Abstract: A container may include a storage volume configured to store a payload. A thermal insulation layer may surround the storage volume. A thermoregulation layer may surround the thermal insulation layer. There may be activation of a chemical reaction in the thermoregulation layer. The thermal insulation layer may have R-value per inch configured to expose the payload to a desired temperature to ensure viability of the payload and dampen a temperature spike of the chemical reaction. A system of containers may include a system storage volume with N containers in the system storage volume, wherein N is a whole number of 2 or more. A method of making an insulated container may include preparing an outer skin barrier layer, stacking a thermoregulation layer on the outer skin barrier layer, stacking a thermal insulation layer on the thermoregulation layer, and stacking an inner skin barrier layer on the thermal insulation layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatuses, systems, methods, and devices for generating high-pressure gas such as hydrogen and oxygen. In one aspect, an apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a reactor which includes a pressure vessel containing a metal compound configured to react with a liquid to generate the high-pressure gas when the liquid is available in the vessel. The reactor includes an outlet configured to pass the generated high-pressure gas out of the vessel. The apparatus also includes a receiver configured to store the generated high-pressure gas generated in the vessel and passed to a receiver via the outlet or passed directly to fuel cell or vehicle tank.

Abstract: A hydrogen-developing body of an apparatus for producing hydrogen from an electrolyte solution is disclosed. The hydrogen-developing body is formed from magnesium (Mg) or zinc (Zn) or the like, or an alloy thereof, or has an electrolyte-contacting surface which is formed from magnesium (Mg) or zinc (Zn) or the like, or an alloy thereof. The electrolyte-contacting surface has regions formed from iron (Fe) or a Fe alloy, or the like, which are pellet-shaped and stochastically embedded into the surface such that the Fe/Fe alloy pellets are exposed to the environment of the body.

Abstract: An electric heating mat may include an outer sleeve having an interior, and an access end with an opening to the interior. The access end may be folded upon itself into a closed condition, and unfolded into an opened condition. When the access end is closed, the interior of the outer sleeve may provide a sealed enclosure. The sealed enclosure may accommodate and protect internal components, such as heating elements, a power source, and associated controls. The heating elements, associated wiring, and an insulation layer may be provided in an inner sleeve, which may be insertable into the outer sleeve as a unit. When the access end is opened, the opening provides access to the internal components. Such access allows the power source to be turned on to supply power to the heating elements.

Abstract: A method of packaging water-reactive aluminum may include directing at least one discrete object into a container, the at least one discrete object including an aluminum alloy, the aluminum alloy plastically deformed and non-recrystallized, introducing, into the container, a liquid metal alloy including one or more activation metals, enclosing the at least one discrete object and the liquid metal alloy with one another in the container to form a kit, for a predetermined period, exposing the kit to a heating environment, and agitating the at least one discrete object and the liquid metal alloy in the container in the heating environment during the predetermined period to form the kit into a packaged unit of water-reactive aluminum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a non-AC powered flameless heating system which includes a plurality of compartments each for receiving a liquid-activated heating element; an activating liquid receptacle for receiving a liquid capable of activating the liquid-activated heating element to release heat; and a liquid conducting means for sequentially, in time, conducting the liquid in the activating liquid receptacle to the plurality of compartments in an amount sufficient to activate the liquid-activated heating element in the compartments. The present invention is safe and convenient to use and capable of providing heat supply for a prolonged period of time.

Abstract: A vaginal dilator is provided having a handle which is removably engageable with a base of any one of a plurality of dilators using complimentary connectors connecting the base of each dilator to the handle. Thereby allowing for adjusting the size of the device. A flexible skeletal body may be included within a cavity of the dilator.

Abstract: The disclosed aspects and embodiments provide compositions, systems, and methods for applying a warming cosmetic composition in a manner that provides unexpected levels of temperature increase (on a per mass basis) and prevents aggregation of inorganic components of the composition. In one aspect, a composition is provided that includes an anhydrous medium and at least one exothermic heating agent, wherein the composition is configured to provide increased temperature when exposed to water sufficient to initiate an exothermic reaction and mixing energy, as compared to the composition when exposed to water in the absence of mixing energy.

Abstract: A two layer and/or a three-layer device is disclosed that allows samples therein to remain at a warmer or a colder temperature than would be ordinarily possible without the use of the two or three-layer device. The two-layer device contains an interior layer that comprises the sample, and a middle or intermediate layer that comprises chemical species that undergoes an exothermic or endothermic reaction. The three layer device further has an outer layer that contains an insulating layer. When the three layer device is used for samples, the temperature of the sample can remain at a temperature around 11° C. or less for at least about 5.5 to 6 hours.

Abstract: A flexible pouch is provided. The flexible pouch includes a bottom section, vertical walls extending up from the bottom section to form a pouch defining an opening opposite the bottom section, and a closure mechanism including one or more projecting members and one or more receiving members dispersed around upper sections of the vertical walls proximal to the opening. In a closed state, a projecting member and a corresponding receiving member removably couple to at least partially close the opening. The flexible pouch can be used for food storage, for example.

Abstract: A transportable device for heating foodstuffs includes a container for receiving the foodstuff as well as a closed-off heating chamber which adjoins the container and is thermally coupled thereto while simultaneously being hermetically separated therefrom via a shared, thermally-conductive wall. The heating chamber includes a first chamber and a second chamber that are separated by a water vapor-permeable wall. In the first chamber is a substance or a substance mixture which, when a liquid, preferably water, is supplied, generates heat in an exothermic chemical reaction with water vapor being formed. In the second chamber, a zeolite is located which can adsorb the water entering from the first chamber via said water vapor-permeable wall, generating heat. A transportable heating element which can be used in the device contains a hermetically-sealed heating chamber that adjoins a thermally-dissipating outer wall.

Abstract: A vapor heating implement satisfies: (A) the content of water in the heating implement is equal to or higher than 40 parts by mass and is equal to or lower than 80 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the oxidizable metal; (B) the content of the water-retention agent in the exothermic composition is equal to or higher than 0.3 parts by mass and is equal to or lower than 20 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the oxidizable metal; (C) the content of water contained in the exothermic layer (121A) is equal to or higher than 8 parts by mass and is equal to or lower than 45 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the oxidizable metal; and (D) the content of water contained in the water-retention sheet (121C) is from 15 to 30 mass % of the maximum water absorption of the water-retention sheet.

Abstract: A system and method for warming a fluid for intravenous administration is presented. The system includes an enclosure, a frangible bladder disposed at least partially within the enclosure, and a first reactant of an exothermic reaction disposed within the frangible bladder. The apparatus includes a second reactant of the exothermic reaction disposed within the enclosure and external to the frangible bladder, and a channel at least partially enclosed by the enclosure. The frangible bladder is configured to be ruptured to mix at least a portion of the first reactant and the second reactant to initiate the exothermic reaction, thereby warming at least a portion of the channel.

Abstract: Self-heating systems for rapidly and effectively heating a comestible substance are disclosed. Self-heating systems generally include a reaction chamber and a heating chamber. The heating chamber contains a substance to be heated. The reaction chamber contains reactants that, when contacted, exothermically react. The containers and reactants can be configured to heat at least six fluid ounces of comestible substance in less than one minute. The solid chemical reactant mixture can comprise magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and/or calcium oxide. Methods for heating at least six fluid ounces of comestible substance in less than one minute are also provided.

Abstract: A heat exchange reactor includes: a first flow path through which a heat exchange fluid flows; a second flow path through which a working fluid flows; and an adsorbent shaped body that is disposed in the second flow path, the adsorbent shaped body having a heat transfer face at which heat is exchanged with the heat exchange fluid flowing in the first flow path, and plural recessed portions arrayed in two dimensions at predetermined spacings along a direction in which the working fluid flows such that the working fluid flows into the plurality of recessed portions, the adsorbent shaped body including an adsorbent and a fibrous thermally conductive material, the adsorbent releasing heat when the working fluid is adsorbed and accumulating heat when the working fluid is desorbed, and the fibrous thermally conductive material being disposed such that an axial direction thereof is oriented in a direction that intersects with the heat transfer face.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for heating the heat engine (7) of a vehicle, comprising: a reactor (3) in which a reagent that can cause an exothermic reaction with a reaction fluid is disposed, a circuit (5) for supplying reaction fluid to the reactor (3), a heat-exchange circuit (8) between the reactor (3) and the heat engine (7) of the vehicle, and a circuit (9) for regenerating the reagent.

Abstract: A heating element (10) comprises an exothermic layer (11) containing an oxidizable metal, a water absorption agent and water and a water-retention layer (12) having a water absorption sheet (102), the exothermic layer (11) and the water-retention layer (12) are in layers, in which the mass ratio of the content of the water absorption agent is from 0.3 to 20 parts by mass for 100 parts by mass of the oxidizable metal, mass ratio of content of water to the content of the water absorption agent in the exothermic layer (11) (water/water absorption agent) is from 0.8 to 13, and the content of water contained in the water-retention layer (12) is from 10 to 45 mass % of the maximum water absorption of said water-retention layer (12).

Abstract: Provided is a heating container simply cooks or heats foods using a heater without help of a heating device required for cooking during the outdoor leisure activation such as climbing or fishing. The heating container includes a main body in which a heater is inserted and water is poured, a built-in container inserted into the main body, the built-in container providing a space for cooking foods therein, and a sealing cover sealing an opened upper portion of the built-in container, the sealing cover being coupled to the main body when the built-in container is sealed. Each of the main body and the built-in container is formed of a rigid material, and vapor generated when water within the main body is boiled is discharged between the main body and the built-in container to the outside.

Abstract: A steam-generating warming article 1 which has a steam generating element 2 making use of chemical energy and is adapted to supply steam while in contact with a human body. The article 1, while in contact with the body, maintains the skin surface temperature at 38° to 49° C. for 3 to 15 hours and cumulatively generates 0.5 to 12 mg/3 hr·cm2 of steam. The steam-generating warming article 1 is used to improve the human body's physiology. The steam generating element 2 is preferably a heat generating sheet prepared by incorporating an aqueous electrolyte solution into a molded sheet containing an oxidizable metal, a reaction accelerator, and a fibrous material.

Abstract: A superheated steam generator for generating superheated steam is disclosed that can be converted into electric energy by adsorbing water into zeolite and desorbing water from zeolite by use of solar heat source energy and seawater source energy. The superheated steam generator using zeolite is provided with a water supply device for causing the zeolite to adsorb mist-state moisture and heat the zeolite, a zeolite boiler system including a desorption heater for desorbing water molecules adsorbed onto the zeolite and heating the zeolite to produce the superheated steam, a low-temperature purified water tank for storing purified water that can be subjected to heat exchange with at least one of seawater and surface water, and for supplying purified water energy subsequent to the heat exchange to the water supply device, and an atomization device for generating the purified water supplied to the water supply device as the mist-state moisture.

Abstract: A multi-layered sheet includes a layer of a moisture-permeable base material and a layer of a moisture-permeable resin formed on a surface of the layer of the moisture-permeable base material, wherein the moisture-permeable resin may also be found inside the layer of the moisture-permeable base material and the moisture-permeable resin includes a resin that adheres to the moisture-permeable base material and a water-insoluble powdery or granular material that generates heat by moisture absorption and that is a hydrolysate of a substance derived from a plant and/or hydrolysate of a substance derived from an animal, wherein in the total amount of the moisture-permeable resin, the amount of the resin that adheres to the moisture-permeable base material is 20 to 80 mass % and the amount of the water-insoluble powdery or granular material that generates heat by moisture absorption is 80 to 20 mass %.

Abstract: A heating device comprises a heating chamber defining an interior space for receiving and storing a substance to be heated, a heater for use as a source of heat which includes a reaction chamber, a solid state reaction composition disposed within the reaction chamber such that it is physically isolated from and in thermal communication with the interior space of the heating chamber, an activation mechanism in communication with the composition disposed within the reaction chamber, and wherein the reaction composition is inert until the activation mechanism is actuated. Activation mechanism comprises an actuator having a user interface portion and an actuation portion, and the actuation portion carries a reaction initiation material that, when assembled with the heater, is capable of initiating a chemical reaction in the chemical composition when the actuation portion is actuated by a user.

Abstract: A method for controlled temperature change of substances, in which the course of an endo- or exothermic reaction of one or several reactants in aqueous solution, which is in direct or indirect contact with the substances, is influenced using galenic methods is disclosed. At least one of the reactants is present in a solid form and is at least partly included in a galenic matrix. The galenic matrix is at least partly in a form such as tablets, granules, prills, pellets, rods or combinations thereof. The galenic matrix is differently strongly pressed and/or agglomerated in at least one of different regions and different parts. Also disclosed is a galenic matrix containing at least one solid reactant and methods of using such a galenic matrix.

Abstract: A heating apparatus includes an elongated flexible envelope (4) comprising two sheets (6), (8) that are attached to each other along permanent side seams (10), (12) and along a permanent bottom seam (14) and a moisture-activated chemical heater (16) disposed inside envelope (4), wherein envelope (4) is folded over on itself and secured by temporary side seams (18), (20) and a permanent top seam (22) to form a continuous moisture barrier surrounding the moisture activated chemical heater (16) and wherein heater (2) may be opened for use by removing top seam (22) and unfolding envelope (4) by unpeeling temporary seals (18), (20) to provide unfolded envelope (4), wherein sheets (6) and (8) remain sealed along permanent seams (10), (12) and (14), but wherein envelope (4) now has an open top end (30).

Abstract: A warming product that contains an exothermic composition configured to generate heat in the presence of oxygen and moisture is provided. The exothermic composition is applied to a thermal composite containing two or more fibrous layers, which are structured to provide enhanced distribution of the exothermic composition through the thermal composite structure. For example, a first fibrous layer may rapidly acquire the exothermic composition and distribute it primarily in the ?z direction (direction of thickness) to a second fibrous layer, which may then distribute the exothermic composition primarily in the ?x and ?y directions. Typically, at least a portion of the exothermic composition is able to flow through the second fibrous layer and contact additional layers. For example, the exothermic composition may contain a moisture-holding layer configured to supply moisture to the exothermic composition.

Abstract: A self-heating container (1, 2) to prepare a fresh hot beverage containing a compartment containing a heat-delivering substance (8) to heat the liquid in the device, an airtight compartment (11) containing a measured amount of liquid to be heated, an airtight compartment containing a measured amount of dry matter for preparing a hot beverage, a filter (11) for separating the dry matter from the liquid (optional) and a compartment containing a measured amount of liquid to actuate the heat-delivering substance (8) with the attribute that the heat-delivering substance is actuated (13) simultaneously with the release of the dry matter to the compartment containing the measured amount of liquid to be heated during actuation.

Abstract: Self-heating containers comprise a reaction chamber and a heating chamber. The heating chamber is sized to contain a substance to be heated. The reaction chamber contains reactants which, when contacted, exothermically react. The reaction chamber is divided into a first compartment and a second compartment with a barrier therebetween. The barrier comprises a first barrier portion and a second barrier portion. The first barrier portion is attached to a reaction chamber wall and has an opening sized to allow reactants to flow through from one compartment to the other. The second barrier portion is attached to the first barrier portion to close the opening. The barrier can be opened by moving an actuator into engagement with the second barrier portion to dislodge the second barrier portion from the first barrier portion and thereby open the barrier.

Abstract: As indicated above, the present invention provides a flameless, portable heating kit. In a typical embodiment, the heat pack contains a liquid activated heating material (e.g., in pack form) and utilizes a recycled heat design. This design includes an opening between a heat chamber and a content chamber where the contents (materials to be heated such as food, or a packet containing food such as a Meal Ready to Eat (MRE)) are placed. The heat materials such as steam, air or liquid are transported through a controlled opening that transfers heat to the heat chamber. The present invention also provides a heat control method that uses a filter or filters that filter by-product materials such as moisture and channels the by-products outside, while keeping the heating liquid material inside of the heat space chamber. Optimal control of the heating (chemical) materials' temperature offers a safe heating experience.

Abstract: The present invention relates to flameless heating apparatus for food products. In particular, it relates to an improved potentially exothermic mixture/blend for such heaters and to meal packages including foods and heating apparatus. An embodiment of the invention comprises a composite material consisting of a potentially exothermic metallic alloy powder dispersed throughout a porous polyethylene matrix, which releases hydrogen in an exothermic reaction. The present invention seeks to reduce the production of such gas per unit mass, and further seeks to improve the efficiency of the reaction.

Abstract: A hot/cold pack product including two sheet structures, one of which includes compartments holding dehydrated gel powder and the other of which is an insulating and water-proof sheet structure attached to the first sheet structure. The powder remains dehydrated until water is added by a user.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making alkali metal silicide compositions, and the compositions resulting from the method, comprising mixing an alkali metal with silicon and heating the resulting mixture to a temperature below about 475° C. The resulting compositions do not react with dry O2. Also, the invention relates to sodium silicide compositions having a powder X-ray diffraction pattern comprising at least three peaks with 2Theta angles selected from about 18.2, 28.5, 29.5, 33.7, 41.2, 47.4, and 56.2 and a solid state 23Na MAS NMR spectra peak at about 18 ppm. Moreover, the invention relates to methods of removing a volatile or flammable substance in a controlled manner. Furthermore, the alkali metal silicide compositions of the invention react with water to produce hydrogen gas.

Abstract: An apparatus for warming a container, the apparatus including a holder having an inner wall, an outer wall, and an insulation layer between the inner and outer walls, wherein the inner wall defines a first volume having a size and shape for receiving at least a portion of the container, and wherein the holder defines a second volume. The apparatus can also include a solution and an activation disk positioned within the second volume and in contact with the solution, wherein the solution and activation disk are made from materials such that a force applied to the activation disk causes the solution to undergo a chemical reaction that generates heat for warming the container in the first volume. Furthermore, the apparatus can include a disk actuator for applying the force to the activation disk, and elastic bands to increase thermal contact between the container and the solution.

Abstract: Less hazardous methods for generating thermal energy for heating water, medical supplies or comestible products using improved flameless chemical heaters/flameless ration heaters by novel chemical or electrochemical means, each capable of suppressing the generation of hydrogen gas. Remote unit self-heating meals may be more rapidly heated by forming a reaction mixture comprising magnesium or a magnesium-containing alloy, and a hydrogen eliminator or suppressor, and introducing water to react the reaction mixture and generate a more rapid release of thermal energy sufficient to effectuate a more accelerated temperature rise and more rapid heating of medical supplies, water, rations or other comestible substances while simultaneously suppressing or eliminating the generation of potentially hazardous hydrogen.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are multiple-part electrochemical thermal signaling or marking systems, comprising at least one first part comprising at least one super-corroding alloy and at least one absorbent material, and at least one second part. The at least one first part and the at least second part must be kept separate until use, at which time they are combined and heat generation commences. Further disclosed herein are containment devices comprising such thermal signaling or marking systems.

Abstract: A method and composition for controlling an exothermic reaction between a powerful oxidizing agent such as the permanganate salts, and reducing agents such as polyhydroxy organic compounds, comprises non-charged, relatively hydrophobic pigments which can be slurried at relatively high solids. The pigment may be calcium carbonate, diatomaceous earth (diatomite), talc, or blends thereof. The pigments are not flocculated in permanganate slurries and can be dispersed at high solids contents. The dispersions can be spray dried or pelletized with controllable moisture contents from about 0.1 to 10%. The resulting composition yields effective control of the exothermic reaction with more uniform and reproducible results.

Abstract: Disclosed is various embodiments of a self-heating or self-cooling container with a number of improved features in overcoming the problems associated with existing containers, including, but not limited to, an improved breaking device designed to maximize the mixture and reaction between different reactants, an insulating lip to prevent heat loss in the heating process, a simple and efficient design of the container, and enhancements in manufacturing and assembling a self-heating or self-cooling container.

Abstract: A hot/cold pack product including two sheet structures, one of which includes compartments holding dehydrated gel powder and the other of which is an insulating and water-proof sheet structure attached to the first sheet structure. The powder remains dehydrated until water is added by a user.

Abstract: Less hazardous methods for generating thermal energy for heating water, medical supplies or comestible products using improved flameless chemical heaters/flameless ration heaters by novel chemical or electrochemical means, each capable of suppressing the generation of hydrogen gas. Remote unit self-heating meals may be more rapidly heated by forming a reaction mixture comprising magnesium or a magnesium-containing alloy, and a hydrogen eliminator or suppressor, and introducing water to react the reaction mixture and generate a more rapid release of thermal energy sufficient to effectuate a more accelerated temperature rise and more rapid heating of medical supplies, water, rations or other comestible substances while simultaneously suppressing or eliminating the generation of potentially hazardous hydrogen.

Abstract: A superheated steam generator for generating superheated steam is disclosed that can be converted into electric energy by adsorbing water into zeolite and desorbing water from zeolite by use of solar heat source energy and seawater source energy. The superheated steam generator using zeolite is provided with a water supply device for causing the zeolite to adsorb mist-state moisture and heat the zeolite, a zeolite boiler system including a desorption heater for desorbing water molecules adsorbed onto the zeolite and heating the zeolite to produce the superheated steam, a low-temperature purified water tank for storing purified water that can be subjected to heat exchange with at least one of seawater and surface water, and for supplying purified water energy subsequent to the heat exchange to the water supply device, and an atomization device for generating the purified water supplied to the water supply device as the mist-state moisture.

Abstract: This invention comprises a lightweight, portable chemical combination of reagents for sterilizing or disinfecting objects in the absence of electrical power or fire. The chemical combination includes a chemical oxidant with the capacity to liberate a biocidal intermediate, a chemical reductant of the oxidant with the capacity to react with the oxidant, and an effector to induce a reaction between the oxidant and reductant. In one embodiment, the oxidant comprises chlorite, the reductant comprises sulfite, and the effector comprises ascorbate. In another embodiment, the chemical combination comprises the oxidant, reductant, effector and iron-activated magnesium. When water or water solutions are added to either embodiment, the chemical combination generates heat, steam and a biocidal intermediate that can destroy contaminating microorganisms. In one embodiment, the biocidal intermediate is a halogen-based biocidal intermediate, such as chlorine dioxide.

Abstract: A self-heating beverage container includes a housing defining an open interior area for holding a liquid and defining a cavity separated from the open interior area. The container includes a heater portion removably coupled to the housing within the cavity. First and second reactants may be positioned in the cartridge area where they may be selectively combined to produce heat when a seal between them is punctured, causing the liquid to be heated. The container includes a selection portion that is selectively separable from the housing. A plurality of flavoring agents is positioned in the selection portion, each flavoring agent being separated from each other flavoring agent. Each flavoring agent is selectively separated from said open interior area by at least one breakable barrier. Each breakable barrier may be selectively pierced so as to dispense an ingredient into the liquid where it may be selectively mixed and heated.

Abstract: An apparatus which is self-contained, disposable, utilized for protecting the distal lens of endoscopes. The apparatus is sterile and is used as a holder or as an anti-fog solution applicator for the scope while protecting it from impact with a shock absorbent outer housing. A new method for protecting endoscopes by placing an inexpensive sterile protective cover over the distal lens of the endoscope which entails, placing the protector over the distal lens prior to medical procedure, protective cover is used intermittently and repeatedly during the medical procedure when the scope is not in use. Finally, at the end of the medical procedure the protective cover is placed over the distal lens and not removed until the scope reaches the area where it will be cleaned and sterilized. By protecting the scope prior to, during and after a medical procedure, endoscope repairs are reduced thereby saving hospitals money.

Abstract: The present invention is a package for selectively heating or cooling a food product of the package utilizing a temperature-changing pack disposed within an inner container. The temperature-changing pack is formed in a manner which prevents the inadvertent or premature mixing of the chemical reagents to initiate the heating or cooling reaction. Further, the temperature-changing pack is positioned within the inner container at a location where the food product comes into contact with the pack on multiple sides to maximize the heat transfer between pack and the food product. The inner container can be positioned within a reusable outer sleeve that insulates the inner container to further maximize the heat transfer between the pack and the food product.

Abstract: The heat source 1 comprises a bag 10 and a heat-generating composition 20 containing aluminum powder, calcium hydroxide powder and calcium oxide powder, enclosed in the bag 10. The bag 10 is formed by a packing material made of a base material of nonwoven fabric of which one surface is laminated with a watertight layer. The packing material is punched with a plurality of pinholes and has a water permeable rate of 13 to 81 milliliter/min/1 cm2 measured when head of water is 27 cm. The heat source 1 can satisfy preferable heating conditions including rate of temperature rise of the food, risen temperature of the food, duration of the risen temperature of the food under conditions in which a food heating device is conventionally used. Accordingly, a food heating device using the heat source capable of causing a rapid and stable heat-generating reaction can be provided.

Abstract: A steam-generating warming article 1 which has a steam generating element 2 making use of chemical energy and is adapted to supply steam while in contact with a human body. The article 1, while in contact with the body, maintains the skin surface temperature at 38° to 49° C. for 3 to 15 hours and cumulatively generates 0.5 to 12 mg/3 hr·cm2 of steam. The steam-generating warming article 1 is used to improve the human body's physiology. The steam generating element 2 is preferably a heat generating sheet prepared by incorporating an aqueous electrolyte solution into a molded sheet containing an oxidizable metal, a reaction accelerator, and a fibrous material.

Abstract: A steam-generating warming article 1 which has a steam generating element 2 making use of chemical energy and is adapted to supply steam while in contact with a human body. The article 1, while in contact with the body, maintains the skin surface temperature at 38° to 49° C. for 3 to 15 hours and cumulatively generates 0.5 to 12 mg/3 hr·cm2 of steam. The steam-generating warning article 1 is used to improve the human body's physiology. The steam generating element 2 is preferably a heat generating sheet prepared by incorporating an aqueous electrolyte solution into a molded sheet containing an oxidizable metal, a reaction accelerator, and a fibrous material.

Abstract: Less hazardous methods for generating thermal energy for heating water, medical supplies or comestible products using improved flameless chemical heaters/flameless ration heaters by novel chemical or electrochemical means, each capable of suppressing the generation of hydrogen gas. Remote unit self-heating meals may be more rapidly heated by forming a reaction mixture comprising magnesium or a magnesium-containing alloy, and a hydrogen eliminator or suppressor, and introducing water to react the reaction mixture and generate a more rapid release of thermal energy sufficient to effectuate a more accelerated temperature rise and more rapid heating of medical supplies, water, rations or other comestible substances while simultaneously suppressing or eliminating the generation of potentially hazardous hydrogen.

Abstract: To provide a novel water-addition type, chemical exothermic agent. An exothermic agent comprising, per mass thereof, more than 30% but not more than 40% of a calcium oxide powder having an average particle size of 75 ?m to 150 ?m, and not less than 60% but less than 70% of a mixed aluminum powder in which an aluminum powder having such a particle size distribution that a particle size of 45 ?m pass is 70.0 to 80.0% and a particle size of 45 to 75 ?m is 20.0 to 30.0% and an aluminum powder having such a particle size distribution that a particle size of 45 ?m pass is 60 to 70%, a particle size of 45 ?m is 20 to 30%, a particle size of 63 ?m is 7 to 10% and a particle size of 75 ?m is 1.0 to 2.0% are mixed at a mass ratio of 1:2. This exothermic agent may further contain 5 to 10%, relative to its total mass, of at least one inorganic salt compound selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfite, sodium phosphate, and sodium carbonate.

Abstract: A system and associated method is used for warming an endoscope, laparoscope, or other such instrument to minimize fogging. The preferred embodiment comprises a pad for wrapping around an instrument, including a one or more substances operative to generate heat through an exothermic reaction; and an activation disc located around the periphery of the pad to provide for convenient user access. In the preferred embodiment, the activator is a mixture of water and sodium acetate, and the disc is made of perforated stainless steel. A housing contains the pad in sleeve form and an optional heat-conductive tube to receive the instrument around which the pad is wrapped. The pad may be partitioned.

Abstract: There are provided a process for producing an active heat generating mixture capable of causing an oxidation reaction immediately upon contact with air to generate heat and subsequently initiating an abrupt reaction which after arrival at a certain fixed temperature, is then changed to a mild reaction, the heating generating mixture being cheap and being able to be industrially mass-produced; a heat generating mixture; a heat generating composition; a moldable heat generating composition; and a heat generating body. The invention is characterized by bringing a reaction mixture containing, as essential components, an iron powder, a reaction accelerator and water and having a water content of from 0.5 to 20% by weight and a water mobility value showing an amount of surplus water of less than 0.01 with an oxidizing gas under circumstances at 0° C. or higher and regulating a temperature rise of the reaction mixture at 1° C. or higher within 10 minutes.