forces. The sample may be arranged within a compression chamber which is at least partly defined by longitudinally overlapping side wall parts (30, 37, 47, 48), which are mutually displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the chamber, and these side wall parts may be pressed into frictional engagement with the sample (46) for example by means of an inflatable bag or an inflatable hose section (32, 34), and means may be provided for mutually displacing the side wall parts so as to apply frictional compressive forces to the wood sample.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new internally heated calendering roll capable of finishing paper satisfactorily at the temperatures, heat loads and pressures required for substrata thermal molding. The roll is internally heated and has a circumferential wall at least 4 inches thick. It includes means to provide heat into the interior of the circumferential wall to be conducted through the wall to the outer surface for heating the paper web being calendered by the roll. The roll is constructed of a first material with a thin circumferential surface layer of a second, cermet or ceramic containing material. The surface layer material has a hardness of at least 530 Vickers and a thickness of between 0.003 inch and 0.030 inches. It is capable of being polished to a roughness of less than 6 micro inches Ra. The roll has uniformly spaced conduits for passing heated fluid located no more than 2 inches from the outer edge of the conduits to the circumferential surface. The roll is capable of conducting at least 8,500 BTU/Sq. Ft./Hr.

Abstract: A system for at least partly decoupling the control of sheet finish and sheet caliper in a calender stack is disclosed. The system includes a heating device for heating the sheet with dry heat substantially immediately before the sheet is pressed by an upstream nip of the calender stack and a moisturizer for moisturizing the sheet substantially immediately before the sheet is pressed at a downstream nip of the calender stack. The sheet is moisturized without substantially altering the sheet temperature.

Abstract: Calendering takes place in a calendering zone which operates under pressure with application of temperature and moisture. The desired smoothness is achieved with a correspondingly long dwell time of the material web in a correspondingly long calendering zone in view of the speed of web travel. A web which is still wet is guided between parallel heatable surfaces which are arranged on both sides of the web and face each other through the web and can each be pressed against the web. The surfaces are designed to form and hold a given precise contour of the calendering zone over its full length. One surface is constructed e.g. as a casing of a heated roller and the second surface is constructed as an endless flexible belt which can be pressed in a direction towards the roller casing by means of a concave supporting element. If wished, the web can be calendered on both sides with the method.

Abstract: A press for the production of pressed board with injection of steam utilizes press platens to which the steam is fed to the steam-feed channels from opposite sides in a collision flow, the chanels communicating with steam-nozzle bores opening at the pressing surface and such that the cross section of each channel is equal to at least 60% of the total flow cross sections of the boards communicating with that channel. Before the pressing commences, the channels are through-flushed with steam to flush air from the channels and bores and to evacuate air from the pressed mat by a venturi effect.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method in calendering, wherein one or several pairs of rolls are employed through which the web to be calendered runs. One roll in each pair of rolls is a hard roll which is a heated metal roll, and the other roll in each pair of rolls is a roll provided with a resilient coating. In the method, the face of the roll with a resilient coating is also heated to a high temperature, advantageously to the same temperature as the heated metal roll. The invention also concerns a roll used in the method as well as the use of the method and of the roll.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for pressing an article includes a press arm and a press platen defining a pressing region positioned therebetween. First and second endless steel bands transmit a pressing force to an article to be pressed and draw the article through the press. A plurality of co-rotating rolling rods support the steel bands as they travel through the press. The rolling rods are introduced to an entry region of the press orthogonally relative to a longitudinal center of the press. First and second resilient pressure holding plates located in the entry region adjacent the press platen and the press ram, respectively, impose a pressure on the rolling rods that progressively increases as the rolling rods pass through the entry region.

Abstract: A continuously working heating-plate press is disclosed for use in the manufacture of particle boards, fiber boards, plastic boards or the like. The plate-press includes endless steel belts which are run around a fixed press table and a lowerable press ram via drive and tail drums, the press table and press ram defining an adjustable press gap. More particularly, the steel belts are supported by roller bars and transmit a pressure to the material drawn moving the material through the press gap. Heating plates are attached to the press table and press ram providing heat to the material in the press gap. In addition, first and second flexible heat transfer systems are located in a feeding area between the tail drums and the initial point of contact between the steel belts and roller bars and provide heat to the material drawn prior to entry in the press gap. The invention also includes a method for heating a continuously working heating-plate press.

Abstract: The invention provides multiple steam applicators which are used to distribute steam against a web during calendering. The invention includes a primary steam applicator located adjacent a side of the web to which steam is applied. The primary steam applicator has a manifold, a primary inlet valve, and a plurality of steam valves spaced along the primary manifold. Each steam valve regulates a steam flow distributed to a cross-directional section of the web. A secondary steam applicator is located adjacent the side of the web to which steam is applied. The secondary steam applicator has a manifold, a secondary inlet valve, and a plurality of steam valves spaced along the secondary manifold, each steam valve regulating a steam flow distributed to a cross-directional section of the web. A gloss sensor measures the gloss finish of the web.

Abstract: A method and device for heating the pressure belt of a press, in which the press pressure is exerted by a gas-filled pressure chamber on the working run of pressure belt and heat transfer is increased by a high circulation rate of the pressure medium in pressure chamber, to create a situation in which a large quantity of heat can be transferred even in the lower pressure ranges. Steam is mixed with a gaseous pressure medium, e.g. air, before it enters the pressure chamber and the back of the pressure belt is exposed to the steam-air mixture in the vicinity of pressure chamber, whereupon the steam condenses wholly or partially on the colder back of the pressure belt in the zone adjacent to the entrance. The heat of condensation thus released results in intensive heating of the pressure belt in this zone and hence of the workpiece.

Abstract: An unique automated and comprehensive through-the-wall trash handling and storage system and process which are disclosed in material to be discarded is loaded into a through-the-wall system from within and picked up by a hauler from outside an associated building. The invention contemplates embodiments of an integrated trash handling and storage system which accommodates all types of trash and many levels of automation and eliminates many of the prior art problems associated with sorting and sanitation in the handling and the storage of trash prior to disposal.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a heated sag-compensation roller, with short heat-up and cool-down times and a more even temperature distribution, which reduces the risk of damage to the roller shell. These improvement are achieved by the roller shell being heated or cooled from the inside and the outside simultaneously. The heating devices can be controlled so that the temperature difference between the inside and outside does not exceed a particular value.

Abstract: At least two substantially parallel rows of adjustable pressure elements cooperate with a heatable counter element like a counter roll and are arranged immediately consecutive but separate from each other to define at least two pressing sections of an extended pressing zone through which a water-containing fibrous web is passed conjointly with a water absorbing porous band or felt in a predeterminate travel direction. Pressures and temperatures in each one of the at least two pressing sections of the extended pressing zone are adjusted such that water is displaced from the fibrous web under the combined action of pressure and steam which is formed in the extended pressing zone in a controlled manner and without damage to the fibrous web due to explosion-like flash evaporation.

Abstract: A heated extended nip press apparatus and method are disclosed for pressing water from a formed web. The apparatus includes a frame and a backing roll rotatably supported by the press frame. A press device is connected to the press frame and movable relative to the backing roll. The press device cooperates with the backing roll for defining therebetween n extended nip for the passage therethrough of the web. An endless looped blanket extends through the extended nip such that the web is disposed between the blanket and the backing roll. Additionally, the press device includes an arrangement for selectively changing the pressure applied on the blanket along a machine direction relative to a further pressure applied for moving the press device relative to the backing roll such that optimum web properties are obtained and delamination of the pressed web is inhibited.

Abstract: A press is operable to form pressed materials such as fiberboard or chipboard. The press includes a press ram and a press platen facing one another to define a pressing region therebetween, and a plurality of rolling rods which support moving bands which draw the article through an entry region of the press and through the pressing region. An entry alignment device for the rolling rods includes first and second resilient pressure holding plates which impose a progressively increasing non-positive clamping force on the rolling rods as the rolling rods pass through the entry region, and first and second pilgrim-step mechanisms, each having a plurality of toothed members which are raised and lowered to periodically engage gaps formed between the rolling rods to impose a positive clamping force on the rods.

Abstract: A continuously working press is provided with a device which adjusts an entry gap in an entry region of a press ram to give the rolling rods of a press a sufficient degree of freedom for self-stabilization. The adjusting device includes an articulated crosshead anchored in said press frame and pivotable about an axis of rotation, a pressure holding plate located within said entry region and adjustable about an axis of rotation and which acts non-positively but resiliently on said rolling rods as they travel through the entry region, and a plurality of hydraulic supporting members located between the articulated crosshead and the pressure holding plate and which are adapted to act on said support device with a pressure profile that increases continuously towards said pressing region.

Abstract: A process for producing a smooth and glossy surface on a paper web and a calender arrangement for carrying out the process are disclosed. The calender arrangement comprises two sets of rolls through which the paper web is conducted in succession. Each set of rolls comprises a highly heated hard roll and a soft roll. A cooling device arranged upstream of at least one of the nips formed between the roll sets restricts the amount of heat transfer to the inner layers of the paper web and the attendant, undesirable partial plasticization of the inner layers of the web.

Abstract: A calendar wherein a bottom roll and a deformable top roll flank one or more intermediate rolls is operated in such a way that the shape of the top roll is caused to conform to that of the adjacent intermediate roll before the nip of the top roll with the adjacent roll is narrowed. At least the top roll is heated to enhance the satinizing effect upon paper webs without unduly affecting the specific volume of treated material. It is further proposed to subject the bottom roll to preliminary deformation and/or to heat the bottom roll and/or one or more intermediate rolls.

Abstract: A temperature measuring arrangement for a revolving roll which includes a contactless temperature sensor by means of which the temperature of an annular peripheral zone of the roll situated outside the operating zone of the roll is measured contactlessly. Upon detection of a deviation from a given temperature or given time response of the temperature, a contact temperature sensor which is active only briefly is, by means of a control unit, brought into abutment, using a movement drive, at a point inside the operating zone of the roll.

Abstract: A process for conditioning and compacting vegetable fodder prior to storage and shipment which comprises breaking standard-sized bales and adjusting the moisture level of the fodder to reduce pulverization during subsequent compacting and handling; while at the same time injecting mold inhibitors and nutritional additive before repackaging the fodder into more compact bales, cubes or pellets for shipment.

Abstract: A process for conditioning and compacting vegetable fodder prior to storage and shipment which comprises breaking standard-sized bales and adjusting the moisture level of the fodder to reduce pulverization during subsequent compacting and handling; while at the same time injecting mold inhibitors and nutritional additive before repackaging the fodder into more compact bales for shipment.

Abstract: An automated appliance for dehydrating and pelletizing household or other garbage into a sanitized free-flowing form. The apparatus and method provide for compaction and folding of garbage feed material in three directions, to produce a pellet which is held under heat and pressure until computer-programmed temperature, moisture and pressure and points are reached, and the pellet is ejected.

Abstract: Method and arrangement in a machine for the manufacture of paper or board, for heating an outer face of a cylinder or roll which is in direct contact with a web to be pressed thereagainst. The cylinder or roll face is heated from outside inductively by using a magnetic field, and by which a heating effect based on eddy currents is produced in the outer layer of the roll or cylinder. A relatively thin outer layer of an electrically conductive ceramic material is used as the cylinder or roll face, in which the resistive heating effect is concentrated. The depth of penetration of the heating effect in the radial direction of the roll of cylinder to be heated is restricted to a sufficiently low depth by choosing the thickness of the ceramic outer layer and/or the electric frequency of the induction heating.

Abstract: Control of detachment of a web from a roll, such as a paper web from a press roll in a paper machine, in particular a so-called closed press section provided with a smooth-faced press roll. The temperature of the surface of the smooth-faced press roll is adjusted, so that adhesion between the roll surface and the paper web to be detached is influenced or affected. Thereby, the detaching angle and/or the detaching tension of the paper web, is set within an optimal range. Temperature profile of the smooth-faced press roll in the axial direction thereof, can also be adjusted with a view to controlling the detaching of the web.

Abstract: Bonding apparatuses for textile sheet-like structures especially outer fabric and interlining, are conventionally equipped with a heating station consisting of heating plates for the sheet-like structures conveyed between conveyor belts and also with a linear-pressure device consisting of two pressure rollers. Now, in addition, the linear-pressure device is followed by surface-pressure device to stabilize the adhesive anchoring of the bonding agents.

Abstract: Method and device in a press section of a paper machine for detaching a web from a smooth face of a press roll. Momentary and local heating effect is directed at the web from outside the roll within the area or vicinity of a detaching point thereof. Material is used as the mantle or outer coating of the smooth-face roll which is at least somewhat magnetically conductive. An inductive heating effect is applied to the roll mantle free of contact therewith, and of such a high frequency, that depth of penetration of the heating effect remains sufficiently low in view of the local and momentary nature. Due to this heating effect, water present between the web and roll face is heated, even vaporized locally within the area of the detaching point, thereby detaching the web from the roll face. The electrical frequency of the induction heating is generally within the range of about 0.5 to 2 mHz, preferably within the range of about 0.8 to 1.5 mHz.

Abstract: The plastic syringe destruction device employs a cylinder and piston compaction unit together with heat to thermally smash plastic syringes into a compacted mass or slug. During compaction, the syringes are heated to temperatures between 100.degree. C. and 200.degree. C. to bring about melting of the syringes as well as sterilization. A removable transparent cover is also provided to permit only individual depositing of syringes into the cylinder when the main cover is in an opened position. A water injector nozzle is also provided as an option to permit compaction in a dry or wet state.

Abstract: In a calendering apparatus for hot-calendering a paper web, the apparatus includes a rotatable calendering roll defining a smooth calendering surface. A backing roll rotatably cooperates with the calendering roll for defining therebetween a calendering nip for the passage therethrough of the web. An induction heater is disposed in close proximity to the calendering surface nip for inducing eddy currents within the calendering roll such that the calendering roll is heated. A blow box is disposed in close proximity to the calendering surface and between the heater and the nip. The blow box defines a plurality of compartments which are disposed in a cross-machine direction. Each of the compartments selectively blows a current of cooling air against the calendering surface for controlling the temperature of the calendering surface so that the temperature of the calendering surface adjacent to the nip is controlled in a cross-machine direction.

Abstract: A punching or stamping machine for operating on thin material with very high precision comprises a horizontally disposed, elongate fixed base (1) and a hollow movable arm (2) extending parallel to the base and connected to it at one end by a resiliently flexible web (3). At the other end, on machined faces (8 and 9), the arm and the base each carry a set of tools, for example, a set of punches and a corresponding set of dies. The web (3) forms a connection between the arm and the base which will permit the necessary operative movement of the arm in the vertical direction but will not allow significant displacement of the arm relative to the base in a horizontal direction, thus contributing to a maintenance in the accuracy of alignment of the punches and dies which is better than that available with a pivotal connection, which is subject to frictional wear.

Abstract: A vibratory processing arrangement including an apparatus comprising three main stages. Namely, a high level waste vibrating impregnator, a vibrating calciner and a vibratory powder mixer.The waste impregnator comprises a downwardly inclined trough having flexible mountings and a vibrator at its upstream end, a hood structure and a series of liquid sprays connected to a high level waste supply tube.The vibratory calciner comprises a downwardly inclined tube connected to a downstream discharge tube. The discharge tube has an inlet pipe for entry of reducing gas. The reducing gas passes upwardly through the tubes to a gas discharge take-off tube near the upstream end of the downwardly inclined tube. A vibrator is tuned to provide the desired flow rate through the downwardly inclined tube.Calcined discharged powder falls downwardly into the vibratory mixer, which has a vibratory actuator and flexible mountings.

Abstract: A process is described for reducing the volume of spent ion exchange resins containing radioactive contaminants, and a filter aid having groups reactive with the functional groups of the resins. Spent ion exchange resin and the filter aid are dewatered, then subject to a pressure of about 2000 psi in conjunction with 250.degree. C. heat to reduce the volume occupied by the resin by up to a factor of 5 and impart rewet stability.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for accomplishing smoothness and glaze to paper or board webs in a calender by leading a web through hot nips which are formed between cooperating rolls of different hardnesses and having adjustable temperatures, and where a gradient calendering of the web based on the temperature difference between the web and the rolls is brought about. In order to increase the efficiency of the gradient calendering and in order to achieve a suitable temperature difference between the web and the heated rolls, the temperature of the web is arranged to be adjustable before the web enters the hot nip.

Abstract: In a double-band press for the continuous pressing of material webs which require hardening temperatures which are too high to be withstood by the seals of pressure chambers in the double-band press, a pressure plate of the double-band press is divided into an edge area and an inner area, with the edge area having a temperature which is capable of being withstood by the seal material, while the inner area is heated to an increased temperature suitable for processing the material webs. During operation of the apparatus, heat is conducted from the inner area to a portion of the press belt lying against it. The pressure plate is formed with a rectangular recess in which is arranged a pressure plate insert forming the inner area. The pressure plate insert is heated and includes thermal conducting elements which are in contact with the pressure plate insert with one surface and which, with another surface, contacts the press belt in sliding engagement.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for compressing moisture containing material including a pair of opposed rolls for receiving and advancing the material therebetween to apply rolling load thereto to compress the material and remove at least a portion of said moisture therefrom, and differential means for causing one of said rolls to rotate at a lower speed than the rolling speed of the other of the rolls, the differential rolling speeds developing friction between the rolls causing the rolls to be heated and apply heat to said material to further remove moisture therefrom, to cause the compressed material to adhere to the one roll and to cause the removed moisture to adhere to the other roll, also alone and in combination, apparatus and process of decomposing organic material such as an animal biomass by the action of aerobic microorganisms in the presence of oxygen, including introducing the organic material into a container having an end adapted to receive the organic material and an output end adapted to discharge th

Abstract: A device for selectively controlling the diameter of sections of a calender roll. The device comprises a plurality of nozzles which direct jets of superheated steam against sections of the calender roll. Thermal expansion, resulting from localized heating by the steam jets, corrects local non-uniformities in the gap between adjacent cooperating calender rolls. Moisture which condenses from the steam onto the calender roll surface is removed by a flow of air past the roll surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for automatically controlling operation of a juice finishing machine of a type having a cylindrical perforated screen in a housing forming an inlet for introducing initial juice or the like into an interior portion of the screen, temperature of juice solids in the pad area and temperature of the initial juice entering the machine being separately monitored and converted to proportional electrical signals, a differential controller establishing a differential output signal proportional to the differential between the sensed temperatures, the differential electrical signal being converted to a pneumatic signal suitable for regulating operation of the actuator means in order to automatically control finished quality of juice product from the machine. A fail-safe control is also provided for establishing a predetermined setting for the actuator means if the differential electrical signal exceeds predetermined limits.

Abstract: An apparatus for compacting a solid waste material includes a hollow cylindrical body having a charging inlet for charging the solid waste material therethrough into the hollow cylindrical body, a heating portion for heating the solid waste material in the hollow cylindrical body, and a discharging outlet for discharging the solid waste material from the hollow cylindrical body; a rotatable shaft disposed in the hollow cylindrical body and having a helical screw blade thereon, the screw blade and an inner wall surface of the hollow cylindrical body being spaced from each other with a clearance provided therebetween for allowing the solid waste material in the hollow cylindrical body to form a bridge therein; a support for radially movably supporting an end of the rotatable shaft; a prime mover coupled to the end of the rotatable shaft through the support; and an outlet nozzle coupled to the discharging outlet for compressing the solid waste material discharged from the discharging outlet.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a controller for controlling the local diameters of a temperature sensitive calender roll by selectively heating sections of a sheet of calenderable material with infrared lamps while the sheet is in contact with the calender roll or before the sheet contacts the roll. The calender roll is made of a material having at least one dimension which responds to changes in temperature. Therefore, thermal expansion of the roll, resulting from contact of the heated sheet with the roll surface, corrects local non-uniformities in the calender roll diameters. If the calender rolls unexpectedly stop or slow down so that the sheet of calenderable material becomes overexposed to infrared radiation, a fire detecting device detects and extinguishes the fire by turning off the infrared heating lamps and flooding the area around the lamps with a fire-extinguishing fluid.

Abstract: Method and apparatus in the calendering of a web in a calender comprising a calender stack including at least two calender rolls situated substantially one over the other defining at least one calendering nip between them in which the web to be calendered is pressed at a suitable linear load, and wherein the outer rolls of the stack are provided with internal apparatus for varying or adjusting the roll crowns. The mantle of one or both of the calender rolls defining a calendering nip is heated to produce in the web passing through the nip a significant temperature differential in the thickness direction of the web between its interior portion and its surface layers and/or between its opposite surface layers. In this manner, the mechanical calendering work normally a function of the linear loading of the calender rolls is compensated for by the temperature gradient produced by the temperature differential which acts on the plastic properties of the web.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a controller for controlling local calender roll diameters by directing temperature controlled fluid against selected slices of a rotating calender roll. The calender roll has a diameter which responds to changes in temperature. Therefore, thermal expansion or contraction, resulting from localized heating or cooling of the calender roll by the temperature controlled fluid, corrects local non-uniformities in the spacing between cooperating calender rolls. The invention conserves energy by recirculating the temperature controlled air.

Abstract: A method for the moistening of an endless web moving in a processing device, wherein the moistening substance is an evaporated fluid condensated on the web and said web is treated with a corresponding steam substance prior to this moistening. The method includes steps for supplying the evaporated fluid in a bag-like member formed by the web, the bag-like member being supported by an external member. The supply of the substance is carried out by means of a steamer appliance arranged transverse to the web. The method includes steps for adjusting the specific property of the steam substance in accordance to specific values measured from the web.

Abstract: A web of paper or similar material is subjected to at least one nip formed by an iron roll and a compliant roll. The iron roll is heated to a temperature of at least the temperature at which the fibers in the web begin to deform. In the case of paper this is approximately 350.degree. F. Preferably the web is passed through two nips the first nip polishing one side of the web, the second nip polishing the other side. The result is a web having improved gloss without substantial loss of bulk and with minimum mottling.

Abstract: A method for laminating a composite assembly having outer films of plastic to provide such a composite assembly without appreciable transverse curl. The method includes the steps of preparing two oppositely facing outer films which may be of bi-axially oriented plastic. Each film may have an outer layer of a tough abrasion resistant material and an inner layer of thermoplastic bonding resin. In one embodiment, a portion of the inner layer of thermoplastic bonding resin may be coated with a strip of electrically conductive material. The inner layers of thermoplastic bonding resins are heated and the films are brought together in a common plane. In one embodiment, a central core is inserted between the converging films at spaced intervals. The outer films and the central core are laminated by passing them between first and second pairs of pressure rolls. The first and second pairs of pressure rolls are tilted at equal and opposite angles to the plane of the films.