Abstract: A fluid transport apparatus maintains temperature of a fluid transported through a conduit. The fluid transport apparatus includes a fluid transport conduit for transporting fluid, the fluid transport conduit having an inlet end that is coupled to a fluid supply and an outlet end that is coupled to a receiving port, a compressor conduit configured to pump fluid through the fluid transport conduit by pressurizing and venting the compressor conduit, and a thermal conductor configured to achieve a non-ambient temperature for the fluid within the fluid transport conduit as the compressor conduit is operated to move the fluid through the fluid transport conduit.

Abstract: A durable water heating system providing rapid hot water delivery includes a water heating unit connected to a water source. A hot water line connects the water heating unit to at least one water delivery fixture. A return line of substantially the first cross-section connects to the hot water line adjacent the water delivery fixture located at a greatest distance from the water heating unit. A flow velocity reduction device has a first end, a second end, a first cross-section, an aperture and that extends from the first end to the second end. The aperture and has a second cross-section smaller than the first cross-section. Attachment fittings are provided adjacent the first and second ends. When the device is installed in the return line, velocity of water circulating through the system will be substantially reduced, thereby reducing wear on the system while providing rapid hot water delivery at the fixture.

Abstract: A water trap apparatus for a fuel cell vehicle includes: an intake duct for intaking water and air to the apparatus; a water trap, coupled to a bottom of the intake duct, and in fluid communication with the intake duct, for collecting the water; and a first line in fluid communication with the water trap, for transferring the water to a blower. The apparatus may further include a second line in fluid communication with the first line. The first line may define an air intake hole, which intakes air into the first line. The water trap may have an inclined bottom face. A heater, for heating the water, may be mounted to the water trap.

Abstract: A portable power washer with an on-demand gas-heated water supply, is provided with a water heater for receiving water from an external water supply and rapidly heating the water by passing it though a heat exchanger proximate one or more gas burners. After the water flows through the heater it flows into a pump adapted for use with hot water and is pressurized by the pump for delivery to a high pressure hose. A nozzle or valve at the end of the hose opposite the pump allows a user to cause a stream of hot, pressurized water to eject from the nozzle and against a surface to be cleaned. The pump may be powered by an electric motor or gasoline engine and the device is typically assembled upon a wheeled cart for ready mobility.

Abstract: A liquid fuel supply and evaporator system for use in connection with combustion-powered fastener-driving tools comprises an evaporator housing which is disposed in thermal communication with the combustion chamber housing of the tool in order to absorb heat or thermal radiation generated within the tool combustion chamber. A sintered metal liquid fuel evaporator element is interposed between the evaporator housing and a liquid fuel distribution manifold whereby the liquid fuel is effectively converted into a gaseous fuel which is then transmitted by a gas distribution manifold toward the combustion chamber of the fastener-driving tool.

Abstract: A fuel injector includes an inductive heater that generates heat inductively in a structure to rapidly heat fuel within the fuel injector. Wires are connected to the inductive heater and are arranged outside of a fuel flow path.

Abstract: A system for instantaneously heating water has a heat exchanger for heating cold water to produce overheated water; a hot water supply member connected to a first intake of the heat exchanger; a cold water supply member connected to a second intake of the heat exchanger; and a blending valve having two intakes and an outtake. A hot water outlet member is connected to an outtake of the heat exchanger and to the intake of the blending valve. The cold water supply member is also connected to the blending valve. The blending valve has a chamber for blending the cold water with the overheated water from the heat exchanger to produce blended hot water at a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: The present recreational vehicle water warming and circulating system uses the heated water in the water heater to heat the on-board water supply when the outside air temperature drops below the freezing point of water. The system includes a holding tank for containing a majority of the on-board water supply, and heated and cold loops that supply heated and cold water to various fixtures in the recreational vehicle. When temperature sensors sense a potentially freezing condition, a control circuit opens one or more solenoid valves to open the one or both loops to return undispensed heated or cold water to the holding tank. The control circuit closes the solenoid valves when the potentially freezing condition is no longer detected by the temperature sensors.

Abstract: In a hot water distribution system, the water oscillation in hot water supply line maintains hot water line in heated condition by ensuring heat transfer from the water heater to a hot water line executing regenerative heat transfer technique. Fulfillment of longitude water oscillations is ensured by installation of at least two flexible elements such as pressure air accumulators, wherein one is connected to water heater reservoir, and another is connected to hot water line in vicinity to most remote hot water fixture. This can be combined with one of pressure air accumulators initiator of water oscillations that is used for initiation and maintaining of the water oscillation. Heat spreads through the hot water line ensuring hot state of water near all fixtures of the line ensuring instantaneous hot water supply at moment of tap opening.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing heated water to a hot water supply line positioned intermediate a hot water supply and a faucet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microfluidic devices and to their method of manufacture. The microfluidic devices are original by their specific structure (of sandwich type) and by the materials from which they are made (mainly glasses, glass ceramics, ceramics), and also by their specific method of manufacture, which is based on a vacuum-forming operation. The microfluidic device includes a first assembly including a microstructure and a first substrate, wherein the microstructure is constructed and arranged on the substrate under vacuum. A second assembly includes a second substrate positioned on the microstructure after the first assembly is presintered and adhered thereto by heat treatment to form a one-piece microstructure defining at least one recess between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: An improved method for loading propellants into separate tanks on a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) uses three innovative methods. The liquid loading provides three liquid transfer methods, integrated and coordinated to provide less complicated loading and unloading operations, transfers, and cools and controls the liquids to provide a safe, cost effective solution to reusable vehicle tanking and de-tanking under commercial conditions. To insure the density of the propellant is maximized by cooling in a quick liquid loading environment, pre-cooling may be used.

Abstract: A outlet valve structure of a water dispenser includes a body member, a first controller, a second controller and a control switch. The outlet valve has the function of controlling dispense and switch of hot water, cold water and warm water. Therefore, only one of such outlet valve is required for one water dispenser; and consequently, the front panel area of the water dispenser is reduced.

Abstract: The present invention has a by-pass thermostat assembly (1) that is connected to the oil circulation system of an automatic hydraulic transmission system of an internal combustion or other engine. The assembly includes a block or a case (4) with an inner housing (5) to locate a thermostatic valve within a casing (7) that acts as a piston sliding along the housing, and being biased by a spring. The housing (5) is covered by an end plug (11).

Abstract: The present invention includes apparatus for linking a high-pressure gas source to equipment, so that the pressure can be reduced while maximum flow can be maintained. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a motor valve, a control valve, a buffer tank, and an outlet regulator along a gas flow path. Controlling devices are associated with the motor valve and the control valve, and such devices respond pneumatically to pressure in the gas flow path to open or close those valves. The buffer tank operates provides sufficient volume associated with the flow path for stable sensing of pressure in the flow path, and to provide a medium for heat exchange resulting from the reduction in pressure. The apparatus may be mounted in a mobile carrier. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a motor valve, a control valve, a line heater and an outlet regulator along a gas flow path.

Abstract: A fluid heater apparatus supplies heat to wash fluid via a flow path in a thermally conductive body. A heat source is disposed in the thermally conductive body for imparting heat to the body. Fluid flowing through the thermally conductive body in a flow path enveloping the heat source to absorb heat from the body. A seal member and a metal plate are fixed to one surface of the thermal body. A high thermally conductive pad is disposed between a printed circuit board carrying a control with heat generating switch elements. The pad conducts heat generated by control switching elements to the plate to reduce the temperature differential between the plate and the thermally conductive body to balance the temperature of the heater apparatus.

Abstract: A diaphragm valve includes a pressure vent communicating with an enclosed space behind the diaphragm for reducing resistance to transitioning of the diaphragm between the open and closed positions. In some implementations, a pump or other source of suction is coupled to the pressure vent to reduce fluid pressure in the enclosed space. When used in an atomic layer deposition (ALD) system, the venting and suction improves the thin film deposition process and prevents leakage through the valve of potentially toxic ALD precursor vapors. Features for thermal management and reliability enhancement are also described.

Abstract: A diaphragm valve includes a heating body that thermally contacts a valve body of the valve and extends proximal to a diaphragm of the valve opposite a valve passage through which medium flows. The heating body forms a thermally conductive pathway between the valve body and the diaphragm that facilitates maintaining an operating temperature at the diaphragm. When used in an atomic layer deposition (ALD) system, the diaphragm valve inhibits condensation or freezing of high-temperature ALD precursor gases in the valve passage. A plunger including thermally insulating features preferably extends through a central opening in the heating body to operably couple a valve actuator to the diaphragm. In some embodiments, a thermally resistive member may be interposed between the valve passage and the actuator for attenuating heat transfer between the valve passage and the actuator.

Abstract: A microfluidic device that includes a microball valve is provided. The microball valve is capable of preventing or interrupting fluid flow through the microfluidic device. The microfluidic device can include a substrate layer, and a microfluidic pathway that includes the microball valve. Methods are provided for manipulating fluids using the microfluidic device.

Abstract: A fluid heater apparatus supplies heat to wash fluid via a flow path in a thermally conductive body. A heat source is disposed in the thermally conductive body for imparting heat to the body. Fluid in a flow path in the thermal body enveloping the heat source absorbs heat from the body. A fluid expansion member is fixed to the mass over the open ends of the fluid flow path in the thermal body. The fluid expansion member is formed of a compressible foam material having shape memory. The fluid expansion member is sealingly joinable by fasteners to the thermal body through bores formed in the peripheral edge of the member.

Abstract: The present invention controls a temperature of a processing liquid to be in within an allowable processing temperature range, whereby the processing efficiency and throughputs can be improved, deterioration of the processing liquid is prevented, and the life of the processing liquid can be extended. In the liquid processing method, a chemical liquid L stored in a tank 10 can have temperatures controlled by heating and cooling by a heater 1 and cooling means 2 and is circulated for stand-by. the chemical liquid L in the stand-by circulation is supplied to wafers loaded in a processing chamber 6 to process the wafers, a cooling medium of the cooling means 2 is heat-exchanged with the chemical liquid L in the tank 10 to be ready for the next stand-by circulation.

Abstract: A fluid heater apparatus has fluid discharge temperature control to prevent temperature overshoot. A plurality of heater elements are employed and at least certain of the heater elements are independently controllable. At least one of the heater elements is employed as a “finishing” heater element, with the other heating elements deactivated to enable the “finishing” heater element to more slowly elevate the temperature of the fluid in the body from a first temperature reached by activation all or most of the heater elements to the predetermined discharge temperature. One of more of the heater elements may have a different power output than the other heater elements.

Abstract: The storage tank of the invention for an easily polymerizable compound is a storage tank having an acceptance piping and a delivery piping and is characterized by having a circulation line which directly connects the acceptance piping to the delivery piping or having circulation lines which respectively connect the acceptance piping to the storage tank and the storage tank to the delivery piping; the method of storing of the invention is characterized by storing an easily polymerizable compound in the storage tank while circulating the compound in the storage tank through the circulation line(s); the method of pipe jointing and apparatus therefor of the invention are a method of jointing pipes fitted to a handling apparatus in a production apparatus, storage apparatus, or the like for the purpose of transporting a corrosive liquid, the method being characterized in that the pipes are jointed with flanges, bolts, and nuts made of a material having resistance to corrosion by the corrosive liquid; the process fo

Abstract: A diaphragm valve includes a heating body that thermally contacts a valve body of the valve and extends proximal to a diaphragm of the valve opposite a valve passage through which medium flows. The heating body forms a thermally conductive pathway between the valve body and the diaphragm that facilitates maintaining an operating temperature at the diaphragm. When used in an atomic layer deposition (ALD) system, the diaphragm valve inhibits condensation or freezing of high-temperature ALD precursor gases in the valve passage. A plunger including thermally insulating features preferably extends through a central opening in the heating body to operably couple a valve actuator to the diaphragm. In some embodiments, a thermally resistive member may be interposed between the valve passage and the actuator for attenuating heat transfer between the valve passage and the actuator.

Abstract: A device making use of heated fluid to reduce dust products in a waste gas pipeline comprises a chamber, a heating pipe placed in the chamber, a gas injection pipe for injecting gas into the chamber, an exhaust pipe for exhausting gas carrying away heat of the heating pipe, a connection pipe connected to the pipeline and having an open groove annularly disposed thereon, a U-shaped gas guide ring having an insertion hole for connecting the exhaust pipe, and a top lid for sealing the U-shaped gas guide ring. A wedged guide wall is disposed on the inner sidewall of the U-shaped gas guide ring. When the device is in use, gas injected into the chamber will take heat on the heating pipe away. The gas of higher thermal energy then flows from the chamber into the connection pipe and then the exhaust pipeline, hence reducing accumulation of products in the exhaust pipeline.

Abstract: In a hot water distribution system, the water oscillation in hot water supply line maintains hot water line in heated condition by ensuring heat transfer from the water heater to a hot water line executing regenerative heat transfer technique. Fulfillment of longitude water oscillations is ensured by installation of at least two flexible elements such as pressure air accumulators, wherein one is connected to water heater reservoir, and another is connected to hot water line in vicinity to most remote hot water fixture.

Abstract: A water supply shut off system includes a water pressure delay device which delays the transmission of any apparent change in water pressure between the input and the output side of the valve to the control input of the valve. This delay allows the input and output pressures to have a chance to generally equalize without falsely tripping the device. The water supply shut off system can also include a thermal expansion/contraction device that allows thermal expansion and contraction of a fluid medium, such as water, when the shut off device is used with a device to be protected such as a hot water heater.

Abstract: A heat source is disposed in the thermally conductive mass housing for imparting heat to the mass. Fluid in a flow path through the mass absorbs heat from the mass. A fluid expansion member is mounted over open ends of the fluid flow path. The fluid expansion member, in one aspect, is formed of a compressible material to compress under the forces of fluid phase change to a solid state and expands back to a nominal shape when the fluid undergoes a reverse phase change to a liquid state. In another aspect, the fluid expansion member is a solid seal member overlaying the open ends of the fluid flow channels. The seal resists expansion under normal fluid operating pressures, but expands into an open interior chamber in a closure fixed to the mass to accommodate a phase change expansion of the fluid.

Abstract: An apparatus to dispense water soluble compositions into a process stream involves recirculating water through the water soluble chemical held in a tank. The recirculating water is heated to establish a defined temperature and repeatedly recirculated through the bed of chemical to achieve relative saturation concentration of the recirculating water. The water is dispensed from the recirculating unit thereby achieving a consistent concentration of chemical in the dispensed water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microfluidic devices and to their method of manufacture. The microfluidic devices are original by their specific structure (of sandwich type) and by the materials from which they are made (mainly glasses, glass ceramics, ceramics), and also by their specific method of manufacture, which is based on a vacuum-forming operation. The microfluidic device includes a first assembly including a microstructure and a first substrate, wherein the microstructure is constructed and arranged on the substrate under vacuum. A second assembly includes a second substrate positioned on the microstructure after the first assembly is presintered and adhered thereto by heat treatment to form a one-piece microstructure defining at least one recess between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: The specification and drawings describe and show embodiments of the present invention of an apparatus and method for emitting a cesium vapor. More specifically, the cesium vapor emitter of the present invention includes a housing having at least one chamber therein in fluid communication with at least one outlet, a reservoir containing cesium disposed in the chamber, a filter located between the cesium and the outlet, and a stopper securing the cesium reservoir in the chamber, so that the cesium vapor is emitted through the outlet.

Abstract: A compact fuel control valve is presented where a hydraulic manifold is used as both a valve bonnet and an actuator seat for the valve actuator. The valve body has a fuel inlet, a fuel outlet and a metering plug opening. A metering plug guide mounted within the metering plug opening and attached to the hydraulic manifold forms a thermal barrier between the valve body and the hydraulic manifold to protect lower temperature components from high temperature gaseous fluids. A valve metering plug is directly coupled to the valve actuator piston. The hydraulic manifold maintains barriers between the hydraulics and the gaseous fuel with redundant seals and leakage paths. An intermediate vent within the hydraulic manifold routed to atmosphere further maintains physical separation of the gas and hydraulic system.

Abstract: A vacuum-breaking valve for refrigeration appliances, comprising: a tubular body (10) made of a thermally conductive material and mounted through one of the walls of a cabinet (G) of the refrigeration appliance; a valve seat (30) mounted to the tubular body (10); a sealing means (40) constantly biased towards a closed position, in which it is seated on said valve seat (30), and movable towards an open position when the pressure inside cabinet (G) is lower than the pressure outside said cabinet (G); and a heat collector (20) provided with a thermal radiation collecting surface (21) mounted to the tubular body (10) and facing a heat source external to cabinet (G).

Abstract: A low pressure tank is disclosed having: an upper section with a sloping surface; a port on the surface; a gable housing covering the port and having a front face oriented generally vertically; an aperture in the front face; a door aligned with and covering the aperture in the front face, and a door hinge above and aligned with the door and horizontally offset from said front face.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microfluidic devices and to their method of manufacture. The microfluidic devices are original by their specific structure (of sandwich type) and by the materials from which they are made (mainly glasses, glass ceramics, ceramics), and also by their specific method of manufacture, which is based on a vacuum-forming operation. The microfluidic device includes a first assembly including a microstructure and a first substrate, wherein the microstructure is constructed and arranged on the substrate under vacuum. A second assembly includes a second substrate positioned on the microstructure after the first assembly is presintered and adhered thereto by heat treatment to form a one-piece microstructure defining at least one recess between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling the extrusion of thermoplastic through one or more discharge orifices is described. An apparatus comprises one or more thermally conductive flow tubes defining flow channels in a heated thermally conductive body and terminating in discharge orifices. Each flow channel may be independently valved on and off, by selectively supplying a flow of coolant. An array of flow channels can be independently opened and closed in a predetermined pattern, so as to vary the extrudate configuration of thermoplastic emerging from the discharge orifices. By extruding thermoplastic layer-by-layer onto a base in this manner, a three-dimensional object may be formed.

Abstract: To constitute a poppet valve with a heater by providing a heater which heats a valve member at a fixed position inside valve casing without attaching the heater to the valve member, a rod or the like which is a movable member as necessary. In a valve casing 1 having main ports 11, 12, a flow path 13 which connects these main ports 11, 12, a valve seat 14 which is provided inside the flow path 13, a valve member 17 which opens/closes the valve seat 14, and a rod 18 which is coupled to the valve member 17, a cylindrical heat transfer body 28 is disposed at a fixed position therein so as to surround the rod 18, and the heat transfer body 28 is caused to house a first heater 31 therein, so that a poppet valve is constituted such that the valve member 17 comes in contact with the heat transfer body 28 at a time of opening of the valve member 17.

Abstract: A system for pumping a fluid having a viscosity at least five times water's viscosity through at least one heat exchanger. The system includes a positive displacement pump, pumping the fluid through the heat exchanger. The system includes a booster pump that is installed downstream of the heat exchanger. A method for pumping high-viscous fluid through a heat exchanger. The method includes the steps of pumping the high-viscous fluid with a variable speed positive displacement pump. There is the step of driving the fluid through a heat exchanger. There is the step of forwarding the fluid through a booster pump.

Abstract: A fluid distribution system for supplying a gas to a process facility such as a semiconductor manufacturing plant. The system includes a main fluid supply vessel coupled by flow circuitry to a local sorbent-containing supply vessel from which fluid, e.g., low pressure compressed gas, is dispensed to a fluid-consuming unit, e.g., a semiconductor manufacturing tool. A fluid pressure regulator is disposed in the flow circuitry or the main liquid supply vessel and ensures that the gas flowed to the fluid-consuming unit is at desired pressure. The system and associated method are particularly suited to the supply and utilization of liquefied compressed gases such as trimethylsilane, arsine, phosphine, and dichlorosilane.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a temperature controlled therapy device is provided which maintains a desired temperature in a fluid.

Abstract: An ice water cooling system for a multi-story building includes an open chemical tank 304 adjacent the bottom of the building 300. The tank includes a float-level ball 310 positioned therein for controlling the flow volume of water from the pipeline circular system 302. A pump 314 and check valve 312 are positioned downstream of the tank and are configured to prevent reflux from the pipeline circular system. The float-level ball, pump and check valve act to isolate the pressure in the pipeline circular system from that of the open-chemical tank which is at atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A system (and accompanying method) for reducing thermal shock in a physical device includes: a gas inlet portion; and an ablator material positioned in the gas inlet portion to reduce a temperature differential at a surface between the gas inlet portion and a gaseous material propelled through the gas inlet portion. The gas inlet portion can include: a first material; and a second material having a boundary with the first material, where the ablator material is positioned at the boundary. The first material is not sensitive to thermal shock, and the second material is sensitive to thermal shock. The ablator material can be housed in a recess at the boundary. The first material can be a manifold. The second material can be a portion of a control valve for controlling the direction and amount of a hot gas emitted therefrom. The manifold can include a bypass slot connecting a main inlet gas chamber of the manifold with a surface of the ablator material.

Abstract: An elevated water tank having an improved means of preventing ice formation. The water tank is provided with an air supply line communicating the interior or the water tank to an external air compressor. The air compressor forces air through the air supply line into the water held in the water tank causing mixing of the water and generally perturbing the water to prevent ice formation on the surface of the water. The ice prevention system ensures the availability of water supply from the elevated water tank during the winter months when many water tanks freeze over. Furthermore, the ice prevention system eliminates the need for agitators and recirculation systems prone to failure or costly heating systems.

Abstract: A water supply shut off system includes a water pressure delay device which delays the transmission of any apparent change in water pressure between the input and the output side of the valve to the control input of the valve. This delay allows the input and output pressures to have a chance to generally equalize without falsely tripping the device. The water supply shut off system can also include a thermal expansion/contraction device that allows thermal expansion and contraction of a fluid medium, such as water, when the shut off device is used with a device to be protected such as a hot water heater.

Abstract: A water control fixture having an operating valve and a thermostatically controlled bypass valve disposed in the fixture for bypassing water away from the fixture until the water temperature reaches a desired level. When pressurized water from the hot water heater reaches the desired temperature level at the fixture, the bypass valve closes and hot water is made available to the fixture. The bypass valve has a thermal actuator element that is thermally responsive to the temperature of the water. The fixture can have a housing with an interior chamber for operatively receiving the bypass valve. Various passages or channels can be provided to facilitate communication between the bypass valve and the water supply lines. Alternatively, the bypass valve can be positioned in the operating valve, including the moveable ball and the replaceable cylindrical valving cartridge types. A system using the in-fixture bypass valve is also provided.

Abstract: A pressure regulator assembly usable in, as an example, a multiple channel high throughput purification system. The pressure regulator assembly includes an inlet line and an outlet line connectable to a fluid channel. A regulator body has a regulator inlet connected to the inlet line and a regulator outlet connected to the outlet line. The regulator body has a chamber therein in fluid communication with the regulator inlet and outlet. A nozzle is in fluid communication with the regulator inlet and has a nozzle outlet adjacent to the chamber. A stem is axially aligned with the nozzle outlet and has a regulating surface adjacent to the nozzle outlet to restrict the fluid flow through the chamber to the regulator outlet. A mounting rod is attached to a mounting portion on the stem. The mounting rod and stem are axially moveable in the regulator body relative to the nozzle outlet.

Abstract: A gas chromatograph with multiple valves is disclosed. An embodiment of the multi-valve gas chromatograph includes multiple valves and multiple thermal conductivity detectors (TCD's). This allows separation and measurement of a gas sample in one compact integrated unit.

Abstract: A lightweight flow control valve for use in cooling towers is provided. The valve includes a lightweight, thin-walled valve body having a flow bore, an inlet port, and an outlet port. The outlet port is disposed in a substantially perpendicular relationship relative to the inlet port. The valve body has a substantially frusto-conically shaped interior surface defining the flow bore. A lightweight, thin-walled barrel having an inlet, an outlet, and a fluid passageway extending between the inlet and the outlet is disposed within the flow bore of the valve body. The inlet of the barrel is concentrically positioned relative to the inlet port of the valve body and the outlet of the barrel is disposed in a substantially perpendicular relationship relative to the inlet of the barrel.

Abstract: Novel combination conduit and reservoir connector adapted for connecting to and/introducing compressed air to purge water from a plumbing system and to then introduce antifreeze into said plumbing system in a simple and expeditious manner.

Abstract: A freeze-resistant hydrant (10, 110) extending between a first area having a temperature at least intermittently below freezing and a second area having a temperature constantly above freezing including, a heat-transfer tube (20, 120), a first end (21, 121) of the heat-transfer tube proximate the first area, a second end (22, 122) of the heat-transfer tube extending into the second area, a water line (35, 135) interposed within the heat-transfer tube from a location within the second area to the first end of the heat-transfer tube, a control valve (50, 150) on the, water line in proximity to the heat-transfer tube, and a heat-transfer fluid (R,R) in the heat-transfer tube for transferring heat from the second end of the heat-transfer tube to the control valve.