Abstract: A system for initiating a recycling program of consumer electronic devices, wherein the system includes a collection device configured to collect a plurality of consumer electronic devices from users, a processing unit located within a permitted facility, communicatively connected to the collection device, wherein the processing unit is configured to disassemble each consumer electronic device of the plurality of consumer electronic devices into a plurality of base components through an electronic device disassembling process, wherein the plurality of base components includes a plurality of plastic components and at least a battery component, process the plurality of base components, wherein processing the plurality of base components includes disintegrating the plurality of plastic components into a plurality of granules and decomposing the at least one battery component into a plurality of electrochemical materials, and generate a recycled output using the processed plurality of base components.

Abstract: The invention relates to cremation of dead bodies of humans or animals by plasma-chemical destruction method. A mobile crematorium includes a chassis bearing a reactor implemented as a closed cavity with an opening for placing dead bodies of humans or animals to be cremated into the reactor, and to close the reactor after that, and also with an opening for outputting gaseous products. The crematorium additionally includes a source of high-voltage pulses, that is connected to an electrode protruding into the reactor via an isolating member, wherein inner surfaces of the reactor cavity are made conductive entirely or partially and a gap is provided between the inner surfaces and the electrode, the gap assuring generation of corona discharge plasma in the reactor due to the high-voltage pulses.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the removal of sulfur and other ARD/AMD-generating materials through the smoldering combustion of an organic material. The methods comprise admixing an ARD/AMD-generating porous matrix material with an organic material to produce a mixture, exposing the mixture to an oxidant, and initiating a self-sustaining smoldering combustion of the mixture. Additional embodiments aggregate the organic material or ARD/AMD-generating porous matrix material or mixture thereof in an impoundment such as a reaction vessel, depression or matrix pile. Further embodiments utilize at least one heater to initiate combustion and at least one air supply port to supply oxidant to initiate and maintain combustion.

Abstract: There is provided a control system for a furnace. The control system comprises a thermal imaging camera and a control unit. The thermal imaging camera is configured to receive thermal radiation from a plurality of positions in a furnace and to generate an image which includes temperature information for the plurality of positions in the furnace. The control unit is configured to receive the image from the thermal imaging camera and to generate control signals for the furnace using the image.

Abstract: Design advances for improving the performance of a plasma torch. The use of one or more of various advances described herein can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the torch, the reactor and the manufacturing process. The use of the torch with hydrogen plasma gas, natural gas feedstock, and carbon black production are also described.

Abstract: Pellet grills and associated methods of operation are disclosed. An example pellet grill includes a burn pot including an upper end having a first opening, a lower end located opposite the upper end and having a second opening, and a sidewall extending between the upper and lower ends. The example pellet grill further includes a fuel grate positioned within the burn pot between the upper and lower ends. The fuel grate is configured to support pellet fuel within the burn pot. The fuel grate includes a plurality of ash openings dimensioned to enable ash produced from combustion of the pellet fuel to pass downwardly through the fuel grate toward the second opening.

Abstract: An etching method includes inputting, to a setting unit, at least electric power, a pressure, and a gas flow rate, performing etching processing in a chamber, on the basis of a value inputted to the setting unit, and calculating an ion energy distribution mathematical function, by using a measured value upon the etching processing.

Abstract: A system and method enable an incineration facility to be controlled and diagnosed, and the life cycle thereof managed, using a heat exchange and design program and operation mode analysis of an operator of the facility. Operation efficiency is improved by comparing and analyzing (a) initial design values of the incineration facility, (b) measured actual valued obtained by measuring waste composition and heating values changed after construction of the facility and (c) operation values indicating actual operation adjustment values and operating result values operated by the operator and by analyzing the operator. The design values, measured actual values and operation values are compared and provided as data in graphs and tables.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring and controlling burning operations are provided. A method of one embodiment includes igniting oil or gas with a burner (282) during a burning operation and monitoring the burning operation with a camera (290). This monitoring of the burning operation can include acquiring image data for a flame (290) of the burner via the camera and analyzing the acquired image data to detect image features indicative of combustion of the oil or gas via the burner. Additional systems, methods, and devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: Heat and power engineering, specifically being heating devices includes a pyrolysis boiler, in which, wood is subjected to high-temperature gasification and pyrolysis with subsequent burning off of pyrolysis gases. A stable and controllable gasification of wood with a natural high moisture content is achieved, and at the same time, a highly efficient transfer of combustion heat to a liquid heat-transfer agent is obtained. A gasification chamber is positioned between two compartments of a pyrolysis gas combustion chamber of the pyrolysis boiler, while the external wall of the combustion chamber is used as a heat-transfer surface, and at the same time, neither the fuel bunker nor the gasification chamber are in contact with water.

Abstract: Methods and systems to preserve, prepare, extract, and/or analyze hydrocarbons in the pore spaces of or adsorbed in organic-rich rock samples, such as, but not limited to, drill cuttings and drill cores, using one or more combinations of physical energy sources, including, but not limited to, thermal, vapor pressure, and mechanical stress. The collected samples are transported and prepared in low temperature conditions, with parts of subsequent processing at very low temperatures, thereby allowing a fuller measurement of geochemical fingerprints for the extracted hydrocarbons using various analysis tools. More particularly, the treatment and process allows geochemical fingerprinting to very low carbon number ranges.

Abstract: A disposal system for the processing of solid waste devices to recycle materials located within the devices and recover, reuse and recycle such materials. Such system may include a primary chamber and secondary chamber, attached preferably by use of one or more exhaust ducts, and a secondary chamber exhaust duct. The solid waste devices may include any type of waste, such as electronics waste, medical device waste, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention seeks to decompose and remove various types of organic materials contained in oilfield water by one operation. To this end, this method for treating oilfield water is provided with: a step for obtaining primary treated water containing organic material by removing the solid content and oil content from oilfield water; and a step for decomposing the organic material by exposing the primary treated water to discharge plasma, wherein the discharge plasma is generated by a nanosecond pulse power source for outputting a pulse having a pulse width of 10 ns or less.

Abstract: A method for producing levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass comprising hemicellulose including one or more six carbon chain compound precursors comprises the steps of hydrolyzing the lignocellulosic biomass to form a first phase comprising partially hydrolyzed lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose and lignin and a second phase comprising one or more five carbon chain sugars and one or more six carbon chain sugars from degradation of the hemicellulose, separating the first phase from the second phase, and converting at least a portion of the one or more six carbon chain sugars to levulinic acid.

Abstract: This invention discloses systems and methods for conversion of high moisture waste materials to dry or low moisture products for recycle or reuse. The equipment systems comprise a gas turbine generator unit (preferred heat source), a dryer vessel and a processing unit, wherein the connection between the gas turbine and the dryer vessel directs substantially all the gas turbine exhaust into the dryer vessel and substantially precludes the introduction of air into the dryer vessel and wherein the processing unit forms the dried material from the dryer vessel into granules, pellets or other desired form for the final product. Optionally, the systems and methods further provide for processing ventilation air from manufacturing facilities to reduce emissions therefrom.

Abstract: A process for reducing the CO2 and other pollutants produced by the combustion of a fuel in a combustion chamber while maintaining or increasing the efficiency of said combustion includes feeding to the combustion chamber, or preconditioning the combustion chamber, with a catalyst, preferably a lithium based salt. Monitoring the energy output and components of the exhaust gas stream to maintain optimum operation allows reduction, during the process, of the catalyst delivery and feed air. The presence of the catalyst results in increased efficiency of operation and reduction of pollutants generated.

Abstract: Facilities and processes for generating ethanol from municipal solid waste (MSW) in an economical way via generating a syngas, passing the syngas through a catalytic synthesis reactor, separating fuel grade ethanol, extracting energy at particular strategic points, and recycling undesired byproducts.

Abstract: A method of demilitarizing an energetic is disclosed. The method comprises indirectly heating the energetic in a chamber to a temperature below a combustion temperature of the energetic to at least partially decompose the energetic and substantially preclude combustion of the energetic such that the indirect heating produces a decomposition gas, and separating at least a portion of the decomposition gas from the chamber. The method may further comprise monitoring the decomposition gas and/or passing the separated decomposition gas through an air abatement system. The method may further comprise adjusting at least one of the following: the indirect heating of the energetic, the separating of the decomposition gas, the air abatement system, and a residence time of the energetic in the chamber. The energetic may be a bulk energetic.

Abstract: Simple flow path with minimum turns for the vapor extraction flow paths can provide maximum air flow with minimal head loss, leading to higher efficiency in a thermal desorption process. Hot air vapor extraction arrangement can include large diameter vertical or horizontal trunk line or curved plate with continuous wire wrap well screens. The vapor extraction trunk can draw all vapors to the center of the soil box, which can reduce the treatment time by substantially removing condensation zone. The interior of the vapor extraction well screen and trunk can include porous material, which can reduce dust within the vapor stream, eliminate potential short circuiting in the event of a screen rupture and reduce potential explosion hazards.

Abstract: A method for treatment of ash from incineration plants includes: collecting ash from an incinerator; feeding the collected ash and additional feed material to a gasification/vitrification reactor; vitrifying the ash and additional feed material in the gasification/vitrification reactor, to form a slag of molten material; allowing the slag to flow from the gasification/vitrification reactor and solidify outside the gasification/vitrification reactor; gasifying volatile components in the ash and the additional feed material; and using syngas generated in the gasification/vitrification reactor to augment the thermal environments of the incinerator.

Abstract: A method controls mass and heat loading of sludge feed into a fluidized bed combustor (FBC) controlled via regulation of a polymer dosage or a sludge feed rate including: continuously monitoring at least one performance characteristic of the FBC; producing an input signal characteristic; analyzing the input signal and determining a first rate of change of the characteristic; generating an output signal based on the first rate of change to control addition of polymer to the FBC; generating a second output signal to control addition of sludge feed to the FBC; and determining a transition point between the addition of polymer and addition of sludge, which transition point is an upper limit of a first rate change to maintain flow so that the value of the characteristic is maintained proximate at the upper limit.

Abstract: A system for producing superior quality synthesis gas (“syngas”) consisting of a series of chambers in which the gasification stages of reaction, homogenization and activation occur. The first stage reaction stage agitates and combines the reactants, consisting primarily of organic matter, oxidizer and steam, to initiate gasification of the organic and volatile fraction and to transport the inorganic residue to continuous removal. In the homogenization chamber, turbulence is induced by injecting gaseous species. The gas mixture emerging from the homogenization chamber is accelerated via a third stage communicating duct and is introduced tangentially into the fourth stage activation chamber inducing a cyclonic motion wherein a high intensity radiant heat source is introduced along the central axis of the gas vortex.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods useful in waste processing. Disclosed is the use of a regenerative thermal oxidation (RTO) unit for production of industrially useable steam. Disclosed are systems including a stripping unit associated with a regenerative thermal oxidation (RTO) unit so that the stripping unit provides fuel for the RTO unit and the RTO unit provides a stripping gas for the stripping unit. Disclosed are systems including an RTO unit providing steam to operate a vapor condensation (VC) unit.

Abstract: Gasifiers for the gasification of solid carbon-based fuels are disclosed herein. An example gasifier includes an inlet chamber for introducing fuel into the gasifier and a pyrolysis region for pyrolyzing the fuel introduced into the vessel. The pyrolysis region includes first means for admission of a pyrolysis agent. The example gasifier also includes a combustion region for incinerating pyrolysis gases originating from the pyrolysis region, where the combustion region includes second means for admission of a gasifying agent. Also, the example gasifier includes a reduction region for gasifying carbonized fuel originating from the pyrolysis region, an outlet for collecting gases originating from the reduction region, and a region for collecting and discharging ashes. In addition, the example gasifier includes active transfer means to actively transfer solid material from the pyrolysis region to the reduction region.

Abstract: A method of treating biomass material includes: placing biomass material in a container; then setting an initial condition of the container including (a) an oxygen containing atmosphere, (b) a temperature range from 55 degree Celsius to 80 degree Celsius,(c) a pressure range from atmospheric pressure to 15 atmospheric pressure, and (d) carbon monoxide concentration equal to or greater than 100 ppm; increasing temperature of the biomass material over 80 degree Celsius; setting a continuation condition including (i) the oxygen containing atmosphere, (ii) the pressure range from atmospheric pressure to 15 atmospheric pressure, and (iii) a carbon monoxide concentration equal to or greater than 100 ppm; and maintaining the continuation condition, in order to spontaneously increase temperature of the biomass material over at least 150 degree Celsius, and to achieve volume reduction or carbonization of the biomass material.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing high value hydrocarbon products from waste plastic is accomplished in an inert atmosphere wherein waste plastics are fed to an extruded and melted, the melted plastics is then depolymerized in a thermolysis reactor, the vapors from depolymerization are separated into hydrocarbon fractions which are then hydro refined and subjected to secondary separation and finishing operations to produce desired high value hydrocarbon products.

Abstract: A plasma-assisted waste gasification system and process for converting waste stream reaction residues into a clean synthesis gas (syngas) is disclosed. The feedstock is fed into a reactor roughly one-third from the bottom through the use of a feed mechanism. The reactor has three zones; a bottom zone where melting occurs, a middle zone where gasification takes place, and a top zone with integrated plasma torches to control the temperature and polish the syngas. The residence times in the three zones are selected to optimize the syngas composition and melted products. The syngas leaves the reactor and is partially quenched with relatively cooler synthesis gas. The partially quenched syngas is further cooled to recover heat for steam generation and/or preheating the waste stream to the reactor. The cold syngas is then processed to remove pollutants. The clean synthesis gas is combusted in power generation equipment to generate electricity, or converted to other fuels by chemical processes.

Abstract: A system and techniques for waste oil combustion are provided. The techniques include straining waste oil, separating contaminants from the strained waste oil to produce segregated layers of waste oil, selectively drawing a segregated layer of the waste oil, entraining the drawn waste oil to a burner for combustion, and regulating flow rate to produce a controllable amount of heat output. The system includes a container for straining waste oil, a storage drum for separating contaminants from the strained waste oil via gravity separation to produce segregated waste oil, an oil uptake channel for entraining the waste oil from the storage drum, a fuel regulator for controlling rate of flow of the waste oil from the storage drum to a burner head via the oil uptake channel, and a burner head control for repositioning a burner head under the input stream to produce a controllable amount of heat output.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for torrefaction of a biomass. Said method and arrangements allows for precise control of torrefaction temperature, which is crucial for accurate control of the quality and properties of the torrefied material.

Abstract: A fuel made from co-products derived from a lignocellulosic biomass fermentation process is used to fuel a cement production process. Filter cake and syrup co-products are mixed and dried, then burned in a cement kiln to create the temperatures needed for cement production.

Abstract: A system for thermally processing solid fuel to produce pyrolysis gases, syngas, tar, char, and/or torrefied products, which includes a bulk solids pump having a curved passage to move a feedstock therein and wherein the pump includes a spool supported for rotational movement. A sleeve shaped chamber or chambers surround all or a portion of at least an axial extent of said curved passage to permit containment of heated gases to heat solid fuel within the curved passage to thermally process the feedstock within the pump.

Abstract: This invention describes a process for a complete sequestration of carbon (CO2) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to energy plants which produce Refuse Derived Fuel and the associated exhaust gases. The described process results in production of energy from the waste and disposal of the MSW with zero carbon emission.

Abstract: An incinerator including an incineration chamber; a chamber wall having a first insulating material for retaining heat in the incineration chamber, the insulating material being mounted on the lower portion of the chamber wall, and a second insulating material for allowing a portion of the heat to radiate from the incineration chamber, the second insulating material being mounted on the upper portion of the chamber wall, the chamber wall further defining at least one hot air inlet for allowing hot air to enter the incineration chamber and at least one incineration gases outlet for allowing hot gases to exit from the incineration chamber a dividing wall disposed around the chamber wall, thereby defining a gas space between the chamber wall and the dividing wall, and at least one gas outlet for allowing hot gas to pass from the gas space; an exterior wall disposed around the dividing wall, thereby defining an air space between the dividing wall and the exterior wall, the exterior wall further defining at least

Abstract: Conventionally, sugarcane processing avoids leaving residual sucrose in the bagasse, since the bagasse will be burned and the value of the sucrose would be lost. However, when coupled with a Green Power+® process to extract hemicelluloses, sucrose may also be extracted and recovered from the bagasse. In some variations, a process includes mechanically treating a feedstock to generate a sucrose-rich stream and lignocellulosic material that intentionally retains a significant amount of the initial sucrose in the feedstock; extracting the lignocellulosic material with steam and/or hot water to produce cellulose-rich solids and an extract liquor containing hemicellulosic oligomers and sucrose; and then hydrolyzing the hemicellulosic oligomers into a hemicellulose sugar stream. Each of the sucrose-rich stream and the hemicellulose sugar stream (containing the starting residual sucrose) may be recovered or further processed (e.g., fermented to ethanol).

Abstract: A biomass-mixed, pulverized coal-fired burner is provided. The biomass-mixed, pulverized coal-fired burner is capable of burning biomass fuel as auxiliary fuel in large quantities and burning only pulverized coal when the biomass fuel is not sufficiently available. The biomass-mixed, pulverized coal-fired burner includes: a biomass fuel jet nozzle that extends axially along the biomass-mixed, pulverized coal-fired burner; a pulverized coal fuel jet nozzle that surrounds the biomass fuel jet nozzle; a secondary air nozzle that surrounds the pulverized coal fuel jet nozzle; and a tertiary air nozzle that surrounds the secondary air nozzle. A biomass fuel stream is jetted into an inside of a pulverized coal fuel flame formed in a furnace, the flame offering favorable ignition and flame holding performance.

Abstract: A biomass-mixed, pulverized coal-fired burner is provided, capable of burning biomass fuel as auxiliary fuel in large quantities and burning only pulverized coal when the biomass fuel is not sufficiently available. The biomass-mixed, pulverized coal-fired burner includes a biomass fuel jet nozzle that extends axially along the biomass-mixed, pulverized coal-fired burner, a fuel jet nozzle that is open midway in the biomass fuel jet nozzle, a secondary air nozzle that surrounds the fuel jet nozzle, and a tertiary air nozzle that surrounds the secondary air nozzle. A pulverized coal component in a fuel stream as a mixture of the pulverized coal fuel stream and the biomass fuel stream is distributed with a higher concentration on an outer circumferential wall side and a biomass fuel component in the fuel stream is distributed inside of the pulverized coal fuel component.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus and material are disclosed for generating oxygenated fuel. In one aspect, a method of producing an oxygenated fuel from biomass waste for use in a combustion system includes dissociating the biomass waste to produce one or more carbon donors. The biomass waste produced carbon donors are reacted with an oxygen donor to produce the oxygenated fuel comprising oxygenated carbon. Reacting the carbon donors with the oxygen donors includes applying waste heat recovered from an external heat source to the reaction of carbon donors and oxygen donor. The oxygenated fuel is combusted in the combustion system.

Abstract: A method for producing levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass comprising hemicellulose including one or more six carbon chain compound precursors comprises the steps of hydrolyzing the lignocellulosic biomass to form a first phase comprising partially hydrolyzed lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose and lignin and a second phase comprising one or more five carbon chain sugars and one or more six carbon chain sugars from degradation of the hemicellulose, separating the first phase from the second phase, and converting at least a portion of the one or more six carbon chain sugars to levulinic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for gasifying/pyrolysing material containing organic matter including introducing the material into a treatment chamber (2) and heating the material by passing a flow of hot gas (30) containing less than 8% oxygen through the chamber (2) so as to cause the material therein to gasify or pyrolyse. In a first mode of operation the gas (30) is passed through the chamber (2) at a first velocity. The apparatus comprises a means (20, 21) for temporarily increasing the velocity of the hot gas (30) such that in a second mode of operation the velocity of the gas (30) exiting the means (20, 21) is temporarily increased.

Abstract: A conversion burner, a system of conversion burners, and a method of conversion of a solid fuel selected from at least one of biomass and peat. The burner is constructed and arranged to be affixed to a combustor, and comprises a housing defining a burner chamber; a grate within the burner chamber defining an upper chamber region and a lower chamber region; at least a first solid fuel inlet; at least a first air inlet operatively connected to the upper chamber region and connectable to a first air source; a product gas outlet operatively connected to the combustion region of the combustor; and at least one waste outlet. The product gas is delivered to the combustor for firing or co-firing, overcoming fouling problems which result from direct delivery of solid fuel to the combustor, and problems raised by remote conversion or storage of solid fuel.

Abstract: A method for efficiently conveying impurities in a pressurized fluidized incinerator system is provided. Cleaning gas is supplied to an upper valve, and thereafter, the upper valve is driven so as to communicate an upper discharge device and a tank. The upper discharge device is driven so as to convey the impurities from the dust collector to the tank, and thereafter, the upper discharge device is stopped and the upper valve is driven so as not to communicate the upper discharge device and the tank. Thereafter, the supply of the cleaning gas to the upper valve is stopped.

Abstract: Is provided a method for starting up a pressurized fluidized bed incinerator system by which cracking of silica sand as a bed material can be prevented at low costs. By heating the silica sand as the bed material filled up in a bottom portion of a pressurized fluidized bed incinerator, a temperature of a freeboard of the incinerator is heated, and after the temperature of the freeboard is heated to 750 to 900° C., a material to be treated having a water-containing organic substance is fed to the pressurized fluidized bed incinerator.

Abstract: Described herein is a process that employs heat, derived from the combustion of product cleaning streams, such as waste streams, in a solvent-based extraction process. Solvent extraction of bitumen generally involves combining solvent with a bituminous feed to produce a cleaned bitumen product. Solvent is recovered, for example by utilizing heat to cause evaporation, and recovered solvent may be re-used. In an exemplary embodiment, hot flue gas from waste stream combustion may provide the heat to evaporate the solvent. Product cleaning waste streams may be ones produced from the trim cleaning of solvent extracted bitumen or from treatment of bitumen froth produced in a water-based extraction process. The heat generated can contribute to the energy requirements of the overall solvent extraction of bitumen.

Abstract: The invention relates to an incineration plant with a furnace, a device for feeding back incineration residues into the furnace, a device for measuring at least one parameter of the incineration, and devices for controlling the incineration. Moreover, the invention relates to a method for controlling an incineration plant.

Abstract: A precombustor system (300) including an ignition chamber (301) having a front wall (308), a central axis, a diameter Dic, and an outlet (313) configured to discharge a product gas (315). The ignition chamber (301) includes a central ignition oxygen injector (307) configured to inject a first oxygen stream from the front wall (308) substantially parallel to the central axis, and a tangential primary fuel injector (303) configured to inject a primary fuel stream tangential to the central axis at a location an axial distance Xpf downstream of the front wall (308). The ratio Xpf/Dic is from 0.25 to 4.0. The central axis forms an angle a with a vertical line of less than or equal to about 45 degrees. The trajectory of the primary fuel stream forms an angle ? with a plane that is perpendicular to the central axis of less than or equal to about 20 degrees. A method for combustion is also disclosed.

Abstract: Combustion and/or gasification devices for the thermal utilisation of different solid fuels, and a method for controlling a combustion and/or gasification device for small-size solid fuels with throw-feeding. A combustion and/or gasification device includes at least one combustion or gasification chamber and a grate with at least two grate zones which are arranged in a longitudinal direction of the grate. A glowing fire edge is formed in one of the grate zones, especially in the so-called burnout zone.

Abstract: The present invention provides a biomass combustion burner applied to a pulverized coal-fired boiler to burn biomass fuel, a biomass-mixed fired boiler that reduces an amount of CO2 derived from fossil fuels, and a method for burning biomass fuel using the foregoing. The biomass combustion burner includes a biomass fuel jet nozzle having a fuel jet port that jets biomass fuel conveyed by primary air; a secondary air nozzle having a secondary air jet port that surrounds the fuel jet port; and a tertiary air nozzle having a tertiary air jet port that surrounds the secondary air jet port. The biomass fuel jet nozzle includes a fuel concentration adjusting section that changes a biomass fuel stream into a swirl flow to thereby make a fuel concentration higher on an outer circumferential portion side; and a degree-of-swirl adjusting plate that reduces a degree of swirl of a jetting fuel stream.

Abstract: A Novel fuel object comprised of a proportion of corn stover and a proportion of wood fiber combined with a basically reacting compound. The object comprises fiber of the appropriate size and moisture content combined with an inorganic base. An appropriately sized object is readily manufactured, provides high heat output, is consistent in fuel characteristics, and is sized and configured for use in power generation facilities. Based on fiber selection and processing, the fuel object may be used in a variety of current power generation technologies including stoker, fluidized bed, gasifier, cyclonic, direct-fired, and pulverized coal technologies, and results in significant reduction of air emissions (including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mercury) compared to coal with no loss of boiler or furnace efficiency.

Abstract: The energy output of a power plant combustion chamber that combusts fuel comprising biomass as all or part of the fuel can be increased by feeding oxygen into the combustion chamber so that said fuel is in contact with gaseous oxidant whose oxygen content exceeds that of air by up to 5 vol. % above that of air.

Abstract: An inside of an incinerator body into which sludge is fed is divided into a lower portion, a portion above the lower portion, and a top portion in a height direction. The lower portion serves as a pyrolysis zone for supplying fluidizing air having an air ratio of 1.1 or less together with fuel to thermally decompose the sludge while fluidizing the sludge. The portion above the lower portion serves as an over bed combustion zone for supplying only combustion air having an air ratio of 0.1 to 0.3 to form a local high temperature place to decompose N2O. The top portion serves as a perfect combustion zone for perfectly combusting unburned contents. The quantity of N2O generated during sludge incineration can be drastically reduced while maintaining the use quantity of auxiliary fuel at the same level as that of a conventional incineration method.