Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a photoelectric conversion device, and to an imaging device including the photoelectric conversion device.

Abstract: An insert for an aircraft galley for storing and charging personal electronic devices (PEDs), wherein the insert includes at least one physical interface and at least one data and power interface in accordance with the ARINC standard. In an open state, the insert is suitable for introducing the PEDs into the insert, and in the closed state, it is suitable for storing and charging the PEDs. The insert includes: a module for providing the respective electric power to the PEDs required by the PEDs for charging, wherein electric power is provided to the module via the data and power interface; standardized electric plugs for connecting the PEDs to the module; one or multiple temperature sensors for measuring the temperature in the interior of the insert; and a heat dissipation arrangement.

Abstract: In accordance with one embodiment, there is provided a photovoltaic cell module including a plurality of photovoltaic cell structures including a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer which are disposed on a common photoelectric conversion layer so that electromotive force polarities are alternately different, wherein the photovoltaic cell structures are electrically connected in series.

Abstract: An organic photoelectric conversion element, an imaging device, and an optical sensor, which can detect a plurality of wavelength regions by a single element structure, are provided. The photoelectric conversion element is formed by providing an organic photoelectric conversion portion including two or more types of organic semiconductor materials having different spectral sensitivities between the first and the second electrodes. Wavelength sensitivity characteristics of the photoelectric conversion element change according to a voltage (bias voltage) applied between the first and the second electrodes. The photoelectric conversion element is mounted in the imaging device and the optical sensor.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells, hybrid solar cell-batteries, and other such devices may include an active layer disposed between two electrodes. The active layer may have perovskite material and other material such as mesoporous material, interfacial layers, thin-coat interfacial layers, and combinations thereof. The perovskite material may be photoactive. The perovskite material may be disposed between two or more other materials in the photovoltaic device. Inclusion of these materials in various arrangements within an active layer of a photovoltaic device may improve device performance. Other materials may be included to further improve device performance, such as, for example: additional perovskites, and additional interfacial layers.

Abstract: An ink that can form a P-type layer in an organic electronic device. The ink includes at least nanoparticles of P-type semiconductor metal oxide(s) selected from among V2O5, NiO, MoO3, WO3 and mixtures thereof and an ionomer, the ionomer being a perfluorosulfonate copolymer, the mass ratio between the ionomer and the nanoparticles of P-type semiconductor metal oxide(s) selected from among V2O5, NiO, MoO3, WO3 and mixtures thereof being between 0.005 and 0.115. Also, a P layer of an organic electronic device, an electronic device and the formation method thereof.

Abstract: An oxadiazole dye for use as an organic photosensitizer. The oxadiazole dye comprising donor-?-spacer-acceptor type molecules in which at least one of an oxadiazole group acts as a ?-conjugated bridge (spacer), a naphthyl unit acts as an electron-donating unit, a carboxyl group act as an electron acceptor group, and a cyano group acts as an anchor group. An optional thiophene group acts as part of the ?-conjugated bridge (spacer). The dye for use as organic photosensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar cell. The dye for use in photodynamic therapies. Computational DFT and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) modeling techniques showing Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE), Free Energy for Electron Injection (?Ginject), Excitation Energies, and Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) indicate that the series of dye comprise a more negative ?Ginject and a higher LHE value; resulting in a higher incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic light emitting display device. The organic light emitting display device includes a first emission part between a first electrode and a second electrode and a second emission part on the first emission part. The first emission part includes a first hole transport layer and a first emission layer, and the second emission part includes a second hole transport layer and a second emission layer. A thickness of the second hole transport layer is greater than a thickness of the first hole transport layer.

Abstract: An electronic device comprises a first encapsulating film in direct contact with a light-receiving and transmitting film and a second encapsulating film in direct contact with a back sheet. The first encapsulating film has a zero shear viscosity greater than that of the second encapsulating film. The back sheet of the electronic device contains fewer bumps than the back sheet of a comparable electronic device having a first encapsulating film with a zero shear viscosity less than or equal to that of the second encapsulating film.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel polymers of benzodithiophene, methods and materials for their preparation, their use as semiconductors in organic electronic (OE) devices, and to OE devices comprising these polymers.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a semiconductor substrate of a first conductive type, an emitter region having a second conductive type different from the first conductive type and positioned at a first surface of the semiconductor substrate, a semiconductor region positioned directly on a second surface opposite the first surface of the semiconductor substrate, forming a charge accumulation layer on the second surface of the semiconductor substrate, and containing impurities of the first conductive type, a first electrode positioned on the first surface of the semiconductor substrate and coupled to the emitter region, and a second electrode positioned on the second surface of the semiconductor substrate and coupled to the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A method for thermally induced recrystallization of a film having a perovskite structure can include exposing the perovskite structure to a liquid phase induction atmosphere sufficient to at least partially liquefy the film. The substrate with the film can be heated while in the atmosphere to a heating temperature above a critical recrystallization temperature until the film recrystallizes to reform the perovskite structure with reduced defects and increased grain size. The liquid phase induction atmosphere can be purged, and the substrate with the film having the reformed perovskite structure can be allowed to cool. The film having the perovskite structure can have a formula ABX3, (RA)2An?1BnX3n+1, or (RA2)An?1BnX3n+1, where A is a monovalent cation, B is divalent metal cation, n is an integer, X is a halide ion, RA is an alkylammonium cation and RA2 is an alkyldiammonium cation.

Abstract: The present invention is a dye-sensitized solar cell that has a pair of electrodes that oppose each other, a sealing section that joins the pair of electrodes, an electrolyte that fills a cell space that is surrounded by the pair of electrodes and the sealing section, wherein the sealing section has a resin sealing section that contains a resin, the resin sealing section has a changing-thickness section, the thickness of which increases or decreases as a distance from the electrolyte is increased and which has an inclined face, and the resin sealing section comes into contact, along the inclined face of the changing-thickness section, with an electrode of the pair of electrodes that opposes the inclined face.

Abstract: Provided is a dye-sensitized solar cell element comprising at least one dye-sensitized solar cell, wherein the dye-sensitized solar cell includes a first base material including a transparent substrate, a second base material which faces the first base material, an annular sealing portion which bonds the first base material and the second base material, and an oxide semiconductor layer which is provided between the first base material and the second base material, wherein the second base material has a flexibility, wherein the second base material includes an annular bonding edge portion which is bonded to the sealing portion and a main body portion in an inner side of the bonding edge portion, and wherein a portion of the main body portion is a convex bending portion which is bent to be convex toward a side opposite to the first base material.

Abstract: A foldable display device includes a display panel having a bent display portion and a non-bent display portion, and a touch sensing unit provided on the display panel and including a bent touch portion and a non-bent touch portion. The touch sensing unit includes a plurality of sensing electrodes, and each of the sensing electrodes comprises a conductive material having a porous structure. The porous structure resists cracking and the resulting sensing electrodes may have an optical anisotropy. Thus, the sensing electrodes may perform a polarizing function to eliminate need for a separate polarizer.

Abstract: An optical biometric sensor includes an array of light sensing elements, an array of diverging optical elements, and an array of apertures disposed between the array of light sensing elements and the array of diverging optical elements. Light incident on the diverging optical elements within a limited acceptance angle passes through the apertures and towards the light sensing elements and light incident on the diverging optical elements outside of the limited acceptance angle diverges away from the apertures.

Abstract: A solar cell encapsulant sheet including a resin layer (S) formed of a resin composition containing an olefine-based resin, wherein the storage elastic modulus at 25° C. of the resin layer (S) is 200 MPa or less, at least one surface of the resin layer (S) is the sheet surface of the encapsulant sheet, and the sheet surface satisfies the following requirements (a), (b) and (c): (a) the dynamic friction coefficient on a tempered white glass plate is 1.5 or less, (b) the surface roughness Rzjis is from 0.1 to 50 ?m, and (c) the static friction coefficient on a tempered white glass plate is 1.5 or less.

Abstract: Provided are a method of manufacturing a quantum-dot photoactive-layer including: alternately depositing an amorphous silicon compound layer and a silicon-rich compound layer containing conductive impurities and an excess of silicon based on a stoichiometric ratio on a silicon substrate to form a composite multi-layer; and heat treating the composite multi-layer to form a plurality of silicon quantum-dots in a matrix corresponding to a silicon compound, wherein an amorphous silicon layer containing the conductive impurities is formed at least one time instead of the silicon-rich compound layer, and a quantum-dot photoactive-layer manufactured using the method as described above.

Abstract: A method is provided for fabricating a semiconductor structure. The method includes providing a substrate having a dielectric layer formed on the substrate, where an opening is formed in the dielectric layer, and bottom of the opening exposes surface of the substrate. The method also includes forming a first metal layer over of the dielectric layer, where a temperature for forming the first metal layer is a first temperature. In addition, the method includes forming a second metal layer filling the opening, where a temperature for forming the second metal layer is a second temperature, and the second temperature is higher than the first temperature. Further, the method includes planarizing the second metal layer and the first metal layer until the top surface of the dielectric layer is exposed.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel polymers of benzodithiophene, methods and materials for their preparation, their use as semiconductors in organic electronic (OE) devices, and to OE devices comprising these polymers.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an organic photovoltaic device. The method includes providing a first electrode which by applying a layer of conductive material onto a transparent substrate. The conductive material forms the first electrode. The method also includes placing an active layer of organic photovoltaic material on top of the first electrode. The active layer is configured to convert photonic energy into electrical energy. Placing an active layer of organic photovoltaic material includes placing an active layer of organic photovoltaic material having ferroelectric dipoles dispersed therein. The method further includes applying a second electrode on top of the active layer of organic photovoltaic material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel electron transfer composition comprising one or more metal ion comprising compound, the use of such electron transfer composition in organic electronic devices, particularly in photodiodes, as well as such organic electronic devices, particularly photodiodes.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel, template-free process for the fabrication of metal nanowires of novel dimensions. The unconventional method produces highly ordered and freestanding aluminum nanowire arrays.

Abstract: The present invention is an electronic device comprising a first substrate, a second substrate arranged opposite the first substrate, a sealed portion arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a sealing portion that connects the first and the second substrate and is provided around the sealed portion, wherein at least a portion of the sealing portion following along the periphery of the sealed portion has outer resin sealing portions respectively fixed to the first substrate and the second substrate and an intermediate resin sealing portion arranged so as to be interposed by the outer resin sealing portions between the first substrate and the second substrate, the outer resin sealing portions and the intermediate resin sealing portion contain resin, and a melt flow rate or melting point of the intermediate resin sealing portion differs from a melt flow rate or melting point of the outer resin sealing portions.

Abstract: An oxadiazole dye for use as an organic photosensitizer. The oxadiazole dye comprising donor-?-spacer-acceptor type molecules in which at least one of an oxadiazole group acts as a ?-conjugated bridge (spacer), a naphthyl unit acts as an electron-donating unit, a carboxyl group act as an electron acceptor group, and a cyano group acts as an anchor group. An optional thiophene group acts as part of the ?-conjugated bridge (spacer). The dye for use as organic photosensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar cell. The dye for use in photodynamic therapies. Computational DFT and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) modeling techniques showing Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE), Free Energy for Electron Injection (?Ginject), Excitation Energies, and Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) indicate that the series of dye comprise a more negative ?Ginject and a higher LHE value; resulting in a higher incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).

Abstract: Embodiments of forming an image sensor with organic photodiodes are provided. Trenches are formed in the organic photodiodes to increase the PN-junction interfacial area, which improves the quantum efficiency (QE) of the photodiodes. The organic P-type material is applied in liquid form to fill the trenches. A mixture of P-type materials with different work function values and thickness can be used to meet the desired work function value for the photodiodes.

Abstract: A solid-state image sensor includes a pixel formed, upon forming a structure where a photoelectric conversion layer is laminated on a wiring layer constituting a pixel circuit, by forming at least the photoelectric conversion layer and a wiring layer bonding layer on a different substrate from a semiconductor substrate in which the wiring layer is formed, and by bonding the wiring layer bonding film of the different substrate and the wiring layer of the semiconductor substrate together.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide: a photoelectric conversion material which has excellent deposition stability such that when the photoelectric conversion material is used in a photoelectric conversion element, the change in the performance of the element due to variations in the concentration of the photoelectric conversion material is small; a photoelectric conversion element using the photoelectric conversion material; and an optical sensor and an imaging element including the photoelectric conversion element. The photoelectric conversion material of the invention is a compound (A) expressed by the following Formula (1).

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are directed to an improved device for sensing infrared (IR) radiation with up-conversion to provide an output of electromagnetic radiation having a shorter wavelength than the incident IR radiation, such as visible light. The device comprises an anode, a hole blocking layer to separate an IR sensing layer from the anode, an organic light emitting layer that is separated from the anode by the IR sensing layer, and a cathode. The hole blocking layer assures that when a potential is applied between the anode and the cathode the organic light emitting layer generates electromagnetic radiation only when the IR sensing layer is irradiated with IR radiation.

Abstract: The invention relates to 2,2?,7,7?-tetrakis-(N,N?-di-4-methoxy-3-methylphenylamine)-9,9?-spirofluorene, to a process for its preparation, and to its use as hole transport material for electronic or optoelectronic devices, especially for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells.

Abstract: A conjugated polymer zwitterion includes repeating units having structure (I), (II), or a combination thereof wherein Ar is independently at each occurrence a divalent substituted or unsubstituted C3-30 arylene or heteroarylene group; L is independently at each occurrence a divalent C1-16 alkylene group, C6-30 arylene or heteroarylene group, or alkylene oxide group; and R1 is independently at each occurrence a zwitterion. A polymer solar cell including the conjugated polymer zwitterion is also disclosed.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device utilizes a novel combination of one or more biscarbazole derivative compounds as the phosphorescent host material in combination with an organometallic phosphorescent material as a dopant in the light emitting region of the device, where the biscarbazole derivative compounds are represented by a formula (1A) or (2A) below: where A1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 1 to 30 ring carbon atoms; A2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 1 to 30 ring carbon atoms; X1 and X2 each are a linking group; Y1 to Y4 each represent a substituent; p and q represent an integer of 1 to 4; and r and s represent an integer of 1 to 3; and the organometallic phosphorescent material is a compound having a substituted chemical structure represented by the formula (4A): where each R is indepen

Abstract: This disclosure relates to compounds for use in light-emitting devices are described herein. These compounds may include a biphenyl that includes four substituents, such as benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, or benzimidazolyl substituents, such as a compound represented by Formula 1. These compounds can incorporated into a nanostructure material or a plurality of nanostructures, which can be useful for light-scattering or light-extraction, for example, to increase the efficiency of light-emitting devices.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescence device utilizes a novel combination comprising one or more biscarbazole derivative compounds as the phosphorescent host material in combination with a green phosphorescent dopant material in the light emitting region of the device, where the biscarbazole derivative compounds are represented by a formula (1A) or (1B) below; where A1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 1 to 30 ring carbon atoms; A2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having 1 to 30 ring carbon atoms; X1 and X2 each are a linking group; Y1 to Y4 each represent a substituent; p and q represent an integer of 1 to 4; and r and s represent an integer of 1 to 3; and the green phosphorescent dopant material is a phosphorescent organometallic complex having a chemical structure represented by LL?L?M wherein M is a metal that forms octa

Abstract: A fusion coating powder useful in forming a coating by fusion of the powder comprising a solar active or a photovoltaic pigment in combination with a resin including a conductive resin and a device for generating electric energy from solar or photo illumination comprising an electrode, a first powder coated layer of an absorptive pigment and a resin, a second powder coated layer of the aforementioned solar active powder, and a protective layer.

Abstract: A method of forming a molecular complex. The method proceeds by reacting 5-chloro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with N-bromosuccinimide to produce 4,7-dibromo-5-chlorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. 4,7-dibromo-5-chlorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole is then reacted with trimethyl[4-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2-yl]stannane to produce 5-chloro-4,7-bis(4-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. 4, 7-bis(5-bromo-4-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2-yl)-5-chlorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole is subsequently synthesized from 5-chloro-4,7-bis(4-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. 4,7-bis(5-bromo-4-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2-yl)-5-chlorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with tributyl(thiophen-2-yl)stannane is then reacted to produce 4-bromo-5,6-difluoro-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. This is followed by reacting 4,7-dibromo-5-chloro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with tributyl(thiophen-2-yl)stannane to produce 4-bromo-5-chloro-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion device of an embodiment includes: a first photoelectric conversion part including a first transparent electrode, a first organic active layer, and a first counter electrode; and a second photoelectric conversion part including a second transparent electrode, a second organic active layer, and a second counter electrode, which are provided on a transparent substrate. A conductive layer is formed on a partial region, of the second transparent electrode, which is adjacent to the first transparent electrode. The first counter electrode and the second transparent electrode are electrically connected by a connection part including a groove formed from a surface of the second organic active layer to reach an inside of the conductive layer and a part of the first counter electrode filled in the groove.

Abstract: An oxadiazole dye for use as an organic photosensitizer. The oxadiazole dye comprising donor-?-spacer-acceptor type portions in which at least one of an oxadiazole isomer acts as a ?-conjugated bridge (spacer), a biphenyl unit acts as an electron-donating unit, a carboxyl group act as an electron acceptor group, and a cyano group acts as an anchor group. An optional thiophene group acts as part of the ?-conjugated bridge (spacer). The dye for use as organic photosensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar cell and in photodynamic therapies. Computational DFT and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) modeling techniques showing Light Harvesting Efficiency (LHE), Free Energy for Electron Injection (?Ginject), Excitation Energies, and Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) indicate that the series of dye comprise a more negative ?Ginject and a higher LHE value; resulting in a higher incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE).

Abstract: A dye-sensitized solar cell is provided. The solar cell includes a transparent substrate; a conductive transparent electrode formed on a surface of the transparent substrate; a metal oxide particle electrode layer in which a photosensitive dye capable of absorbing light is adsorbed; a counter electrode, and an electrolyte injected between the metal oxide particle electrode layer and the counter electrode. The metal oxide particle electrode layer comprises a first electrode layer comprising metal oxide particles and having a predetermined pattern formed thereon and a second electrode layer comprising metal oxide particles and formed on the first electrode layer. Refractive indexes of the first and second electrode layers are different from each other.

Abstract: Organic dye for a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) comprising at least one substituted pyrrole group. Said organic dye is particularly useful in a dye sensitized photoelectric transformation element which, in its turn, can be used in a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC).

Abstract: To provide a polymer excellent enough in photoelectric 5 conversion efficiency and in light resistance to be suitable for solar cells, also to provide a solar cell using the polymer, and further to provide an electronic product comprising the cell. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a polymer comprising a repeating unit of the following formula (M1). In the formula, R1 is a substituent group selected from the group 15 consisting of alkyl groups, and alkoxy groups; each R2 is independently a substituent group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, and aryl groups; and each X is independently an atom selected from the group consisting of O, S and Se. The embodiments 20 also provide a solar cell having an active layer containing the above polymer and further an electronic product comprising that cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electronic device containing at least one compound of formula (I) or (II) in an organic layer. The invention further relates to a method for producing the electronic device and the use of a compound of formula (I) or (II) in an electronic device.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; an emission layer between the first electrode and the second electrode; a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer; and an electron transport region between the second electrode and the emission layer, wherein the hole transport region includes a first compound represented by Formula 1.

Abstract: A pixel array in a solid-state imaging device includes first and second signal lines provided for each column. A pixel belongs to a first or second group on a row-by-row basis and includes a photoelectric conversion film, a FD line for accumulating signal charge, and an amplifier transistor for providing a voltage according to the signal charge. The pixel in the first group further includes a selection transistor for proving output voltage of the amplifier transistor to the first signal line, and the pixel in the second group further includes a selection transistor for proving output voltage of the amplifier transistor to the second signal line. The first signal line is disposed between the FD line in the first group and the second signal line, and the second signal line is disposed between the FD line in the second group and the first signal line.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photocatalyst using a semiconductor-carbon nanomaterial core-shell composite quantum dot and a method for preparing the same, more particularly to a microparticle in which a semiconductor-carbon nanomaterial core-shell composite quantum dot is self-assembled using 4-aminophenol, capable of improving photoelectrochemical response and photoconversion efficiency when used as a photocatalyst or a photoelectrode of a photoelectrochemical device, a photoelectrochemical device using the same and a method for preparing the same.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display device, a manufacturing method thereof, and a display apparatus containing the OLED display device. A pattern of an anode layer is formed over a base substrate. A graphene oxide layer is formed over the pattern of the anode layer by an electroplating process. The graphene oxide layer is used as an auxiliary layer or is used as at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer in the OLED display device. Since the graphene oxide material has high work function, the hole injection barrier may be reduced and to the hole injection and hole transport capability of the OLED display device may be enhanced to improve light emitting performance of the OLED display device.

Abstract: Electrode comprising a conductive substrate on which a uniform layer of aggregates A, having an average diameter ranging from 40 to 100 nm, is deposited, on which a non-homogeneous distribution of aggregates B, having an average diameter ranging from 300 nm to 1,200 nm, is superimposed, both of said aggregates being composed of particles containing one or more metals Me selected from platinum, palladium and gold, having an average diameter ranging from 8 to 10 nm. The use of said electrode, as cathode, for DSSC devices produces a marked improvement in the performances of the cell with respect to the results that can be obtained with known cathodes.

Abstract: Solid-state image-pickup devices (10), including: at least one first photoelectric conversion section (11B, 11R) disposed in a substrate (11); a second photoelectric conversion section (11G) disposed over the substrate and including an organic photoelectric conversion layer (16); and an ultraviolet protective film (18) that covers a light incident surface of the organic photoelectric conversion layer, and methods of producing the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compositions comprising one or more polymeric organic semiconducting (OSC) compounds and one or more organic solvents. The composition preferably comprises 3,4-dimethyl anisole as solvent. Furthermore, the present invention describes the use of these compositions as inks for the preparation of organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells and organic light emitting diodes (OLED) devices, to methods for preparing OE devices using the novel formulations, and to OE devices, OLED devices and OPV cells prepared from such methods and formulations.

Abstract: A method of making a fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene derivatives and photovoltaic polymers containing same using 3-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid as a starting material. This synthetic route provides an easier synthesis as well as greater yield and a purer product, which produces superior results over the prior art less pure products. The resulting materials can be used in a variety of photovoltaic applications and devices, especially solar cells.