Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for cleaning semiconductors used in photovoltaic cells and modules, and methods for manufacturing p-n junctions for photovoltaic cells and modules. More particularly, the method comprises providing at least one semiconductor layer of a photovoltaic module and scrubbing the surface of the least one semiconductor layer in the presence of a chemical solution.

Abstract: A method of removing at least a portion of an interaction layer on an electrode region of a solar substrate is provided. The method includes a step of providing a solar substrate including an absorbing region and an electrode region. The absorbing region including an absorbing layer configured to convert light energy into electrical energy. The electrode region is substantially free of the absorbing layer, and the electrode region includes an interaction layer. The method also includes a step of brushing the electrode region to remove at least a portion of the interaction layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides for an oral hygiene device and methods of using the device, the device comprises a body comprising an open end, a closed end and a reservoir, wherein the reservoir comprises an oral cleaner; and an applicator assembly, comprising a cap removably attached to the body so that the cap ensures closure of the body and an applicator connected to the cap by an axial rod. In a further embodiment the reservoir is contained within the body and comprises an open end and a closed end coincident with the body.

Abstract: Methods are presented for cleaning and removing powder or other substances which may result from a Color Run™-style event or from other events or circumstances. In one embodiment, a contamination area, i.e., an area where powder or some other substance has been disseminated, is cleaned by plugging one or more storm drains, using water to wash the powder into the storm drain(s), and then relocating the contaminated water from the storm drain(s) into one or more sewer drain(s) or other acceptable location(s). Additional steps may include pre-cleaning the anticipated contamination area, using a sweeper vacuum to clean up the powder, pre-washing the anticipated contamination area, pre-cleaning the storm drain(s), closing access to storm drains that will not be used, pre-treating with a sodium hypochlorite solution, and/or pretreating with a brine solution.

Abstract: A cleaning system that includes a meter operatively connected to a cleaning device, and where the flow of waste water activates the cleaning device, and which device removes contaminates from the meter.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods and materials for cleaning materials, particles, or chemicals from a substrate with a brush or pad. The method comprising: engaging a surface of a rotating wafer with an outer circumferential surface of a rotating cylindrical foam roller, the cylindrical foam roller having a plurality of circumferentially and outwardly extending spaced apart nodules extending from the outer surface, each nodule defining a height extending from the outer surface of the cylindrical foam roller to a substrate engagement surface of the nodule, the substrate engagement surface of one or more of the nodules having a rounded configuration; and positioning the cylindrical foam roller on the substrate such that the one or more nodules are positioned to have only the rounded substrate engagement surface contact the substrate such that no linear surface of the one or more nodules contacts the substrate.

Abstract: A method for quickly removing pollutants adhered to a predetermined optical member in an optical system. To remove the pollutants adhered to a lens (32A) disposed at the upper end of a projection optical system (PL), a cylindrical protecting member (53) is disposed through the openings in a reticle stage (22) and a reticle base (23). The bottom surface of a support section (56) at the tip section of a rod section (58) is brought into contact with the surface of the lens (32A) through the inner surface of the protecting member (53). A wiping cloth soaked with a washing solution containing hydrofluoric acid is attached to the bottom surface of the support section (56). The support section (56) is reciprocated via the rod section (58) to remove the pollutants on the lens (32A) with the wiping cloth.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to the cleaning of rods made of metal, particularly to the method of reclamation of used standard length rods, such as pump rods already used in the mechanical deep-pumping extraction of oil, as well as to the product made with the help of the mentioned method. The method of remanufacturing of standard length rods includes cleaning the rod with non-toxic particles which are able to undergo sublimation to eliminate environmental contamination and to assist in workplace safety.

Abstract: Face and body brush with thin and tapered bristles system includes a face and body brush assembly having a brush head, a handle, and plurality of bristles. The bristles include sharp and pointed edges for cleaning face and body of a user-brusher. The bristles can be thin and tapered. The plurality of bristles can comprise tiny tapered bristles. The bristles, tiny tapered bristles, and tongue cleaner can comprise cleansing ingredient and nutritional ingredient. The bristles, tiny tapered bristles, brush head, handle, and massage surface can comprise flavoring ingredient. The face and body brush assembly is usable for hygienically brushing and cleaning face, body, head, hair, nails, hands and feet of a user-brusher. The massage surface can be included for massage of the face, body, head, hands, and feet. The face and body brush assembly and the massage surface can comprise an electrically powered instrument for wet and dry use.

Abstract: Face and body brush with thin and tapered bristles system includes a face and body brush assembly having a handle comprising a first end, a second end, a top side, and a bottom side; a brush head having a first side, a second side, and plurality of bristles acting as a cleaner-abrasive. The brush head is connected to the first end of the handle of the face and body brush assembly. The bristles are perpendicularly and non-removably affixed to the first side of the brush head and are soft and form a circular tip. The bristles include sharp and pointed edges for cleaning face and body of a user-brusher. The face and body brush assembly is usable for hygienically brushing and cleaning face, body, head, hair, nails, hands and feet of a user-brusher. The massage surface can be included for massage of the face, body, head, hands, and feet.

Abstract: A cleaning device for cleaning substrates is provided. The cleaning device includes a generally cylindrically-shaped brush mandrel and a cylindrical brush. The brush mandrel has a body section with an outer surface positioned about a central axis. The outer surface is interrupted by an engagement member having primary features adjacent secondary features. The brush has a hollow bore formed around the brush mandrel with an inner surface interrupted by a second engagement member which mates the first engagement member. The primary features flow in a direction generally perpendicular to a rotational direction of the brush mandrel around the central axis and include a first surface which is generally perpendicular to the outer surface. The secondary features include a second surface which flows in a direction generally perpendicular to the first surface and along the central axis. No primary feature includes a radially obstructing feature formed over any secondary feature.

Abstract: The disclosed cleaning system provides a system for storing and containing together a cleaning tool and cleaning ampoules, which contain the cleaning material, so that all the necessary parts of the cleaning system are easily stored and accessible for cleaning needs. In one embodiment, the cleaning system includes a cleaning tool and a cleaning ampoule. The cleaning tool includes a body with a working surface having scrubbing elements. The body has an ampoule receptacle. The cleaning ampoule contains a cleaning material. The cleaning ampoule includes a compartment and a cover for containing the cleaning material in the compartment. The ampoule receptacle is capable of holding the cleaning ampoule while the cleaning material is dispensed to the working surface from the cleaning ampoule.

Abstract: The microbial scrub brush in one embodiment employs an insert that is impregnated with an anti-bacterial disinfectant and that is housed within a housing of alcohol-compatible material and sealed over by a removable lid. The insert is maintained in sterile condition until ready for use. After removal of the lid, the insert is moved over the end of a female luer or other portion of a medical device and rotated in order to clean the exterior surface as well as the interior luminal surface of the device. In one embodiment, the scrub brush integrally includes both a cleansing portion with a cleansing insert to cleanse a part of a medical device and a protection portion with a cover component to cover and protect the cleansed medical device part from subsequent contamination. The cleansing insert includes a plurality of compliant fingers to ensure adequate cleansing of the medical device part.

Abstract: Provided are a substrate cleaning apparatus and method and a brush assembly used therein. The substrate cleaning apparatus for contact-cleaning a substrate includes a cleaning brush rotatably disposed in a cylindrical shape and having an outer circumferential surface contacting the substrate to clean the substrate. Here, the cleaning brush includes a plurality of pressure chambers expanding by a fluid pressure and disposed along a longitudinal direction of a rotation axis rotating at a central portion of the cleaning brush, and the plurality of pressure chambers are individually expandable to allow a portion of the outer circumferential surface to protrude in a radial direction and thus contact-clean a portion of the substrate.

Abstract: A toothbrush with secure grip and a method for brushing teeth are disclose, including picking up a toothbrush below the neck portion, a toothbrush head extending from one end of the neck portion, a round/octagon/oval shaped handle, and a grip handle extending from the other end of the neck portion, wherein the grip handle includes an array of gripping elements extending 360 degrees around the grip handle; and brushing a user's teeth and gum pockets.

Abstract: A tile sponge is provided for cleaning the space between adjacent tiles in the installation of all tile applications. The tile sponge has an elongated flange comprised of a flexible material such as rubber that extends outwardly a predetermined distance intermediate the sponge absorbing material. The flange is sized so as to fit snugly into the space between the tiles to remove material therein while, at the same time, the sponge material can be in direct contact with the edges of the adjacent tiles to soak up liquid on the tiles as the sponge progresses along the space. The lateral cross section of the tile sponge may be a parallelogram where the internal angles are other than 90 degrees.

Abstract: An article is provided including composition of 0.5 to 15 total weight percent of a surfactant. The surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, or a combination thereof. The composition also includes 0.01 to 35 total weight percent of solvent including a microemulsion, a carboxylic acid ester based ketal ester solvent, or a combination thereof. 0.1 to 10 total weight percent of at least one emollient, and 60 to 99.3 total weight percent of water also being present. The resultant composition has total volatile organic content (VOC) composition of less than 2 total weight percent and as a result, the composition is more environmental benign and less irritating to skin than conventional waterless hand cleaners. The composition impregnated into a substrate of a towel presenting two opposed surfaces, the substrate having pores for absorbing and retaining the composition.

Abstract: A tongue cleaner tool comprises a handle with an actuator therein and a rotatable roller or brush near one end of the handle that is driven by the actuator. The rotatable brush has soft protrusions, as knobs or bristles, to gently massage and clean the tongue as the brush is rotated inside a user's mouth and in contact with the surface of the tongue. The brush roller can have its axis normal to the length of the handle or parallel with it. Liquid, as water or mouthwash, is advantageously provided in a reservoir in the handle or in the roller, to be dispensed onto the tongue through the handle or via the roller directly. One or more rollers can be used, and a shield can be provided over part of each roller to direct the liquid and to protect other parts of the mouth of the user.

Abstract: An intelligent pig for pipeline monitoring comprises a single body containing signal transmitters and receivers provided with replaceable rings for centering the body within the pipeline, the rings may be provided with brushes which help center the pig within the pipeline and also aid its passage through pipelines which may contain bends and/or be of variable diameter, the pig may be used in combination with a cleaning pig to provide combined activities using a common driving force.

Abstract: A method of operating a sweeping machine, including a battery, a positioning receiver, a battery charge monitoring system and a computer, and having a cleaning and a transport mode of operation The method comprising the steps of: a) providing the computer with the location of a charging station, b) using the positioning receiver to provide the computer with the location of the sweeping machine, c) using the computer to provide an estimate of an amount of energy required to drive the sweeping machine from its location to the charging station in the transport mode, d) using the battery charge monitoring system to provide the computer with the amount of energy remaining in the battery, e) using the computer to compare the estimate with this amount of energy, and f) providing an operator notification when the amount of energy remaining in the battery falls below a predetermined amount of the estimate.

Abstract: An apparatus for assisting with wiping a child includes a stabilized base configured to sit on a horizontal surface and a first handle coupled to the stabilized base. The first handle is positioned such that a child bending over and grabbing the first handle with both hands opens the child's anal and/or private areas for wiping clean, such as during a diaper change. The apparatus may also include a second handle extending upwardly from the stabilized base higher than the first handle so that the second handle may be grabbed by the child in a standing position or during movement to and from the bent over position. A method for assisting with wiping a child while using the apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A handheld mitter wringer tool is provided for cleansing build-up from hanging mitters. For example, one can expel build-up from a mitter, which is secured at one end to a fixed structure, by indenting the mitter between two non-cutting surfaces that extend across the width of the mitter, while moving the two surfaces along the mitter away from the secured end. Thus, a mitter wringer tool may have a pair of elongate plates that are operatively connected for movement from a fully-opened position, in which working faces of the plates are displaced apart for receiving a mitter, to a working position, in which the working faces are closely opposed and generally parallel for slidably gripping and wringing the mitter.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to an apparatus with scraping members for cleaning a geophysical equipment (e.g., a streamer) being towed behind a survey vessel. The apparatus may, in one embodiment, include a housing and a plurality of scraping members that are disposed at least partially outside of the housing. In another embodiment, when the geophysical equipment is being towed behind a survey vessel, portions of the geophysical equipment may be flattened or compressed due to the towing force exerted on the geophysical equipment, and the apparatus of this disclosure may still be used to clean the geophysical equipment. A method is disclosed related to operating an apparatus with a plurality of scraping members and removing debris from a geophysical equipment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of disinfecting a surface and to an antimicrobial composition. Essential oils, which are used as antimicrobial actives, are also known for their strong odour; using high amounts of these gives a strong smell to the product that is not always appreciated by the consumer. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an antimicrobial composition, having good anti-microbial properties, at very low levels of essential oil actives. The present inventors have achieved this using a synergistic combination of select anti-microbial actives and select hydrotropes.

Abstract: A cleaning film designed to remove foreign matter and particulates from working surfaces of cleaning wafers used in semiconductor processes. These processes include wafer sort test for cleaning of probe card pins and FEOL tooling for cleaning during wafer handling equipment and wafer chucks. The debris collected on the cleaning wafer working surfaces is removed by the particle removal film allowing the debris and foreign matter to be discarded. The use of the cleaning film allows the operator to refresh the cleaning wafer without use of an outside vendor and eliminates wet washing and the use of solvents in the cleaning process.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides window cleaning devices and methods for using same to clean a window, for example an exterior surface of a window.

Abstract: A toothbrush with secure grip and a method for brushing teeth are disclose, including picking up a toothbrush below the neck portion, a toothbrush head extending from one end of the neck portion, a round/octagon/oval shaped handle, and a grip handle extending from the other end of the neck portion, wherein the grip handle includes an array of gripping elements extending 360 degrees around the grip handle; and brushing a user's teeth and gum pockets. Lights can be provided on the tooth brush to enhance the brushing effectiveness.

Abstract: A cleaning tool device for cleaning a desired area with a cleaning implement is provided. The cleaning tool device comprises a handle portion having a first end and a second end and a tool portion having a first end and a second end. The first end of the tool portion releasably secured to the second end of the handle portion. A clip mechanism is mounted to the second end of the tool portion for releasably securing the cleaning implement. Upon positioning the cleaning implement in the clip mechanism, a user can manipulate the cleaning implement to clean in hard to reach areas.

Abstract: A method for removing residual filter cakes that remain adhered to a filter after typical particulate removal methodologies have been employed, such as pulse-jet filter element cleaning, for all cleanable filters used for air pollution control, dust control, or powder control.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for vehicle windshield washing-wiping and wiper de-icing. Primary nozzles provide washing fluid to the windshield during normal operations and secondary nozzles bathe the wiper arms with washing fluid to de-ice the wipers during a de-icing mode. Washing fluid is drawn from a reservoir and delivered to the nozzles by a pump. When the outside air temperature T is greater than Tc, the critical temperature for ice formation, the wipers and washing-wiping proceed normally with washing fluid delivered to the primary nozzles for windshield washing. When T?Tc and the wipers are not moving, a washer fluid supply line valve delivers washing fluid to the secondary nozzles to de-ice the wipers. The wiper motor, washing fluid pump and valve are operated by a controller based on inputs from wiper position and air temperature sensors, using predetermined information stored in on-board memory.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for generating an Enhanced Electrolyzed Alkaline Water solution or hydrogel formulation containing a pH of approximately 12.5 and a Sodium Hydroxide concentration between 150 and 200 ppm having excellent sanitizing and disinfecting properties. The invention further provides methods to apply the Sodium Hydroxide solution as hard surface sanitizer and as a fogging medium for sanitizing stables, barns including poultry incubators as replacement of nowadays used chemical cleaning agents or in case of fumigation replacement of formaldehyde. Finally, the invention discloses usage of modified Enhanced Electrolyzed Water formulations for use as topical treatment in veterinary applications for livestock and wherein gelling-agents, dyes, fragrances, foaming agents, biocides, biopesticides may be blended into the Enhanced Alkaline Water to address specific bactericidal or fungal diseases.

Abstract: There is provided a reticle chuck cleaner A for cleaning a reticle chuck of an apparatus, as a reticle chuck cleaner that allows easy cleaning of a reticle chuck in a vacuum chamber of an apparatus without exposing the chamber to the atmosphere and contributes to improvement of the operating ratio of the apparatus, including: an adhesive layer 1 to be adhered to a chuck region of the reticle chuck; a support layer 2 laminated on the adhesive layer 1; and a substrate 3 having a shape capable of being carried to the reticle chuck, the support layer 2 and the substrate 3 being partially bonded together in an adhesive region 41 of a partial adhesive layer 4.

Abstract: A recyclable article having an external surface with an image printed thereon by droplets of ink is provided. The droplets of ink comprise a composition that includes a hydrophilic component. In embodiments, the hydrophilic component can facilitate the separation or loosening of the image from the external surface of the container when the image is exposed to a liquid-based solution at an elevated temperature. Methods for facilitating recycling of recyclable articles having printed images are also disclosed.

Abstract: A machine and a method are described for washing and removal, in a continuous manner, of contaminants and labels from plastic containers made of recyclable material. During washing, the containers pass inside a washing chamber and are subject to a high level of friction caused by an agitator rotating at high speed. Tearing means are also provided to facilitate detachment of the contaminants from the surface of the containers.

Abstract: Process and system for removing printing in metallic packages used in drinks, food and other applications in general, comprising the removal of ink before the cure thereof, by means of spray with ink remover liquid and non abrasive friction. Preferably, said liquid is an alkaline aqueous solution, which is sprayed onto the package surface simultaneously with the friction thereof with a soft and non abrasive element. In a preferred embodiment, said friction results in the rotation of the package around the longitudinal axis thereof, which is mounted on a rotative support, and the soft non abrasive element in contact with the surface thereof keeps motionless.

Abstract: A shoe cleaning device is disclosed, mainly comprising a scrubber member and an enclosure. The scrubber member is provided with a handle and retention members to which disinfecting sanitary wipes can be attached, so that a user holding the scrubber member by the handle can use the scrubber member and attached sanitary wipe to efficiently remove soil and contamination from a shoe without soaking the shoe. The enclosure that has an internal space for storing a plurality of sanitary wipes, and an upper separation platform on top of which there is a recess for storing the scrubber member. The enclosure further includes a lid that closes onto the scrubber member and conceals the scrubber member, except for, optionally, the scrubber member handle. The lid preferably closes in a sealed manner to guarantee that the plurality of wipes does not dry out over time.

Abstract: A porous material for insertion cleaning of instruments is provided, such porous material including an at least partially open-cell foam body and a surface configured to enable an instrument having contaminants to be inserted into the body. The body may be configured to substantially grip the instrument to remove a substantial portion of the contaminants from the instrument.

Abstract: A label sheet for cleaning is formed of a label for cleaning including a cleaning layer having a 180° peeling adhesion to a silicon wafer of 0.20 N/10 mm or less after receiving an active energy and an adhesive layer provided on one of surfaces of said cleaning layer, and a separator on which the label is removably provided through the adhesive layer.

Abstract: A cleaning device includes a refillable handle, a scrubbing member, a plurality of bristles, and a squeegee. The refillable handle includes first and second end portions and a hollow interior configured to hold a cleaning fluid. The scrubbing member is positioned at the first end portion of the handle and arranged in flow communication with the hollow interior. The plurality of bristles are mounted to the handle. The squeegee is mounted to the second end portion of the handle.

Abstract: A footwear cleaning device for attachment to a vehicle having a passenger compartment and a frame running lengthwise under said passenger compartment, the cleaning device comprising a base for mounting to the frame; an arm having a proximate end and a distal end, the arm being pivotally or slideably operatively attached to the base at the proximate end; a cleaner connected to the distal end of the arm; and an actuator having a moving end attached to the arm, the actuator having an unactuated state and an actuated state, when in the unactuated state, the cleaner is a first distance from the base, when in the actuated state, the cleaner is a second distance from the base, wherein the second distance is greater than the first distance.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods for cleaning and disinfecting footwear items are disclosed herein. In an aspect a cleaning belt element is configured to rotate a cleaning belt in a continuous loop around a first rotating cylinder and a second rotating cylinder wherein the first rotating cylinder and the second rotating cylinder are connected by the cleaning belt. In another aspect, a containment element is configured to receive the footwear item wherein the containment element comprises a shroud, one or more bristle protruding from at least one inside wall of the shroud, and a transparent floor layer wherein the received footwear item rests In yet another aspect, an ultraviolet light element is configured to emit ultraviolet light from an ultraviolet light source wherein the ultraviolet light source is located below the transparent floor layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cleaning implement that includes a melamine-formaldehyde foam and hollow microspheres. The hollow microspheres have a core that includes at least one benefit agent and a shell that includes at least one melamine-formaldehyde resin. Additionally the present invention encompasses a method for cleaning a hard surface with a cleaning implement according to the present invention.

Abstract: Disclosed is a scraper device for cleaning an exterior of a watercraft and/or a seawall. The scraper device has a flap component that urges the scraper device against a surface upon movement in a first and second opposing directions.

Abstract: A windshield wiper can include a wiper assembly and a scrubber assembly. The scrubber assembly can include a scrubber support structure and an elongated scrubber element movably attached to the scrubber support structure. The scrubber element can have a central longitudinal axis extending in the elongate direction between a first end and a spaced apart second end. A method can include, in response to activation of a washer fluid activator, reciprocating the elongated scrubber element back and forth along the central longitudinal axis; and while reciprocating the elongated scrubber element, moving the windshield wiper across the windshield along a prescribed arcuate path such that the reciprocating motion of the scrubber element is generally parallel to the windshield and generally perpendicular to the prescribed arcuate path as the windshield wiper moves across the windshield.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a brush unit (3) and to an associated rotary brush tool. The brush unit (3) is equipped with a brush holder (10, 11), which can be driven in rotation, and with an annular brush (4, 5) with a bristle-covered rim (8) with outwardly protruding bristles (5). Furthermore, a stop means (14) which dips into the rotating bristle-covered rim (8) is provided. According to the invention, the stop means (14) simultaneously acts as an abrasive body (14) for the bristles (5). In this case, a distinction is made between both functions (stopper function and abrasive function) according to a direction of rotation (R) of the annular brush (4, 5) and/or a setting position of the stop means (14) as compared to the bristle-covered rim (8).

Abstract: A solid chemical feed unit dissolver has an upper feed unit chamber with an inwardly tapering sealing surface at its lower end and against which a lowermost feed unit seals, retaining the upper chamber in a dry condition, preventing wetting and caking of solid chemical feed units behind the dissolving and sealed off face of the solid chemical feed unit. A solid chemical feed unit magazine is slotted to permit gentle feeding of a plurality of solid chemical feed units therein and a cover-defined sight slot permits guiding and visual observation of remaining solid chemical feed units in the magazine. The magazine preferably, but not necessarily, defines the tapering sealing surface. Distinctly shaped solid chemical feed units are disclosed. The dissolver can handle large solid chemical feed unit loads up to one hundred pounds or more and in a small footprint stable configuration. Methods are disclosed.

Abstract: The inventor rejected the conventional method for brushing teeth with the brush head being parallel to the alignment of the teeth and found that a method for brushing teeth in the left and right direction in such a state that the brush head 21 is inclined relative to the alignment of the teeth can provide greater brushing effects as compared to the conventional method for brushing teeth with the brush head being parallel to the alignment of the teeth. The method for brushing teeth according to the present invention is a method for brushing teeth in the left and right directions in such a state that the brush head 21 is slightly inclined at an angle of 40° or less.

Abstract: Cleaning compositions for cleaning debris from a hard surface are described herein, the cleaning compositions include from about 0.001% to about 1% by weight of the composition of a thickener and from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the composition of an alkyl sulfate detergent surfactant that contains about 8 carbon atoms on the average, with substantially all of the alkyl groups having within two carbon atoms of the 8 average carbon atoms. They are high sudsing, have excellent soap scum removal and hard water deposit removal properties and are easy to rinse. A sprayer, methods of use and kits are also disclosed.

Abstract: Articles for cleaning debris from a hard surface are described herein, the articles include a hard surface cleaning composition which includes from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the composition of a detergent surfactant and a pad including a core and adapted to contact the hard surface. The core comprising up to about 50% cellulosic material. They are high sudsing, have excellent soap scum removal and hard water deposit removal properties and are easy to rinse. A sprayer, methods of use and kits are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for cleaning a substrate (e.g., wafer) in the fabrication of semiconductor devices utilizing a composition of magnetic particles dispersed within a base fluid to remove contaminants from a surface of the substrate.