Abstract: A direct injection internal combustion engine of a compression ignition type uses swirl injection nozzle having relatively small penetration and relies on the combination of an intake swirl and compression squish flow as well as a substantial fuel spray angle to uniformly distribute fuel throughout the interior of a throttled combustion cavity recessed in the piston.

Abstract: There is provided an alcohol internal combustion engine with direct injection and controlled ignition comprising a combustion chamber defined by a reciprocating piston and a flat cylinder head. The cylinder head supports a spark plug and an injector. In the dome of the piston is formed a cup disposed with respect to the intake valve so that the gases are set in rotation in the cup. The spark plug is placed in the cylinder head so that its electrodes are in the vicinity of the periphery of the cup where a rich mixture is produced by stratification at the end of compression. To further improve the stratification and the turbulence, favorable to complete and rapid combustion, a ramp may be provided around a fraction of the periphery of the cup.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprising a piston (1) having a recessed combustion bowl (3) with a raised projection (4) in the floor of the bowl so as to define an annulus with the sides of the bowl, swirl means to cause the inlet air to rotate about said raised projection, and a fuel injector (2) having orifices that spray a plurality of jets into the annulus at spaced points around the projection (4), the cross-sectional area of the annulus being such as to vary around the projection (4) and to have a minimum value in a median plane (D--D) through the axis (C) of the projection (4), and the injector nozzle (2) being located in a central region of the bowl (3) and having orifices orientated so as to direct jets of fuel both sides of said median plane. The cross-section area of the annulus is varied by varying the radial width of the annulus, this being achieved conveniently in a circular bowl by offsetting the axis (C) of the projection (4) radially from the axis of the bowl (A).

Abstract: An air-compressing, direct injection internal combustion engine in which the piston is formed with a combustion chamber in the shape of a solid of revolution and a constricted throat opening, and where mixture formation is predominantly by fuel deposition on the walls of the combustion chamber. The function of the internal combustion engine is proposed to be improved so that, by influencing the squish flow occurring as air in inducted into the combustion chamber, improved performance is obtained, especially in the lower and medium speed ranges of the engine. According to the new proposal, this is essentially achieved by forming the throat opening with an oval cross-section, adopting defined fuel jet directions when injecting the fuel, as well as keeping the location of the fuel discharge point within a defined area.

Abstract: A direct-injection internal combustion engine has a rotationally symmetric combustion chamber which is located in the crown of a piston. Air for combustion is admitted into the combustion chamber in such a manner as to circulate about the axis of the latter. Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber through a discharge passage as a function of the engine load and speed. Within the upper range of engine load and speed, the fuel is injected as a concentrated jet and virtually all of the fuel is deposited upon the wall of the combustion chamber. The fuel evaporates from the wall and then mixes with the circulating air. In the lower range of engine load and speed, as well as during idling, the fuel is injected in the form of a finely atomized jet and mixes with the circulating air directly. The effective cross-sectional area of the fuel discharge passage in the lower range of engine load and speed is maintained between about 3 and 15% of the effective cross-sectional area at maximum output.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprises a cylinder (1), a cylinder head (2) a piston (3) with a combustion chamber (4) having a conical side wall (6) tapered at an angle of 30.degree. to 60.degree. toward a throat (7), and injection nozzles (5) for delivering fuel to the side wall (6) of the combustion chamber (7) the injection nozzle (5) being disposed eccentrically with respect to the center of the throat (7). An angle .gamma. between projections onto the cross section of the combustion chamber of a pair of adjacently spaced outlets (10 and 11) for delivering fuel to the closest to the injection nozzle (5) portion of the side wall (6) of the combustion chamber (4) is 1.8-2.2 times as large as an angle .delta. between the projections onto the same plane of axes of any pair of adjacently spaced outlets for delivering fuel to the farthermost from the injection nozzle (5) portion of the side wall (6) of the combustion chamber (4).

Abstract: A method of operating air-compressing direct-injecting internal combustion engines including at least one piston with a combustion chamber of a shape of a body of rotation, and a fuel injector with a controllable outlet and a throttle member for controlling the fuel injection-pressure is disclosed. The velocity of combustion air rotating about the longitudinal central axis of the combustion chamber and the velocity of the fuel stream when leaving the injector are coordinated to one another. The surface area of the fuel which is contactable by combustion air is controllable so that on increase of the speed of the internal combustion engine the surface area is decreased.

Abstract: A spark-ignition, air-compressing internal combustion engine has a combustion chamber in a piston movable toward a cylinder head of the engine. Fuel is injected onto the wall of the combustion chamber and air rotated in the chamber to remove the fuel from the combustion chamber wall gradually as a vapor. The cross-section of the combustion chamber wall is defined by two curved lines of specific radial relation generally indicated by the curved line extending from the opening into the combustion chamber having the smaller radius of curvature.

Abstract: An air-compressing, direct-injection internal combustion engine formed with a combustion chamber in the shape of a solid of revolution in the piston crown into which fuel is injected via only one jet through an injection nozzle arranged obliquely in the cylinder head, in the direction of the rotating air for combustion. The working of the internal combustion engine is proposed to be improved in such a way that fuel deflection liable to occur in all operating ranges, mainly at the start and at the end of injection due to the rotating air flow and, respectively, when the gas is flowing out of the combustion chamber after the top dead center position, is prevented from affecting the working of the engine and from producing erosion on the piston crown and/or cylinder head.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a plant that supplies a diesel oil-gas fuel mixture to diesel cycle engines and comprises: a device for interrupting the travel of the lever that controls the injection pump and is connected to the accelerator; and a mixer group placed along the manifold for the induction of air to the cylinders, comprising two separate parallel pipes, the first of which provided with a first throttle valve movable between two extreme positions, namely a position for opening the air passage when the engine is running on diesel oil and a position for closing the air passage when the engine is running on a mixture of diesel oil and gas, and the second of which provided with a Venturi tube and with a second throttle valve for blocking the air passage, movable continuously and connected to the accelerator, the said Venturi tube being connected to a pipe for the supply of the gas at low pressure; the said pipes being jointly provided with an air passage area at least identical to that required for maximum engin

Abstract: A direct injection type internal combustion engine includes a centrifugal injector having its port facing a recess formed in a combustion chamber. The injector is arranged such that its axis of injection fails to intersect the central axis of the recess but extends at an inclination with respect to the same. In an embodiment typifying the invention, the following relationship is satisfied: ##EQU1## in which: D designates the maximum distance between facing sides of said recess; wherein with respect to a first transverse plane containing the location of the maximum distance D of said recess and a second plane intersecting said first transverse plane at a right angle, being parallel to the axis of sprays of the swirl injector and containing the center of the recess on the first transverse plane, .beta.

Abstract: The device comprises a control system (100) commanded by sensing means consisting of at least one optic fibre transmitting a radiation to at least one radiation detector, said sensing means co-operating with a rotating element driven by the engine, which consecutively intercepts the receipt of the radiation. The control system (100) determines the beginning and duration of injection at the injectors (11) incorporated in the fuel-transfer circuit (10), which circuit comprises two pipes, namely a fuel inlet pipe (19) and a fuel outlet pipe (20) which are interconnected and in heat exchange relation and are located at the back of each injector in order to obtain a closed transfer circuit and to ensure continuous circulation of fuel at the back of each injector, thus avoiding in-line vaporization of said fuel.

Abstract: An air-compressing, self-igniting combustion engine for liquid fuels, in an arrangement that includes a combustion chamber depression in a piston for receiving injected fuel predominantly in the vicinity of the wall thereof and for receiving rotating combustion air at the time of fuel injection. Oxygen-containing fuel that is reluctant to ignite is injected through a first injection device into the combustion chamber depression; through a second injection device there is injected fuel that is willing to ignite, for instance oil fuel, gas oil or Diesel fuel, for initiating and/or maintaining the fuel combustion in the combustion chamber depression. Furthermore, the injection times of the fuel that is willing to ignite and the oxygen-containing fuel that is reluctant to ignite overlap each other. The first and second injection nozzles each are arranged with an injection pump and are rigidly coupled and have a common injection adjuster. Both injection nozzles are combined in a single-nozzle body.

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine of the spark ignition type with a fuel having a high latent heat of vaporization such as methanol by injecting the fuel in two stages, the first major portion of the fuel being injected at the start of the intake stroke into a bowl-in-piston cavity combustion chamber to be vaporized and atomized, the second smaller portion being injected late in the compression stroke just prior to ignition to remain close to the injector tip to richen the mixture adjacent the spark plug, and igniting the mixture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for combusting diesel, gasoline, kerosene, alcohol and other compression ignition fuels in either direct or indirect injection compression auto ignition internal combustion engines which enables such engines to operate at low compressions. The apparatus includes an ignition chamber which functions to receive a portion of the incoming fuel charge thereby concentrating such portion in an area separate from the auxiliary or primary combustion chambers.

Abstract: In a diesel engine having one inlet valve and one exhaust valve, with an inlet passage having a spiral profile to create rotary air turbulence in a combustion chamber of at least 1.5 times the engine speed, an injector pump, driven by an engine camshaft, supplies high pressure fuel to a fuel injector mounted in the cylinder head, which injects the fuel into the combustion chamber. The injector, which includes a nozzle tip having 4 to 6 jets, is inclined from the axis of the cylinder bore at an angle i of equal to or less than 30 degrees. The injector is also eccentrically mounted from the axis of the cylinder bore at an eccentricity value e that is less than or equal to 0.2 times the bore of the cylinder D. Also, the depth H of the combustion chamber to outer diameter d of the combustion chamber is related by the ratio H/d which is greater than 0.2 but less than 0.5.

Abstract: The power of a fuel injected internal combustion engine is augmented by forming in the head of the engine piston or pistons a chamber within which superheated steam is generated from cyclically injected water and which also serves as a pre-combustion space. In a preferred embodiment, the piston head has steam channels extending from said chamber through the top face of the piston.

Abstract: A fuel injection system for an Otto engine having a mixture-control unit provided with an air flow sensor and a fuel distributor. The fuel injection system may be switched from service with a gasoline-operated engine to service with a gas-operated engine and, in the process, the sensor plate of the air flow sensor is opened as well as blocked in the open position with a gas-operated engine.

Abstract: The invention sets forth a method and apparatus for improving the injection and mixture of fuel and air in air-compressing combustion engines. The fuel is admitted into a rotationally symmetrical combustion chamber in such a manner that all droplets of the fuel stream are finely atomized at all speed and/or load ranges of the engine, and that the complete spray on entering the combustion chamber is so broken up that, from the combustion chamber wall to a point approximately one third of the combustion chamber radius, the broken-up spray matches the combustion chamber geometry, the injection of the fuel being effected in such a manner as to match the velocity and/or density distribution of the combustion air which rotates in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A method for the pilot injection of fuel in a direct injection diesel engine with a depression in the tops of the pistons. The pilot fuel, of relatively high cetane number, e.g. diesel fuel, is sprayed prior to the main spray, obliquely from the side into the piston depression in a direction counter to the rotation of the intake air. Thereafter, during the same combustion cycle, the main spray, of lower cetane number, e.g. methanol, is sprayed in a zone around the center axis of the piston depression. A substantial reduction in pollutants is achieved.

Abstract: A self-igniting internal combustion engine which includes at least one piston having a rotational symmetrical piston trough arranged therein. The piston trough has a conical side wall and an inlet port which is less than a largest diameter of the piston trough. An eccentrically arranged injection nozzle is provided for injecting fuel in a wall wetting phase into the piston trough. At least one fuel jet from the injection nozzle impinges approximately in a plane centrally onto the side wall. To avoid a wetting of the bottom of the trough with still liquid fuel, an annular bead is provided having a sharp annular bead edge. A collar is arranged at the neck of the inlet port, with the collar constituting a discontinuous transistion to the inlet port and causing in the area of the collar a swirl formation counteracting the wall-wetting fuel rising toward the inlet port.

Abstract: A method of operating an air-compressing, self-igniting combustion engine for liquid fuels, in an arrangement that includes a combustion chamber depression in a piston for receiving injected fuel predominantly in the vicinity of the wall thereof and for receiving rotating combustion air at the time of fuel injection. Oxygen-containing fuel that is reluctant to ignite is injected through a first injection device into the combustion chamber depression; through a second injection device there is injected fuel that is willing to ignite, for instance oil fuel, gas oil or Diesel fuel, for initiating and/or maintaining the fuel combustion in the combustion chamber depression. Furthermore, the injection times of the fuel that is willing to ignite and the oxygen-containing fuel that is reluctant to ignite overlap each other. The first and second injection nozzles each are arranged with an injection pump and are rigidly coupled and have a common injection adjuster.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for operating an air-compressing, self-igniting combustion machine or engine, for liquid fuels, which has a combustion chamber depression, in the piston, into which fuel is sprayed or injected essentially centrally, preferably in a direction toward the depression wall, and in which the combustion air rotates at the time of injection. Oxygen-containing fuel that is reluctant to ignite is injected through an injection device into the combustion chamber depression, and an ignitible fuel is sprayed or injected through a second injection device, with an overlap in the injection times of the ignitible fuel and the oxygen-containing fuel that is reluctant to ignite. Ignition of the oil fuel, gas oil or Diesel fuel starts before injection of the oxygen-containing fuel that is reluctant to ignite. After approximately 2/3 of the injection time of the Diesel fuel, there begins the injection of the oxygen-containing fuel which is reluctant to ignite.

Abstract: An injection nozzle for an air-compressing direct injection internal combustion engine which has a combustion chamber in the shape of a body of revolution in the piston head or in the cylinder head, and in which a rotary air movement occurs in the combustion chamber about its longitudinal axis while a portion of the injected liquid fuel is being deposited as a thin film on the wall of the combustion chamber. The injection nozzle has a slot-shaped discharge opening which is so located with regard to the combustion chamber that the fuel spray emitted through this discharge opening, when viewed over its entire width, at nearly the same time impinges upon the combustion chamber wall and spreads thereon in the form of a wide surface film, the cross section of the discharge opening corresponding to the cross section of a one-bore injection nozzle customarily employed for the mixture formation and combustion method under the same conditions.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having intake and exhaust valves and a companion piston therefor in a cylinder block is proposed, the piston being provided with several depressions of varying depth and area and interconnected by a guide groove to control flow of the gaseous mixture from one depression to another. A first of the depressions in the piston is located at a distance from the longitudinal axis of the piston and one of the valves has a flat face which is substantially received in the depression. The other depression in the piston also has an axis that is spaced from the longitudinal axis of the piston with the guide groove which communicates with the first depression having a mouth that extends substantially tangentially into said second depression so that the vortex gaseous flow rotates approximately parallel to said piston top about the central longitudinal axis of the second depression toward the end of the compression stroke.

Abstract: A combustion process and apparatus for a spark ignited air compressing internal combustion engine with direct injection of the major portion of the fuel onto the wall of the combustion chamber provided in the piston in the form of a body of revolution, according to which a rotary motion is imparted upon the inflowing air in such a way that the fuel is gradually released from the combustion chamber wall and mixed with the air in the form of vapors. The injection nozzle is positioned in the cylinder head near the combustion chamber throat while the ignition device extends into the combustion chamber at the top dead center position of the piston. The fuel is injected onto the combustion chamber wall by means of a jet from which individual small fuel particles are detached which are immediately mixed with the air on being emitted from the injection nozzle opening.

Abstract: A stratified charge spark ignition internal combustion engine is arranged to provide a preferably centered target recess on the end of the piston to redirect fuel spray injected against the recess back into the central portion of the combustion chamber to form a centralized relatively rich core or mixture cloud surrounded by an annular body of air. The size of the centered mixture cloud is load variable as determined by the volume and timing of injection as well as other factors. A preferred embodiment includes a target shape which compensates for limited eccentricity and angularity of the nominally axial injection spray to maintain a relatively even distribution of fuel within the mixture cloud. An alternative arrangement also includes a small ignition antechamber surrounding the end of the injection nozzle.

Abstract: A method of burning fuels ignited by applied-ignition in an air-compressing direct injection internal combustion engine according to which the fuel is, preferably in the form of a jet, sprayed onto the wall of the combustion chamber having the shape of a body of revolution with the major portion of the fuel being deposited in the form of a film to be gradually removed in the form of vapors by and mixed with the air admitted and performing a rotary motion. An ignition device provided at the upper dead center position of the piston projects into the combustion chamber in the vicinity of the injection nozzle opening arranged near the combustion chamber edge between the free fuel jet penetrating the combustion chamber on the one hand and the combustion chamber wall on the other hand. The pressure level in the high pressure section of the injection system and thus the rate of fuel injection into the cylinder is selected to lie between 0.7 and 1.3 per degree of crank angle times liter stroke volume.

Abstract: A piston, especially for internal combustion engines, which piston has a cup-shaped combustion chamber depression in the upper face wall, with recesses in the upper edge of the depression for a fuel injection nozzle and an ignition device, respectively. The fuel is injected into the cavity with a short unrestrained length of spray onto the depression wall, and during fuel injection combustion air is moved about an axis extending in the longitudinal direction of the piston. The combustion chamber depression has an at least nearly cylindrical wall in the region of the recesses, the first recess is formed by a trough which has sharp edges, terminates flat, and is inclined to a surface line of the depression. The other recess with which is associated the ignition device extends closely adjacent to the first recess, at an angle in the direction opposite to movement of air, with a ridge being provided between the two recesses.

Abstract: A fuel injection system for direct injection diesel engines with a depression in the tops of the pistons. A first injection pump has a regulator and accompanying first injector for each cylinder, the injectors being disposed to spray the fuel in a zone around the center axis of the respective piston depression. A second injection pump has a regulator and accompanying second injector for each cylinder, the second injectors being disposed to inject fuel obliquely from the side into the respective piston depression in a direction counter to the rotation of the intake air before the fuel from the first injectors is injected.

Abstract: An air-compressing direct injection internal combustion engine having a combustion chamber in the shape of a body of revolution which combustion chamber at the end of the compression stroke contains nearly the entire necessary amount of combustion air which by suitable means is circulated about the cylinder axis of the respective pertaining cylinder of the engine. In this engine, a substantial portion of the liquid fuel is in the form of a thin film applied to the combustion chamber wall where it is processed so as to be picked up by and intermixed with the combustion air, whereupon the fuel air mixture is burnt. For purposes of facilitating the processing of the above mentioned fuel film and/or the realization of a pre-oxidation of the fuel, and for facilitating the pick-up of the fuel in the direction of the rotation of the air, additional means are provided and arranged in or on the combustion chamber wall and, when viewed in the direction of rotation of the air are located ahead of the fuel film.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a fuel injector located in a side wall of each cylinder, and a combustion chamber in each cylinder formed largely by a cavity recessed in the crown of the piston, to define substantial "squish" areas between the piston crown and a cylinder head which contains an ignition prechamber, situated opposite the fuel injector, communicating with a sparking plug, the fuel injector being arranged to direct at least one part of the fuel into a region adjacent the ignition prechamber which forms part of the volume of the combustion chamber.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having in the piston crown or cylinder head a combustion chamber in the shape of a body of revolution with a constricted throat. At the end of the compression stroke, the combustion chamber accommodates substantially all of the air for combustion which is imparted a rotation about the longitudinal axis of the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A combustion chamber for an internal combustion engine of the direct injection type defined by a cylinder head, a cylinder liner and a piston head, the piston head having formed therein a cavity in which air swirl can be produced by a known means.A fuel injection valve having a plurality of fuel injection nozzles is disposed above the cavity for injecting jets of fuel radially against the cavity wall.The cavity comprises an equilateral polygonal cavity formed in the upper part of the piston head and a toroidal cavity formed continuously to the polygonal cavity in the lower part of the piston head. The equilateral polygonal cavity has rounded corners formed therein, the ratio of the radius of the rounded corners to that of a inscribed circle of the equilateral polygonal cavity being from about 0.05 to about 0.8.