Abstract: Method for the desalination and reclamation of irrigated soils through application to the soil of minute amounts of one or more anionic compounds having threshold properties in dilute aqueous solution.

Abstract: Pieces of strips of flexible, open plastics mesh structure are randomly embedded in a matrix without creating a substantial amount of extra void space in the matrix, to strengthen the matrix. Each piece or strip comprises more than one mesh opening, has tenaceous junctions or intersections, has high dimensional stability in its plane, and has high flexural recovery. Relatively small, generally flat pieces can be used, or alternatively strips more than one hundred times as long as they are wide. In the case of soil, a special machine can be provided which cuts up a reel of continuous mesh structure and has a rotary digging tool which digs up the top layer of soil and mixes pieces with the soil.

Abstract: A sprayable composition for forming a transient film for controlling soil erosion and moisture evaporation consisting essentially of an alkali metal silicate, a liquid, an environmentally degradable moisture vapor barrier-forming material selected from elastomers, aliphatic hydrocarbons, animal and vegetable fats, hydrogenated oils and mixtures thereof, and an agent for stabilizing said composition and the method of controlling soil erosion and moisture evaporation utilizing the aforesaid composition.

Abstract: A solid, water impervious landfillable composition of a process for treating iron chloride wastes such as those obtained when chlorinating titanium ore is disclosed. The process involves reacting the iron chlorides with limestone in molten CaCl.sub.2.xH.sub.2 O, where x equals 3-6. The composition comprises CaCl.sub.2.xH.sub.2 O where x is from 3-6 and FeO.sub.Y where Y is from 1.0-1.5 and the weight ratio of CaCl.sub.2.xH.sub.2 O (calculated as CaCl.sub.2.2H.sub.2 O)/FeO.sub.Y is from 1/9-4/1.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for improving the nature of soil in a salty land not suitable for agriculture by forming a moisture barrier in the soil with formation of a water-impermeable layer of soil underground. The method comprises sprinkling a water-soluble polymer, e.g. a copolymer of acrylic acid, or polymer blend including, for example, polyacrylic acid, capable of being insolubilized by interacting with the salt, preferably, in an aqueous solution over the salty land so that a water-impermeable layer underground is formed by the insolubilized polymer together with the soil particles.

Abstract: Leaching of cadmium and lead from solid residues obtained in the incineration of refuse may be reduced to environmentally acceptable levels by the addition of calcium sulfide to such residues. A particularly convenient method involves the addition of dry lime and an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt supplying sulfide, especially an alkali metal sulfide, in equimolar quantities.

Abstract: A method for sealing a mass of stored waste containing cations comprises insulating the waste mass with at least one grout barrier which retains heavy metallic cations. The grout barrier is established by filling the hollows in the soil or fissured rocks with a grout containing specified amounts of cement, clay, siliceous products, sodium carbonate and alkali-metal tartarate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to liquid mixtures of alkali metal silicates, water, and trialkoxysilanes of the general formula R--Si(OR').sub.3, which harden to form silica-containing gels within a predetermined length of time. The mixtures can contain additional means for influencing the gelling and the gel strength. The most important field of application of the gels in accordance with the invention is the stabilization of soils in architecture and civil engineering.

Abstract: A method of enhancing the geotechnical properties of soil materials so as to control soil erosion including fugitive dust by treating the soil with a mixture of polyacrylic acids or polyacrylates, a dibasic acid or acid salt and a wetting agent in water utilizes an aqueous solution of a polyacrylate emulsion, (said active polymer having a Mw of 1-5 million), sodium citrate and a surfactant (nonylphenol plus 10 moles ethylene oxide). The mixture is applied directly to the soil to be stabilized in either diluted or undiluted form whereby surface erosion in both quiescent areas and road beds can be controlled.

Abstract: Method for treating a formation, particularly one containing finely divided particulate material, to increase the flow of fluids through the formation wherein there is injected therein an organosilicon compound, preferably in a hydrocarbon carrier liquid, followed by injection of steam containing a compound which contains ammoniacal nitrogen, selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, ammonium salts of inorganic acids, ammonium salts of carboxylic acids, quaternary ammonium halides, amine or substituted amine hydrochlorides, derivatives of ammonium cyanate, and water-soluble ammonia or ammonium ion precursors selected from the group consisting of amides of carbamic acid and thiocarbamic acid, derivatives of such amides, tertiary carboxylic acid amides and their substituted and alkylated derivatives. A preferred nitrogen-containing compound is urea.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to shear thickening fluids which comprise a water-swellable material (clay), present in a sufficient concentration so as to be capable of forming a stiff paste upon interaction with the water used, and water wherein the clay and water are kept separated by an intervening hydrocarbon-surfactant composition. The intervening oil phase prevents the interaction between the water and the clay phases and results in a stable, nonreacting, pumpable composite until such time as the oil envelope is ruptured by application of a sufficiently high shear force. Upon such rupture, the materials interact rapidly forming a semi-rigid stiff paste.Various well-control problems, such as oil and gas with blowouts, can be controlled by use of the above-described composite. The composite is pumped down the well pipe.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions for making sealing walls, dump linings and the like, especially barriers placed in the ground. The compositions contain expandable clay minerals, cement and fillers in aqueous suspension, as well as additives of alkali metal aluminates and alkoxy alkylsilanes. On the basis of these additives, the sealing action against water and pollutants is substantially improved, so that sealing walls prepared therefrom, especially in combination with an also pollutant-resistant sealing floor, can be used for the encapsulation of pollutants in permeable soils.

Abstract: A time-delayed hardener composition for aqueous alkali metal silicate solutions, the total formulation, and its application for soil stabilization, in which the hardener composition consists essentially 20 to 60% by weight of dimethyl carbonate and the balance to 100% by weight of diethyl carbonate.

Abstract: Sandy soils, e.g., loess-containing desert soils, are treated with an aqueous dispersion of pyrogenically produced silicon dioxide and/or corresponding mixed oxides of silicon to achieve consolidation of the sand.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing fines within a permeable earthen formation comprising contacting the fines with an effective amount of an organic copolymer. The organic polymer has a noncationic character in a liquid media having a pH of 7 or above and therefore can be utilized with other cationic or anionic chemicals without forming damaging percipitates or decomposing during its use.

Abstract: A soil stabilizing composition comprising Portland cement and a hydrated alkali metal silicate powder and the method of stabilizing soil comprising admixing the composition with a soil and compressing the mixture.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process of formulating an aqueous medium to minimize the swelling and dispersion of subterranean formations contacted by the aqueous medium, particularly the aqueous phase of a water base drilling fluid. The process comprises: measuring a filtration property of a series of aqueous slurries containing particles of the subterranean formation and various concentrations of a water soluble compound which inhibits the swelling or dispersion of shales to determine the concentration range of the compound which maximizes the filtration rate; measuring a filtration property or the zeta potential of a series of aqueous slurries having a varying pH in the range from about 8 to about 13 to determine the pH range which either maximizes the filtration rate or provides a zeta potential in the range of about -10 millivolts to about +20 millivolts, respectively; and utilizing the concentration range of the compound and the pH range to formulate the aqueous medium.

Abstract: A composition for use as a base course in a pavement construction is prepared by prereacting uncompacted incinerator ash with 2-10% by weight lime or 2-10% by weight of a 2:3 lime:fly ash mixture for several days and then adding 2-10% by weight lime and 20-25% by weight water to the composition before compaction.

Abstract: A high water content soft soil, for example from the sea or river bed, may be improved in strength by incorporating thereinto a finely divided, quenched iron blast furnace slag treated with sulfuric acid, and a Portland cement. The sulfuric acid-treated slag is a product obtained by reacting a finely divided, quenched iron blast furnace slag, such as a water-granulated iron blast furnace slag, with sulfuric acid to convert a part of its calcium components into gypsum.

Abstract: A composition and method of its use for stabilizing plastic soils which composition comprises from about 25 to about 85 weight percent portland cement, from about 0 to about 75 weight percent of a filter and from about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of a retarding agent.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for increasing the water capacity and air capacity of soil matrixes comprising modification of such soil matrixes with a water-absorbing laminate by positioning in the soil a mass of said laminate having a lightly cross-linked polyelectrolyte film with a layer of wicking substrates adhered to both sides of the absorbent film.

Abstract: Solidification of colloidal argillaceous matter in essentially non-settling, aqueous slime media into a solid stable matrix is accomplished by mixing such slime with a hydratable calcium sulfate and hydrating to form an interlocking strength bearing matrix. The method is particularly useful for coalescing phosphatic clay slimes with hydratable calcium sulfate prepared from the co-produced waste phosphogypsum.

Abstract: A high water content soft soil, for example from the sea or river bed, may be improved in strength by incorporating thereinto an additive composed of ingredient A including a mixture of 5-45% by weight of gypsum and 95-55% by weight of a water-granulated iron blast furnace slag having an particle size within the range of 100-1 .mu.m and ingredient B including a Portland cement. The ratio by weight of ingredient A to ingredient B is within the range of 75/25-55/45. Ingredient A is incorporated into the soft soil before incorporation of ingredient B.

Abstract: There is described a process for the consolidation of soil in which the moisture containing soil to be consolidated, rubbish or a soil/rubbish mixture is mixed with cement and then compacted. A fluidizing agent is added to the composition to be consolidated.

Abstract: Backfills for magnesium galvanic anodes are prepared by blending calcium sulfite, B(OH).sub.3, and bentonite, wherein the bentonite contains a substantial amount of alkaline earth metal bentonite, such as calcium-bentonite.

Abstract: A magnesium anode backfill composition is prepared by mixing calcium sulfite, bentonite, and at least one compound selected from the group comprising sodium alkylates and sodium dialkyldithiocarbamates, wherein said bentonite contains a substantial amount of alkaline earth metal bentonite, such as calcium-bentonite.

Abstract: A process for forming a compact, water-repellant, non-polluting mass of waste material which includes adding to the waste material a binder and forming a flowable, water-repellant mixture which is placed within a preselected site and hardened in place. A hardening agent can include waste, or polluted, water.

Abstract: A mixture of CaSO.sub.3 and bentonite, where the bentonite contains a substantial amount of alkaline earth metal bentonite, e.g., Ca-bentonite, is useful as a backfill composition for underground magnesium galvanic anodes. The backfill may optionally, and beneficially, contain sodium sulfite.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of stabilizing clay soil having a high water content by mixing an effective amount of hydroxy-aluminum and cellulosic polymer with the clay soil to deactivate water and thereby assist in preventing such water from fluidizing the clay soil.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of stabilizing clay soil by mixing an effective amount of dry hydroxy-aluminum and dry base with the clay.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of stabilizing clay soil by mixing an effective amount of dry hydroxy-aluminum and dry base with the clay.

Abstract: A composition comprising salts of lignin sulfonate and hydroxy-aluminum and water. The composition stabilizes soil formations from the effects of water and increases the water resistance of paper products.

Abstract: A soil stabilizer based on a prepolymer with terminal isocyanate groups, obtained by reaction of polyol with a stoichiometric excess of polyisocyanate, said prepolymer being such that in water a substantially stable dispersion of polyurea polymer particles is formed in the presence of a surface-active product.

Abstract: A liquid alkali metal silicate composition comprises water, an alkali metal, e.g., sodium silicate, glyoxal, optionally a Group I-III metal salt, e.g., calcium chloride, and hydrogen peroxide, and from 0.5 to 2.0 moles of a polyhydroxy compound per mole of glyoxal used. The specific polyols are mannitol, glycerol and sucrose. This composition is easily pumpable and injectable at a temperature of 100.degree. F. or higher.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing clay soil comprising admixing the clay soil with an effective amount of dry hydroxy-aluminum.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing clay soil comprising admixing the clay soil with an effective amount of a solution of hydroxy-aluminum having a concentration of at least 4 molar.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing clay soil comprising admixing the clay soil with an effective amount of a solution of chemicals comprising hydroxy-aluminum and a chemical selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: A method of stabilizing clay soil comprising admixing the clay soil with an effective amount of a dry mixture of chemicals comprising hydroxy-aluminum and a chemical selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate.

Abstract: An easily pumpable, liquid alkali metal, e.g., sodium silicate composition of controlled gelling characteristics contains water, an alkali metal silicate, glyoxal, optionally a Group I-III metal salt, e.g., calcium chloride, and from 0.005 to 0.10 weight/volume percent of sodium bisulfite/sodium metabisulfite, per liter of composition. This composition is easily applied at elevated temperatures, e.g., 100.degree. F. and higher.

Abstract: The physical and chemical fixation and stabilization of waste products from a sulfur-fuel burning unit through controlled crystallization of dissolved calcium sulfite. A low pH calcium sulfite solution is added to the waste containing aqueous sludge produced by a gas desulfurization unit thereby raising the pH of the calcium sulfite to crystalize the calcium sulfite and bind and encapsulate the waste products into a solid mass.

Abstract: An improved process for binding waste liquor or sludge comprising adding a hydraulic mortar to waste liquor or sludge to form a mixture and allowing the mixture to set, the improvement consisting of subjecting the mixture of hydraulic mortar and waste liquor or sludge to a milling operation before the mixture is allowed to set.

Abstract: A water-saturated soft soil is efficiently improved in its strength by incorporating thereinto an additive composed of ingredients A, B and C; the ingredient A comprises gypsum, the ingredient B comprises a mixture of 40-55% by weight of a Portland cement and 60-45% by weight of a water-granulated iron blast furnace slag having a particle size almost equal to or smaller than that of the Portland cement and the ingredient C comprises a water-soluble ferrous salt. The ratio by weight of the ingredient A to the ingredient B ranges from 10/90 to 30/70 and the total amount of the ingredients A and B used for the soft soil is sufficient to strengthen the soft soil. The ingredient C is used in an amount sufficient to react with hydrogen sulfide contained in the soft soil to be treated.

Abstract: N-substituted haloacyloxyacetamide compounds having the following formula: ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of chlorine and bromomethyl;R.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine and bromine;R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, 1-4 carbon alkyl, 2-10 carbon alkenyl, and methylene malononitrile;R.sub.4 is selected from the group consisting of 1-10 carbon alkyl, 2-10 carbon alkenyl, 2-10 carbon alkynyl, and substituted phenyl wherein said substituents are chloro or 1-6 chloro alkyl; orR.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached are selected from the group consisting of 4-10 carbon alkylene ring and 4-10 carbon alkyl substituted oxazolidine ring; provided that when R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are chlorine, then R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are other than allyl. The compounds are useful as herbicidal antidotes for protection of crops from thiocarbamate herbicidal injury.

Abstract: Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate obtained as a by-product of the production of titanium dioxide by the sulphate process is converted into a non-polluting, free-flowing particulate neutralization product by contacting said sulphate with calcium hydroxide as a neutralizing agent in a molar ratio between said neutralizing agent and said ferrous sulphate of at least 1:1, and reacting the resulting mixture under agitation at a temperature not exceeding 60.degree. C. and for a contact time not exceeding five minutes.

Abstract: An expansive solidifying material which consists of gypsum, blast furnace slag and portland type cement as the main components and soluble aluminate as a hardening promoter. The expansive solidifying material of the invention is quite suitable for solidifying poor grounds containing much water and the solidifying material is quite excellent in the initial hardening, long term strength, water absorption, expansibility and the reduction of production cost.

Abstract: Soil compositions suitable for use as building materials and having significantly improved properties of thermal or energy conductants and energy resistance as well as improved stress, compression, bearing, sound absorbing and structural integrity characteristics comprise a soil combined with cellulose, sodium silicate, and potassium or sodium hydroxide in specific proportions. The composition may also include clay and mineral fillers, depending on the characteristics of the soil.

Abstract: An improved earthen composition suitable for building construction comprises soil, a sulfonic acid, cellulose and a cementing agent comprising a calcium cement such as Portland cement, lime or calcium carbonate and/or an asphalt cement such as asphaltic concrete, asphalt, or tar. The compositions are prepared in an aqueous mixture, which is then tamped or consolidated, and dried.

Abstract: A composition including a silicate, imidodisulfonic acids and/or the salts thereof is disclosed. This composition is useful as grouting agent.

Abstract: A stabilizing agent and backfill composition for providing a thermally stable environment for buried electrical equipment comprising from about 90 to about 99 percent by weight soil and from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight of the stabilizing agent, which is comprised of a mixture of clay and a dispersing agent therefor, wherein the dispersing agent comprises at least about 0.25 percent by weight of the stabilizing agent.

Abstract: Soil is stabilized to resist erosion due to weather exposure by depositing a latex coagulating amount of an aqueous solution of a polyvalent metal salt on the soil surface followed thereafter by depositing on that so treated surface a soil stabilizing amount of an aqueous polymer latex coagulable by said salt.