Abstract: A hydrophilic film is formed on the surface of a metal material, inhibits the growth of condensation water, and provides mold resistance, and a hydrophilization treatment agent is used for forming the hydrophilic film. The hydrophilization treatment agent has one or more compounds selected from poorly water-soluble cerium compounds; and a hydrophilic film prepared from the hydrophilization treatment agent. The poorly water-soluble cerium compounds are one or more compounds selected from cerium carbonate, cerium fluoride, cerium fluoride, and cerium oxide. By forming the hydrophilic film on the surface of a metal material, the growth of condensation water can be inhibited, and the mold resistance can be provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a coating, a turbine component, and a process of fabricating a turbine component. The coating includes a ceramic phase formed by ceramic particles and a ductile matrix having a ductility greater than the ceramic phase. The ceramic phase includes substantially the same microstructure as the ceramic particles. The turbine component includes a surface having the coating. The process includes applying the coating to the surface of the turbine component.

Abstract: There is provided a hard film excellent in wear resistance. The hard film in accordance with the present invention includes (TiaCrbAlcLd)(BxCyNz) in terms of composition, in which the L is at least one of Si and Y, and the a, b, c, d, x, y, and z each denote the atomic ratio, and satisfy: 0.1?a<0.3; 0.3<b<0.6; 0.2?c<0.35; 0.01?d<0.1; a+b+c+d=1; x?0.1; y?0.1; 0.8?z?1; and x+y+z=1.

Abstract: Provided are methods and compositions pertaining to coatings (e.g., paints) for covering a substrate. In some aspects and embodiments the coatings may include a heat reflective metal oxide pigment that, applied to an external surface of a building (or applied on a substrate used for an external surface of a building) reduces energy consumption in the building. In other aspects and embodiments, provided are textured coatings having a texturing material; e.g., methods and compositions are provided pertaining to textured coatings that can be applied robotically or in an automated fashion. In various aspects and embodiments, textured coatings are provided that include a texturing material and a heat reflective metal oxide pigment. In some aspects and embodiments coatings are provided that include pumice texturing materials (e.g., pumice having particle sizes of greater than 150 microns).

Abstract: Provided is a food-cooking surface for a culinary article or domestic electrical cooking appliance, consisting in depositing Zr and/or Nb and/or Ti on a substrate, the production process including a step of carburizing and/or nitriding at least one of the aforementioned elements, characterized in that the cooking surface also includes depositing Si so as to produce (Zr/Nb/Ti)—Si—(N/C) coatings. Also provided is a culinary article or domestic electrical or gas cooking appliance comprising such a cooking surface.

Abstract: Provided is a bonding material which can bond base materials or substrates having different linear thermal expansion coefficients, and can have heat resistance against temperatures of 300° C. or higher, vacuum airtightness and bonding strength, further which has excellent handleability and workability. The bonding material is produced by mixing, in a content ratio of 0.01 to 60 mass % (to the whole), a metal Ga, and/or at least one metal or alloy powder selected from the group consisting of a metal powder mixture of a combination of Bi and Sn or an alloy powder thereof, and a metal powder mixture of a combination of Bi, Sn and Mg or an alloy powder thereof with a Bi2O3-based glass frit powder having an average particle diameter of 200 ?m or less. The bonding material may be formed in a paste form by adding a solvent thereto. This feature makes it possible to bond together substrates having different thermal expansion coefficients without causing a crack or unsticking.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an electroconductive thick film paste composition comprising Ag and a Pb-free bismuth-tellurium-oxide both dispersed in an organic medium. The present invention is further directed to an electrode formed from the paste composition and a semiconductor device and, in particular, a solar cell comprising such an electrode. The present invention is also directed to the bismuth-tellurium oxide that is a component of thick film pastes.

Abstract: A composition for manufacturing a composite of a non-oxide ceramic matrix and a refractory phase within the non-oxide ceramic matrix includes a preceramic polymer for forming a non-oxide ceramic matrix and a refractory material dispersed within the preceramic polymer.

Abstract: A silica-containing composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a compound having the following formula: (SiO2)x(OH)yMzSaF.B. M comprises at least one metal or metalloid cation S is a sulfur-based species. F optionally exists and F is at least one of the following: a functionalized organosilane, a sulfur-containing organosilane, an amine-containing organosilane, and an alkyl-containing organosilane at a surface area coverage of about 0.01 to about 100%. The molar ratio of y/x is equal to about 0.01 to about 0.5, the molar ratio of x/z is equal to about 0.5 to about 300 or from about 0.5 to about 100, and the molar ratio of a/z is about 0.5 to about 5. B is a hygroscopic solid at a water to solid molar ratio of 0.1-6 and preferably comprises at least one alkaline earth oxide or lanthanide oxide.

Abstract: A silica-containing composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a compound having the following formula: (SiO2)x(OH)yMzSaF. M comprises at least one metal or metalloid cation S is a sulfur-based species optionally exists and F is at least one of the following: a functionalized organosilane, a sulfur-containing organosilane, an amine-containing organosilane, and an alkyl-containing organosilane at a surface area coverage of about 0.01 to about 100%. The molar ratio of y/x is equal to about 0.01 to about 0.5, the molar ratio of x/z is equal to about 0.5 to about 300 or from about 0.5 to about 100, and the molar ratio of a/z is about 0.5 to about 5.

Abstract: The invention relates to a translucent or transparent, colored enamel that contains metal nanoparticles that lost their natural tendency to aggregate with each other, and having a color essentially provided by the reflection of light. The nanoparticles have lost their natural capability to aggregate with each other due to the application of a coating, or because they have been functionalised electrostatically or using highly sterically hindered entities or using hydrophilic entities located at the surface thereof. The nanoparticles may be gold nanoparticles that impart an intense and deep red to said enamel.

Abstract: A film capable of emitting far infrared rays is composed of a surface layer and a carbonic layer coating the surface layer. The carbonic layer includes carbon of at least 60 wt %. When the film is applied to the human skin, the temperature of the skin can be heightened and the blood circulation can be enhanced, so the absorbability of the active ingredients in the film by the human skin can be enhanced. Beside, the film can resist ultraviolet rays to prevent the skin from ultraviolet injury.

Abstract: An object of this invention is to provide a surface protective film which is capable of suppressing the entry of a corrosive gas as compared with conventional surface protective films. A surface protective film according to this invention is a film which contains yttria (Y2O3) as a main component and also contains cerium. Since the surface protective film contains cerium, defects such as micropores in the film are reduced, thereby enabling suppression of the entry of a corrosive gas.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an aqueous dispersion liquid contains at least one particles selected from tungsten oxide particles and tungsten oxide composite particles. A mean primary particle diameter (D50) of the particles is in the range of 1 nm to 400 nm. In the aqueous dispersion liquid, concentration of the particles is in the range of 0.1 mass % to 40 mass %, and pH is in the range of 1.5 to 6.5. The aqueous dispersion liquid excels in dispersibility of particles and capable of maintaining good liquidity for a long period.

Abstract: A porous ceramic (honeycomb) structure skin coating and a method of producing a porous ceramic structure skin coating which provides a hardshell, strong, acid- and alkali-resistant, chip-resistant ceramic honeycomb structure coating which resists pollution control catalyst from being absorbed into the skin coating.

Abstract: A coated component is provided comprising a silicon-based substrate and a braze layer overlying the silicon-based substrate. The braze layer comprises silicon, tantalum, and a metal element having substantially the same melt temperature with silicon as tantalum has with silicon. The braze layer further comprises ceramic particles. Protective coatings are also provided.

Abstract: To provide an inorganic waterborne coating agent and its aqueous solution: wherein, with the surface of the base material highly-hydrophilizated, the contaminant such as oil-based contaminant and inorganic dust adhered onto the surface of the base material can be removed easily with water, and at the same time, the antistatic effect can be achieved due to its dust-repelling property; which can be applied by anyone (non-skilled) with ease without considering the base material being organic or inorganic, compared with conventional coating agents, such as photocatalyst and polysilazane-based glass coating agent that have limited range of use; and which has little limit in conditions of use, and is inexpensive and applicable to any places, thereby securing the original goal of antifouling property. To provide an inorganic waterborne coating agent comprising: alkaline colloidal silica, a sodium phosphate compound and a potassium phosphate mixture, and boric acid.

Abstract: In certain examples, this invention provides an inorganic composite binder with high-temperature resistance comprising 5-12% of aluminum hydroxide, 15-35% of phosphoric acid, 0.1-1% of rare earth oxide, 5-20% of silica sol, 1-15% of polyaluminum phosphate, 1-5% of borax, based on the total weight of said binder, and the rest being water, and a method for producing the same. The binder of the example can be used in temporary protective coating layer such as the high temperature coating and the high temperature antioxidation coating layer during the heat treatment of the metal workpiece, can make it possible to form an antioxidation coating layer immediately upon directly spraying the coating onto the substrate surface of the metal at high temperature of 400-1000° C.

Abstract: A non-magnetic, abrasive, wear-resistant hardfacing material is disclosed. The non-magnetic hardfacing material includes a plurality of non-magnetic, sintered carbide pellets and a non-magnetic matrix alloy, wherein the non-magnetic, sintered carbide pellets are dispersed within the non-magnetic matrix alloy.

Abstract: The invention thus relates to a layer system (1) for the formation of a surface layer on a surface of a substrate, in particular on the surface of a tool, in particular on the surface of a shaping tool, wherein the layer system includes at least a first surface layer of the composition (VaMebMcXd)?(NuCvOw)?, where (a+b+c+d)=?, ?=100%, with respect to the atoms Va,Meb,Mc,Xd present in the layer, (u+v+w)=?. ?=100 with respect to the atoms N, C, O present in the layer, with the sum of all the atoms in the layer (?+?)=100 at %, where 40???80 at % applies, and where Meb is at least one element from the group of chemical elements including Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ni, Cu, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm of the periodic system of chemical elements and Mc is at least one element of the group of chemical elements including Ti, Cr, and Xd is at least one element from the group of chemical elements including S, Se, Si, B of the periodic system of elements, where 0?u?100, 0?v?100 and 0?w?80.

Abstract: This invention relates to thermal spray coatings on a metal or non-metal substrate. The thermal spray coating comprises a ceramic coating having a functionally graded porosity across the ceramic coating thickness. The ceramic coating includes an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner layer has a porosity at or near the interface of the inner layer and the metal or non-metal substrate sufficient to provide a compliant ceramic coating capable of straining under thermal expansion mismatch between the ceramic coating and the metal or non-metal substrate at elevated temperature. The outer layer has a decreasing porosity extending from the surface of the inner layer to the surface of the ceramic coating sufficient to provide corrosion resistance and/or plasma erosion resistance to said ceramic coating. This invention also relates to methods of protecting metal and non-metal substrates by applying the thermal spray coatings.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a hard coating film, a material coated with the hard coating film, and a die for cold plastic working, the coating film excelling conventional surface coating layers in wear resistance as well as slidability with a low frictional coefficient. The hard coating film is characterized by a chemical composition of (VxM1-x) (BaCbN1-a-b), where 0.4?x?0.95??(1A) 0?a?0.2??(2A) 0?1-a-b?0.35??(3A) 0.6?b?1??(4A) M denotes at least one species of elements belonging to Groups 4a, 5a, and 6a and Si and Al; and x, 1-x, a, b, and 1-a-b represent respectively the atomic ratio of V, M, B, C, and N.

Abstract: A method for producing a thin-walled structural component from a casting material. The casting material is supplied as a powder, and the powder is deposited on a support (1) by a kinetic cold gas spraying process so as to form the structural component (11, 11?). A structural component which is made of a casting material and in which the structure is formed from a plurality of particles (17) that are interlinked and deformed using a cold gas spraying process.

Abstract: A process for coating a metallic surface by contacting the metallic surface with a first coating composition to form a first coating on the metallic surface, wherein the first coating composition contains water and at least one compound a) selected from a silane, a silanol, a siloxane and a polysiloxane. The first coating is the rinsed with an aqueous surfactant-containing fluid without drying so that the at least one compound a) does not condense before the rinsing step. The silane, silanol, siloxane or polysiloxane is capable of condensation.

Abstract: A composite coating including a plurality of monocrystalline diamond particles having an irregular surface, wherein the surface roughness of said particle is less than about 0.95, a material selected from the group of metals, metal alloys polymer, glass, carbon and combinations thereof and optional additives.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method wherein nanoparticle are first produced and then infused in the coating during the coating process by means of a PVD and/or CVD method. A sliding element comprises a coating formed by means of a PVD and/or CVD method comprising separately produced nanoparticles.

Abstract: An amorphous transparent conductive film containing as a main component a six oxygen-coordinated metal oxide, and satisfying, in a radial distribution function (RDF) obtained by an X-ray scattering measurement, a relationship of A/B>1, providing that the maximum value of RDF at an interatomic distance of from 0.30 nm to 0.36 nm is A and the maximum value of RDF at an interatomic distance of from 0.36 nm to 0.42 nm is B.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fused ceramic particle, having the following chemical composition, in percentages by weight based on the oxides and for a total of 100%: 50%<ZrO2+HfO2<70%; 10%<SiO2<30%; 6.5%<MgO<9.5%; Al2O3 in a quantity such that the MgO/Al2O3 weight ratio is in the range 2.4 to 6.6; 0.1%<Y2O3; CeO2<10%; and less than 0.6% of other oxides. Use in particular as milling agents, wet medium dispersion agents, propping agents, heat exchange agents, or for the treatment of surfaces.

Abstract: A method of preparing an aqueous composition of a chromium III compound, comprising adding hydrogen peroxide to a mixture comprising water and a chromium VI compound in the presence of at least one acid according to the formula H2GF6, in which G is a Group IV-B element. The composition may contain less than 500 ppm of alkali metal ions and less than 200 ppm of halide ions, relative to chromium and may test negative for chromium VI using s-diphenylcarbazide. The composition may be used for treating a metal surface, among other applications.

Abstract: An article includes a substrate; and a color layer deposited on the substrate, wherein the color layer is a chromium oxide-carbon layer; the color layer has an L* value between about 28 to about 32, an a* value between about ?1 to about 1, and a b* value between about ?1 to about 1 in the CIE L*a*b* color space.

Abstract: Provided is a method of synthesizing an ITO electron beam resist and a method of forming an ITO pattern. The ITO electron beam resist is synthesized by dissolving indium chloride tetrahydrate and tin chloride dihydrate in 2-ethoxy ethanol. The method of forming an ITO pattern includes: forming an ITO electron beam resist film on a substrate, forming an ITO electron beam resist pattern by patterning the ITO electron beam resist film, and forming an ITO pattern by annealing the ITO electron beam resist pattern.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for coating metallic surfaces with a composition containing silane/silanol/siloxane/polysiloxane, wherein, in addition to a) at least one compound selected from silanes, silanols, siloxanes and polysiloxanes, b) at least one compound containing titanium, hafnium, zirconium, aluminum and/or boron, and c) at least one type of cation selected from cations of metals of subgroups 1 to 3 and 5 to 8, including lanthanides, and of main group 2 of the periodic table of the elements, and/or at least one corresponding compound, the composition contains at least one substance d) selected from: d1) silicon-free compounds having at least one amino, urea and/or ureido group in each case, d2) anions of nitrite and/or compounds having at least one nitro group, d3) compounds based on peroxide, and d4) phosphorus-containing compounds, anions of at least one phosphate and/or anions of at least one phosphonate, as well as e) water, and f) optionally also at least one organic solvent.

Abstract: Provided is a substrate having a surface that is at least partially laminated with a coating that provides the surface both anti-reflective and self-cleaning properties. The coating is characterized by low refraction, a contact angle of at least 150° and a sliding angle of at most 10°, and includes two components: (i) an anti-reflecting coating (ARC) component and (ii) a self-cleaning coating (SCC) component. Also provided is a method for providing a substrate having a surface that is at least partially laminated with an anti-reflecting (AR) self-cleaning (SC) coating, the method including providing a substrate with at least one surface and applying a coating onto at least a part of the at least one surface, the coating including an ARC component and a SCC component.

Abstract: A hard composite composition comprises a binder; and a polymodal blend of matrix powder. In an embodiment, the polymodal blend of matrix powder has at least one local maxima at a particle size of 30 ?m or less, at least one local maxima at a particle size of 200 ?m or more, and at least one local minima between a particle size of about 30 ?m to about 200 ?m that has a value that is less than the local maxima at a particle size of 30 ?m or less.

Abstract: A platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigment having first and second outer faces, the platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigment having at least one PVD layer, the at least one PVD layer including elemental metal with clusters of elemental metal and metal oxide. The amounts of elemental metal in the first outer face and in the second outer face of the PVD metallic effect pigment are different from one another and they differ by at least 10 atom %. The disclosure further relates to a method for producing these platelet-shaped PVD metallic effect pigments, and to their use.

Abstract: Printable metal formulations, methods of making the formulations, and methods of coating or printing thin films from metal ink precursors are disclosed. The metal formulation generally includes one or more Group 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 metal salts or metal complexes, one or more solvents adapted to facilitate coating and/or printing of the formulation, and one or more optional additives that form (only) gaseous or volatile byproducts upon reduction of the metal salt or metal complex to an elemental metal and/or alloy thereof. The formulation may be made by combining the metal salt(s) or metal complex(es) and the solvent(s), and dissolving the metal salt(s) or metal complex(es) in the solvent(s) to form the formulation. Thin films may be made by coating or printing the metal formulation on a substrate; removing the solvents to form a metal-containing precursor film; and reducing the metal-containing precursor film.

Abstract: An anti-erosion layer is provided for aerodynamic components or structures and to a method for producing such a layer. Microscale or nanoscale hard material particles are embedded in a binding layer that includes a material that adheres to the aerodynamic component or structure. The anti-erosion layer can be applied by spraying or by evaporation coating.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of a method, system, and apparatus for electro-plating an alloy upon a cathode. For example, a bath which includes disodium tungstate and an iron group substrate in an aqueous solution with a complexant to form complexes which remain in suspension in the bath can be provided. Further, the bath can be maintained at a temperature in the range of approximately 50-90° C. and at a pH in the range of approximately 5 to 7 and a current density in the range of approximately 1 to 4 Adm?2.

Abstract: A treatment solution for insulation coating for grain-oriented electrical steel sheets contains at least one selected from phosphates of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn; colloidal silica in a proportion of 0.5 to 10 mol in terms of SiO2 and a water-soluble vanadium compound in a proportion of 0.1 to 2.0 mol in terms of V, relative to PO4:1 mol in the phosphates.

Abstract: A silica containing composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a compound having the following formula: (SiO2)x(OH)yMzSaF: wherein M is at least one of the following metal or metalloid cations: boron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, palladium, silver, cadmium, tin, platinum, gold, and bismuth; wherein S is a sulfur-based species selected from at least one of the following: sulfide salts, dithiocarbamates, polymer-based dithiocarbamates, and polysulfide salts; wherein F optionally exists and said F is at least one of the following: a functionalized organosilane, a sulfur-containing organosilane, an amine-containing organosilane, and an alkyl-containing organosilane at a surface area coverage of 0.01-100%; and wherein the molar ratio of y/x is equal to 0.01-0.5, the molar ratio of x/z is equal to 3-300, and the molar ratio of a/z is 1-5.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting oxidation of a porous carbon-carbon composite is disclosed and comprises the steps of: (a) contacting the carbon-carbon composite with an oxidation inhibiting composition comprising phosphoric acid or an acid phosphate salt, at least one aluminum salt, and at least one additional metal salt, the oxidation inhibiting composition penetrating at least some of the pores of the carbon-carbon composite; and (b) heating the carbon-carbon composite at a temperature sufficient to form a deposit from the oxidation inhibiting composition within at least some of the penetrated pores of the carbon-carbon composite. The foregoing oxidation inhibiting composition and carbon-carbon composites treated by the foregoing method are also disclosed.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an aqueous dispersion liquid contains at least one particles selected from tungsten oxide particles and tungsten oxide composite particles. A mean primary particle diameter (D50) of the particles is in the range of 1 nm to 400 nm. In the aqueous dispersion liquid, concentration of the particles is in the range of 0.1 mass % to 40 mass %, and pH is in the range of 1.5 to 6.5. The aqueous dispersion liquid excels in dispersibility of particles and capable of maintaining good liquidity for a long period.

Abstract: A clay plaster formulation and application. The clay plaster is a mixture of various clays, and aggregate. This plaster is both functional and decorative and is for use on new and existing construction.

Abstract: A modified sol-gel method to create metal-rich siliceous material, such as colloidal silica or aluminosilicate particles is disclosed. Initially, the metal salt of choice is added to a silicic acid solution or a silicic acid solution containing aluminum salt. The aluminum is added to vary the metal-support interaction as it forms Al—O—Si linkages within the silica matrix. Besides aluminum, other metals can be added that form M—O—Si (M=Ti, B, etc.) linkages, which do not become reduced when treated with a reducing agent. Once the metal, silicic acid and/or aluminum salt is generated, it is subjected to colloidal growth by addition to a basic heel. Upon colloidal synthesis, the metal salt containing colloidal particle is left as is to maximize colloidal stability or is reduced with hydrazine to produce the zero valence metal-containing colloidal particle.

Abstract: An aqueous phosphoric bonding solution consists essentially of phosphoric acid, a source of magnesium ions, and a leachable corrosion inhibitor. The bonding solution is stable with respect to inorganic metal particles, such as aluminum, which are admixed to the bonding solution for the preparation of a coating slurry. Metal parts coated with the coating compositions have very satisfactory properties such as heat and corrosion resistance.

Abstract: A synthetic glass family in the quaternary phase field of CaO—SiO2-Al2O3-MgO (CSAM) with hydraulic and pozzolanic properties for use in differing applications in the gas and oil well cementing area. A method of making a mud-to-cement (MTC) slurry and a method for treating oil and gas wells with the MTC slurry containing a homogenous amorphous synthetic glass made from a mixture of inorganic materials selected from the group consisting of CSAM, wherein the cementing glasses with the mixture of inorganic materials are in a 100% amorphous phase with a degree of crystallization of zero.

Abstract: A metal oxide nanoporous material comprises two or more kinds of first metal oxides selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, titania, iron oxide, rare-earth oxides, alkali metal oxides and alkaline-earth metal oxides. The metal oxide nanoporous material has nanopores, each with a diameter of 10 nm or smaller, in which the metal oxides are dispersed homogeneously in the wall forming the nanopores.

Abstract: A composition for a protective layer of a plasma display panel includes a metal oxide powder containing a metal selected from Mg, Cu, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al, Ti, Zr, Sn, Ce and combinations thereof, a dispersing agent, and a solvent selected from nitrile compounds, tertiary alkyl acetates, alkylene glycol alkyl ethers, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran and combinations thereof. Also, a plasma display panel includes a protective layer formed of the composition for a protective layer, and a manufacturing method thereof.

Abstract: A treatment solution for an insulation coating for a grain oriented electrical steel sheet includes at least one member selected from phosphates of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn, and colloidal silica in a proportion of 0.5 to 10 mol in terms of SiO2 and at least one member selected from permanganates of Mg, Sr, Zn, Ba, and Ca in a proportion of 0.02 to 2.5 mol in terms of metal elements in the permanganates, relative to PO4:1 mol in the phosphates.

Abstract: Silicon compounds useful as coating reactants for the chemical vapor deposition of silicon oxide are disclosed, along with compounds useful as accelerants to increase the deposition rate of silicon oxide. The silicon-containing precursor comprises the structural formula wherein R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl radical which may be substituted, and R2 is a functional group which increases the reactivity of the silicon compound by withdrawing electron density away from the silicon atom, such as hydrogen, halogen, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogenated alkyl and perhalogenated alkyl radicals. The accelerant is a compound selected to take advantage of the partial positive charge on the silicon atom. Such accelerant compounds include Lewis acids and bases; water; ozone; trivalent compounds of nitrogen, boron and phosphorus; tetravalent compounds of sulfur and selenium; pentavalent compounds of phosphorus and a variety of metal compounds.