Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor comprises a separator including a vortex chamber adjacent the top of the reactor for separating solid material from the flue gases of the reactor. A channel directs flue gases discharged from the reactor and adjacent the top of the reactor in a downward direction. A main portion of the solid material is separated from the gases by a change of flow direction after which the solid material is returned to the lower part of the reactor. The main portion of the gases is directed, after the change of direction, to the vortex chamber where further separation of solid material is effected and the separated solid material is returned to the reactor.

Abstract: According to a process for the combustion of organic substances, such as domestic or industrial waste and the like, in a fluidized incineration bed (1) at a mean combustion temperature of 800.degree. C., the flue gased emitted by the fluidized bed (1) are heated with the associated flue dust to a temperature of at least 900.degree. C., preferably 1000.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., in a subsequent combustion zone (23), in order to destroy toxic substances are burnt. To this effect, the flue gases are introduced in the incinerating chamber of an industrial furnace, for example a steam generator (2) of a coal-operated power plant. By connecting in the gas supply line a fluidized bed (1) upstream of a steam generator (2) fired with coal, a substantial reduction in NOx formation is achieved.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor includes a reactor chamber, a solids separator and means for returning the separated solids to the reactor chamber. The separator has a separation chamber (7) which comprises a curved upper wall (9) and a lower wall (10) which forms gas outlets (13), said walls being connected to a solids returning duct (11). Preferably the lower wall forms a plurality of inclined surfaces or chutes (35) slanted downwardly towards the solids returning ducts (31).

Abstract: Solid material which is carried out of a fluidized bed reactor with the gas discharged therefrom and which is separated off in a separator is returned to the reactor by way of a recycling means. To reduce problems caused by virtue of differing pressure levels within the system in the recycling operation, the pressure in the recycling means between the separator and the upper boundary of a bed of solid material which is formed in the recycling means is reduced by suction removal of gas to a pressure level which is no higher than or even lower than the lowest pressure in the separator which in turn is lower than the pressure in the reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fluidized-bed reaction apparatus comprising a perforated plate located in the lower portion of a fluidized-bed reaction tower for forming fluidized-bed of particles thereon, the plate having regions with different opening ratios, at least the outer peripheral portion and the geometrical center portion of the plate having an opening ratio larger than an average opening ratio of the plate, inlets of a heating-fluidizing gas and the particles receiving the reaction, outlets of the particles and a discharge gas, and a fluidized-bed reaction process using such an apparatus. Upon operation of the apparatus, stationary circulation of the particles is obtained in the fluidized-bed thereby the particles are scarcely pulverized or entrained and the circulation velocity is increased.

Abstract: A fluidized bed stream generating system in which a cyclone separator is disposed between the furnace section and heat recovery area of a steam generating system. The walls of the cyclone separator are provided with tubes which receive fluid from the steam drum. The fluid is passed through the walls of the separator to cool same before being passed to the heat recovery area.

Abstract: A device for sealing and absorbing differential expansion between a cooling chamber for cooling particles in suspension and a recycling duct comprises a tubular expansion joint part (2) interconnecting the wall (1) of the cooling chamber and the recycling duct (3), with guide plates (7) for guiding the tubular part being fixed to the outside wall of the chamber and being distributed around the tubular part and bearing thereagainst by means of rolls (8, 9), a flat gasket (6) being interposed between the ends of the tubular part and the recycling duct, and controlled clamping flanges (10, 11) being disposed on the ends and being provided with oblong holes (16, 17) for passing clamping bolts (18), one of the flanges being provided with pebble-shaped parts (20) bearing against corresponding clamping adjustment shoes (22) on the other.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for the heat treatment of gypsum or like heat material, in which the material is heated in a vessel by indirect heat exchange with hot gas produced by the fluidized combustion of a fuel, material is fed into a first fluidized bed of the material. Partially treated material is removed from the lower region of the first bed and introduced with the assistance of compressed air into the upper region of a second fluidized bed. Treated material is removed from the second bed. The beds of material are both fluidized by means of the introduction of the hot gas product of the fluidized combustion bed, further heating the beds. The first bed may be operated at a lower temperature than the second bed, although both beds may receive substantially the same heat input.

Abstract: A method for sludge disposal in a single compartment furnace in which fouling of the apparatus by low melting eutectics and/or the release to the atmosphere of heavy metal fumes is avoided by limiting the temperature in the combustion bed and in the overlying freeboard to be below the eutectic melting or heavy metal fuming point then immediately cooling and scrubbing the gases and only thereafter subjecting the resulting scrubbed and cooled gases to high temperature afterburning carried out with appropriate heat exchange functions. Apparatus is also disclosed for carrying out the method in a fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed furnace recirculates solids by way of one or more cyclone precipitators (6), the solids outlet of which communicates with the fluidized bed (4) by way of a trap (8) and a directly downstream chute (10). The coal intake opens into the chute. The outlet (9) from the trap (8) communicates with the chute (10) through a transitional section (11). The transitional section tapers out from the outlet from the trap and then in to the chute. The coal intake is above the wider section of the transitional section.

Abstract: The invention concerns a fluidized bed process for the gasification and combustion of fuels in differently fluidized zones separate from one another, the fuel being charged into a drying and pyrolysis zone with lower fluidization and solids transport downwards, the solids conveyed downwards being conveyed from the lower part of the drying and pyrolysis zone to the lower part of a combustion zone with higher fluidization and solids transport upwards and recirculating, after passing the combustion zone, from the upper zone thereof to the drying and pyrolysis zone, comprising that the solids are conveyed upwards in a combustion zone operated as a fast or turbulent fluidized bed beyond the bed height in the drying and pyrolysis zone and are subsequently forcibly deflected so that the solids drop down on the surface of the bed in the drying and pyrolysis zone as a shower of particles, that the fuel is metered into the shower of particles and that the gases emerging from the combustion zone are passed under use of

Abstract: A reactor in which a furnace section and a heat recovery section are formed in a vessel. A bed of solid particulate material including fuel is supported in furnace section and air is introduced into the bed at a velocity sufficient to fluidize same and support the combustion or gasification of the fuel. A mixture of air, the gaseous products of combustion, and the particulate material entrained by the air and the gaseous products of combustion are saturated with the particulate material and directed to the heat recovery section, and a plurality of channel beams are disposed in the heat recovery section for separating the particulate material from the mixture. A trough extends between the furnace section and the heat recovery section for receiving the separated particulate material from the channel beams, and the trough is connected to the furnace section for returning the separated particulate material back to the bed.

Abstract: A method for improving utilization of sulphur-absorbent containing calcium, in a power plant burning fuel in a fluidized bed (12) of particulate material in a combustion chamber (11). When fresh absorbent is prepared it is crushed and the crushed material is subsequently divided into a fine and a coarse fraction. The fine fraction is calcinated, mixed with crushed coal (41) and used as drying agent. The invention also relates to a power plant having equipment (28) for calcinating a fine-particled fraction of fresh sulphur-absorbent, and also equipment for mixing coal (41) and the calcinated absorbent and equipment (46, 48) for feeding the mixture of absorbent and coal into the bed. (FIG. 3).

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor having a reactor chamber for containing fluidizing gas having entrained therein particulate material; a horizontal cyclone having a circumferential wall defining a separator chamber operatively connected at the reactor chamber for separating the material from the gas; a return pipe connected at the separator chamber of the cyclone at the circumference thereof for returning the separated material from the separator chamber to the reactor; and means for discharging the purified gas located in at least one end of the separator chamber of the cyclone. Preferably the separator chamber is located above the reactor chamber and the return pipe is connected at the lowermost point of the circumference of the separator chamber. The reactor is useful as combustor, gasifier and for the carrying out of chemical process.

Abstract: Filter device for removing entrained fine solid particles from a gas stream, comprising a charging system (12) and an electrified granular filter (11) downstream of the charging system which is formed by at least one layer (14) of granules of non electrically conducting material and means for forming an electric field across the granules, the granule layer (14) being formed by a self-supporting, highly porous body, such as a body constructed of granules which are sintered together to form a sintered self-supporting granule layer.

Abstract: A fluidized-bed activation furnace for activated carbon is disclosed. The furnace is provided with a central hollow pillar having an outlet for discharging activated carbon granules at the upper portion thereof, a bowl-shaped cap covering the top portion of the central hollow pillar and a perforated plate fixed to the outer periphery of the central hollow pillar below the outlet for discharging activated carbon granules. After the granules of carbon are activated while a fluidized-bed is formed of the activated carbon granules, the substantially whole amount of granular activated carbon is discharged in a short time maintaining a high temperature.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor in which a recycle heat exchanger is located adjacent the furnace of the reactor with each enclosing a fluidized bed and sharing a common wall including a plurality of water tubes. A mixture of flue gases and entrained particulate materials from the fluidized bed in the furnace are separated and the flue gases are passed to a heat recovery area and the separated particulate material to the fluidized bed in the recycle heat exchanger. The bed materials in the fluidized bed in the recycle heat exchanger are passed to the fluidized bed in the furnace. Steam is generated, superheated and reheated in the heat exchange surfaces, including water wall tubes, in the furnace, the recycle heat exchanger, and the heat recovery area.

Abstract: Fluidized bed reactor and a process for the operation of a circulating, fluidized bed reactor, by which a solid particle material, in particular carbonaceous fuel, is introduced into the lower part of the reactor and is formed to a fast bed by a fluidization gas containing a gaseous reactant material, in particular oxygen, introduced into the reactor bottom, while non-reacted particles are removed from the reactor top and recirculated to the bed. By removing a predetermined fraction of the solid particle material in the reactor from at least one site positioned below the reactor top, subjecting it to thermal treatment and recirculating it to at least one other, lower positioned site of the bed, enhanced possibilities for process optimalization are achieved.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controllably removing heat from a high-temperature process wherein finely atomized liquid suspended in a stream of transport gas is used as a coolant pumped through a heat exchanger while remaining separated from the high-temperature process. The system pressure and flow rates are maintained at levels such that the temperature of the coolant exceeds the boiling point of the liquid component at the outlet of the heat exchanger. Means are provided to monitor continuously the temperatures of the process and of the coolant at the outlet of the heat exchanger and adjust the flow rates of the liquid and/or the transport gas as necessary to maintain the respective temperatures within predetermined ranges.

Abstract: In a fluidized bed thermal reactor including a main housing including, a waste inlet, an exhaust gas outlet, an incombustible solids outlets, a base member, a fluidizable medium located on the base member, a plurality of gas inlets in the base member whereby a fluidizing medium located on the base member may be fluidized, and the improvement comprising a hollow body of generally triangular cross-section extending across the main housing and dividing the housing into upper and lower zones and having a pair of arcuate deflector surfaces. A gas inlet into the body is provided whereby gas may be fed to the interior of the body. A plurality of openings are provided in the top of the body whereby gas fed to the body through the gas inlets heated in the body may rise upwardly in the upper zone to assist in combustion in that upper zone.

Abstract: A plant for manufacturing cement clinker is constituted by the following portions: a suspension preheater for preheating a cement material powder; a spouted-bed type furnace for granulating the preheated cement material powder; a fluidized-bed type furnace for sintering the granulated cement material powder; a cooling system for cooling the granulated and burned product; a plurality of burners disposed at a lower portion of the spouter-bed type furnace so as to oppose to one another such that their ends are directed obliquely upward and direct streams of fuel to converge on a central axis of the spouted bed, thereby to form a local hot region in the spouted bed; a preheated material charging chute disposed slightly above the local hot region and adapted for charging the preheated material powder from the suspension preheater into the spouted-bed type furnace; and a granulated material discharging chute provided on one side of the local hot region.

Abstract: A method for improving utilization of sulphur-absorbent when burning fuel in a fluidized bed of particulate material includes withdrawing partially consumed bed material from the ash chamber of the bed vessel and returning to the combustion chamber of the bed by means of pneumatic transportion using steam as propellant. The steam constitutes a reactant which effects disintegration of the bed-material particles. A power plant burning a fuel in a fluidized bed of particulate material comprises a bed vessel having an air distributor with nozzles for supplying air to a combustion chamber to effect fluidization of the bed and combustion of a fuel. An ash chamber is provided below the air distributor for removal of ash and bed material, and transport means for withdrawing partially consumed bed material from the ash chamber, treating this bed material with steam and returning the steam-treated bed material to the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A circulating fluidized bed reactor includes a filter apparatus for separation and recycling of fine particles which are entrained by the flue gas. The housing of the filter apparatus has a plurality of vertically disposed ceramic filtration tubes. The reactor chamber and filter housing are arranged back-to-back and have a common wall therebetween. A pre-separator for separation of coarse particles is provided which connects the reactor chamber with the filter apparatus. The reactor, the separator and the filter apparatus are encased in a pressure-proof cylindrical vessel. The walls of the reactor chamber and the filter housing can be water-cooled. In another form, the filter is comprised of a plurality of porous plates having ribs abutting adjacent plates to define passageways through the filter.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustor is provided with a multistage arrangement of vortex generators in the freeboard area. The vortex generators are provided by nozzle means which extend into the interior of the freeboard for forming vortices within the freeboard area to enhance the combustion of particulate material entrained in product gases ascending into the freeboard from the fluidized bed. Each of the nozzles are radially inwardly spaced from the combustor walls defining the freeboard to provide for the formation of an essentially vortex-free, vertically extending annulus about the vortices whereby the particulate material centrifuged from the vortices against the inner walls of the combustor is returned through the annulus to the fluidized bed.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor (1) comprising a reactor chamber (4) having a gas distributor plate (5) for feeding primary air, and space above said distributor plate (5) is divided into compartments (6) by means of partition walls (7) having discharge openings (9) for feeding secondary air to the circulating bed.

Abstract: Method in combusting solid fuel in a first fluidized bed (11) and a second fluidized bed (12) located laterally of the first bed, said beds being mutually separated but communicating with each other. Fuel particles are transferred from the first bed to the second bed. The first bed is operated substoichiometrically and the second bed is operated with a large excess of air. Flue gas from the first bed is diverted in a common freeboard over the beds to be directed in counterflow towards the flue gas from the second bed. Heat power is recovered solely from the second bed.

Abstract: A system for the control and conveyance of particulate material from a standpipe to the furnace of a circulating fluidized bed boiler. Aeration means positioned in a first area of a conduit transports particulate material deposited by a standpipe to a second area of the conduit. Upon such relocation, additional material from the standpipe enters the first area of the conduit as a replacement for the previously removed material. Fluidizing means in the second area of the conduit fluidizes this removed material causing it to achieve a generally uniform level within this second area. As the height of this level exceeds that of the lower edge of a discharge opening, the fluidized material passes through this opening and into the furnace of a circulating fluidized bed boiler.

Abstract: The invention concerns a fluidized bed combustion system equipped with a tuyere bottom to feed it combustion and carrier air and with a fuel intake that penetrates into the lower part of the combustion chamber, also equipped with devices to separate solid particles borne by the flue gases and with devices for their feedback into the fluidized bed.

Abstract: A fuel burning power plant comprises a bed vessel with a bottom grate which divides the bed vessel into an upper combustion chamber and a lower part with at least one ash chamber. The bed grate consists of parallel air distribution tubes each with air nozzles, between which tubes gaps are provided where bed material may pass from the combustion chamber down to the ash chamber. Below the tubes there is a transverse air distribution chamber. The tubes are connected in groups to the air distribution chamber by a double-walled sleeve extending down from the tubes.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for converting unconditioned biomass, such as cotton gin trash, into usable energy. This is accomplished by gasifying the biomass, removing the particulate char from the combustible gas using cyclonic separators, burning the gas, and using the heat to generate steam. Two stage combustion helps minimize NO.sub.x formation.

Abstract: A power plant utilizing combustion of fuel in a fluidized bed contains a particulate sulfur-absorbing material. A discharge device for bed material and ashes includes a crusher which breaks down the material so that it can be transported away or so that unconsumed absorbent in the bed material is exposed for reuse in the bed. The crusher has a stationary grinding portion and a rotating grinding portion receiving bed material. Scrapers selectively scrape off layers of material during rotation of the rotating grinding portion thus distributing the material around the periphery of the grinding portions.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustor for burning solid fuel or dirty liquid fuels comprised of a bubbling fluid bed with tubes in the bed, an isothermal, non-heat extractive freeboard/recycle cyclone flow path, a hot recycle cyclone, a connective heat exchanger and a particle filter. The bubbling fluid bed is operated at low superficial velocities of 0.5 to 7 ft/sec and is composed of fine particulates 45 to 2000 microns in diameter with up to 40% less than 200 microns. Fines elutriated from the bed are isothermally recycled back to the bed resulting in high combustion efficiency and good sulfur oxide suppression from sorbents contained in the bed. The material recycled in one hour is equivalent to twice the weight of the bed. Ammonia injected upstream of the recycle cyclone suppresses nitrogen oxides with high efficiency because of the excellent mixing in the cyclone. The heat transfer coefficient on the tubes in the bed is increased at least 2 to 4 times because of the fine particulate in the bed.

Abstract: In a fluidized bed reactor, nozzles are provided for distributing fluidizing gas from a windbox into the reactor while preventing the backflow of solid particles through the nozzle into the windbox. The nozzle defines an upper part of high heat and wear resistant material adapted to contact the mass of particles. At least one opening is defined in each nozzle through which fluidizing gas passes between the upper part and the windbox, and a solid, though porous, material abuts or defines the opening for allowing the passage of gas while preventing passage of solid particles. The nozzle may comprise a stand pipe having a sintered metal portion disposed below the upper part. Other constructions provide the solid mass as a metal wire mesh acid proof filter, or as a porous ceramic material, or as a high temperature ceramic material. The solid mass may have pores with a pore size of between about 50-1,000 micormeters.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustion system particularly suited for use in a residential or light industrial heating system comprising a fluidized bed combustor housing a combustion chamber wherein fuel is burned to generate hot flue gas, a heat exchanger disposed inside of the combustion chamber, a particulate collector for removing fine particles entrained in the flue gas before the flue gas is vented to the atmosphere, and a fan for supplying air into the combustion chamber. The combustor features an insulated non-adiabatic combustion chamber with a cooling and heat exchange in the combustion zone and in the free-board area above the combustion zone. Electric heating means are disposed within the fluidizing region of the combuston chamber to provide the capability of heating the slumped bed during shut down to maintain bed temperature above the ignition point.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the combustion of aqueous sewage sludge comprising burning, in a fluidized bed furnace, an aqueous mixture of a sewage sludge and a TDI residue, said aqueous mixture having a total solids content of from 25 to 98% by weight of the aqueous mixture, wherein the TDI residue comprises 25 to 95% by weight of the total solids content.

Abstract: A method of controlling the particle size distribution in a fluidized bed reactor in which a primary bed of particulate material having a varying size and including fuel is established. Air is introduced into the bed to fluidize the material and promote the combustion of the fuel. A portion of the particulate material is discharged from the bed and into a secondary bed. Air is introduced to the secondary bed at a velocity sufficient to fluidize the particulate material and entrain some of the finer portions of the particulate material. The air and the entrained finer material from the secondary bed are passed back to the primary bed and the velocity of the air introduced to the secondary bed is varied to vary the amount of the finer material that is entrained and thus control the size of the material in the primary bed.

Abstract: According to the invention, a combustion apparatus includes an upright type combustion chamber having a bottom, conduit means extending below and along the bottom of the combustion chamber and having a nozzle which passes upwardly through the bottom and opens into the combustion chamber, a ringed body supported in the combustion chamber with a gap formed between the lower edge of the ringed body and the bottom of the combustion chamber, air blasted from the nozzle passing through the ringed body, a heating medium contained in the combustion chamber. Particles of the heating medium blasted by the action of the nozzle from the lower part of the ringed body are circulated through the inner bore of the ringed body.

Abstract: A thermal reactor of fluidizing bed type includes a thermal recovering arrangement. A part of a fluidizing medium is supplied into the thermal energy recovering arrangement so as to pass therethrough, whereby; thermal energy is recovered by a heat exchanger disposed in the recovering arrangement.

Abstract: In order to be able to handle multiple fuels in a bubbling-bed fluidized bed combustor, a number of elements are combined together and a number of systems are described which utilize these elements in order to be able to appropriately process different types of fuels. With respect to the handling of multiple fuels by a bubbling-bed fluidized bed combustor which need not be reconfigured for each type of fuel, the combustor in the subject invention is provided with a closely-coupled pyrolyzer or gasifier. The close-coupled pyrolyzer not only permits the processing of virtually any type of fuel into two fuel streams which are immediately usable by the combustor but also has certain advantages in terms of reducing environmental pollutants. The above-mentioned close-coupled pyrolyzer also results in improved performance aside from the pollution aspects mentioned above.

Abstract: In order to rationalize the operation of foundries and to avoid environmental stresses, it is endeavored so to rework used molding sand accruing as black sand and to free it from binder residue, so that this sand can be used without restriction like new sand. To achieve this aim through thermo-mechanical regeneration the black sand is heated in predetermined, relative low height layer in a fluidized bed furnace to a temperature exceeding 500.degree. C., preferably 750.degree. C. Through the swirling motions of the heated black sand, preferably supported through strong vibrations of the supporting base, the thermal destruction of the enveloping binder particles and a mechanical liberation of the sand grains form their enveloping binder remains is achieved. By means of a forced throughout (e.g.

Abstract: An improved reinjection system is described for a bubbling bed fluidized bed combustor of the type having a combustion zone in which fuel is burned in a fluidized bed of granular material, means for collecting particles from the flue gases and means for reinjecting the collected particles into the combustion zone. The improved reinjection system comprises a first particulate material conductor pipe sloping downwardly toward the combustion zone, the lower end of this first downwardly sloping pipe being flow connected by way of a lower corner or elbow to a short section of upwardly sloping pipe. The upper end of this short upwardly sloping pipe is flow connected by way of an upper corner or elbow to a second downwardly sloping pipe. The first downwardly sloping pipe, the upwardly sloping pipe and the second downwardly sloping pipe form therebetween a Z-valve.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluidized bed system which includes a fluidized bed reactor, a solids separator and a return line and serves to carry out exothermic processes in a circulating fluidized bed for large thermal capacities. Secondary gas is introduced into the reactor on a level which is at least 1 meter above the bottom of the reactor. The fluidized bed system is provided with one or more displacing bodies, which cover 40 to 75% of the bottom surface area of the fluidized bed reactor and have a maximum height that is equal to one-half of the height of the reactor to ensure a satisfactory transverse mixing of the oxygen-containing secondary gas and fuel in reactors having large dimensions.

Abstract: A two fluidized bed type boiler comprises: an upstream combustion zone forming a fluidized bed of sand in which pulverized coal is burnt with air fed as a fluidizing gas; a downstream desulfurizing zone forming a fluidized bed of particulate limestone with flue gases stemming from the combustion zone as fluidizing gases; and an intermediate dust collecting zone, in which a baffle plate facing the combustion zone and extending downwards is provided, is arranged between the upstream and downstream zones to form a single and unitary passage for a flow of the flue gases over the three zones.

Abstract: A method and a particle cooler for controlling the cooling effect in a circulating fluidized bed reactor. The method comprises regulating heat output from the particle cooler by varying the particle level in the cooler. The particle cooler is mounted in a fluidized bed reactor having a particle flow restrictor with fluidizing means between the flow restrictor and reaction chamber and provides the only particle flow passage between the restrictor and reaction chamber and is provided with internal cooling media tubes dispersed on different vertical levels. Particle flow regulating means is provided for maintaining the particle level within the cooler, which level is adjustable.

Abstract: A method and means for regulating the thermal transmission rate at a fast fluidized bed reactor, which comprises a combustion chamber, a cyclone separator and a lock between the separator and the combustion chamber. The method comprises varying heat absorption to the conductive parts of the combustion chamber through changing the particle density in the fluidized bed when altering the load and/or the kind of fuel. This imples adding of fine grain, inert particles to the bed, or alternatively removing large size particles from the bottom of the combustion chamber and fine grain particles from the lock, respectively.

Abstract: Solids are separated from the flue gases of a fluidized bed reactor with a circulating bed and provided with cooling surfaces and are recycled to the reactor through return ducts disposed at different heights in the reactor. To control the operation of the reactor the heat removed from the reactor chamber is regulated by changing the suspension density in the reactor chamber. A required suspension density is obtained by regulating the flow of the solids through each return duct.

Abstract: A method of operating a fluidized bed reactor in which a bed containing solid particulate material is fluidized by introducing air into the bed. A gas column is formed containing a mixture of the air, the gaseous products of combustion or gasification of the fuel in the bed and the particulate material entrained by the air and the gaseous products of combustion. The mixture is discharged from the vessel and the particulate material is separated from the mixture and returned to the bed. The entrainable particulate material is maintained in the bed and in the gas column in quantities sufficient to saturate the gas column. The temperature of the fluidized bed is controlled by varying the amount of air introduced into the bed.

Abstract: An apparatus for the combustion of a poorly combustible fuel in a fluidized bed comprises a vertical front wall through which the poorly combustible fuel is delivered in particulate form and two lateral walls extending rearwardly from the front wall. A fixed grate extends from a front input end towards a rear discharge end between the lateral walls, and the two sides and the front input end of the grate define spaces with the lateral walls and the front wall, respectively. The fixed grate is upwardly inclined over at least a portion of its length from the input end to the discharge end whereby the discharge end is disposed above the input end, and the particulate fuel is delivered to the input end for forming a fluidized bed on the grate.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor and method of operating same, in which a gas column is formed above a fluidized bed which contains a mixture of air, the gaseous products of combustion from a fluidized bed, and particulate material entrained by the air and the gaseous products of combustion. The gas column is saturated with the particulate material of the particulate material is separated from the mixture. A portion of the separated particulate material is injected back into the bed, and the remaining portion is passed to external equipment.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor (1) comprising a reactor chamber (4) having a gas distributor plate (5) for feeding primary air, and a space above said distributor plate (5) is divided into compartments (6) by means of partition walls (7) having discharge openings (9) for feeding secondary air to the circulating bed.