Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method of manufacturing a hot dipped galvanized steel sheet that is excellent in corrosion resistance and has no linear defects, thereby being available for automobile bodies, household appliances, construction materials, and the like which need aesthetic surfaces. The apparatus for manufacturing a hot dipped galvanized steel sheet includes: a plating pot filled with a galvanizing bath for coating of a steel sheet; a sink roll; a wiping device adjusting the thickness of the coating on the steel sheet; a top roll; an oxidation process chamber; and an air cooling device. According to the present invention, after an excess molten coating solution attached to the steel sheet is evenly removed, an oxide film is made to be 0.1 ?m to 0.3 ?m thick before a coating layer starts to solidify. Thus, linear defects can be prevented.

Abstract: A hydrophilic coating material including an alginate compound having a bond with a silane compound is used. The material is produced by reacting a water-soluble alginate compound and a silane compound and then by adding a divalent metal ion to an alginic acid-derived carboxyl group in the reaction product.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an aluminum alloy sheet may include melting aluminum alloy composition containing silicon (Si), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) in weight % on the basis of remainder of aluminum (Al) to make cast alloy having a constant initial thickness; rolling the cast alloy to allow the initial thickness to be reduced, whereby the cast alloy is elongated to aluminum alloy sheet; and performing heat treatment on the aluminum alloy sheet.

Abstract: Provided are: a conductive base for forming a wiring pattern of a collector sheet for solar cells, which has good rust inhibiting properties and solderability without using an organic rust inhibitor that may harm a solar cell element; and a method for producing a collector sheet for solar cells, said method using the conductive base. A conductive base for forming a wiring pattern of a collector sheet for solar cells, which is a conductive base (30) wherein a zinc layer (320) composed of zinc is formed on the surface of a copper foil (310), is used. The conductive base for forming a wiring pattern of a collector sheet for solar cells is characterized in that the zinc layer (320) does not contain chromium and the amount of zinc therein is more than 20 mg/m2 but 40 mg/m2 or less.

Abstract: A low sludge trivalent chromium based conversion coating bath is provided which forms corrosion resistant coatings on aluminum and aluminum alloys by immersion in aqueous solutions containing trivalent chromium ions and fluorometallate ions followed by optional rinsing. Trivalent chromium coated aluminum also serves as an effective base for paint primers.

Abstract: A primer coating composition for a metal substrate is described. The primer has a suitable binder and is characterized in that there is at least one semiconductor photocatalyst dispersed throughout the primer coating composition. A process of coating a metal substrate is also described. The invention extends to the use of a semiconductor photocatalyst as a top-coat to primer adhesion promoter or as a primer to top-coat delamination inhibitor in a primer coating composition.

Abstract: Aluminum alloy products comprising an aluminum alloy base and a sulfate-phosphate oxide zone integral therewith are disclosed. Methods of making the same are also disclosed.

Abstract: A processing solution for forming a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant trivalent chromate conversion film on zinc or zinc alloy plating layers comprises: trivalent chromium and oxalic acid in a molar ratio ranging from 0.5/1 to 1.5/1, wherein the trivalent chromium is present in the form of water-soluble complex with oxalic acid; and cobalt ions, which do not form a hardly soluble metal salt with oxalic acid and are stably present in the processing solution without causing any precipitation; wherein the solution reacts with zinc when bringing it into contact with the zinc or zinc alloy plating to form a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant, trivalent chromate conversion film containing zinc, chromium, cobalt, oxalic acid and silicon on the plating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for modifying piece surfaces consisting in bringing pieces into contact with at least one type of a modifying agent in such a way that the modification of the surface is carried out.

Abstract: Aluminum alloy products comprising an aluminum alloy base and a sulfate-phosphate oxide zone integral therewith are disclosed. Methods of making the same are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to trivalent chromate conversion coatings for plated metals, and more particularly, to methods for reducing hexavalent chromium in trivalent chromate conversion coatings. In one embodiment, such method includes placing a metal article having a trivalent chromate conversion coating in a reducing solution. The trivalent chromate conversion coating includes hexavalent chromium and the reducing solution including a reducing agent, which reduces the hexavalent chromium so as to reduce or eliminate the hexavalent chromium on the plated metal article.

Abstract: A composition for the treatment of metal surfaces and for the deposition of metals or metal alloys on plastics surfaces contains a) at least one polymer as component A, composed of the structural element (1) and at least three structural elements selected from the group consisting of b) water or another solvent which is suitable for dissolving, dispersing, suspending or emulsifying the polymer, as component B; c) if required, surface-active compounds, dispersants, suspending media and/or emulsifiers as component C. In a process for the treatment of a metal surface and a process for the deposition of metals or metal alloys on a plastics surface, the metal or plastics surface is brought into contact with a polymer (component A). Furthermore, polymers (component A) are used for the treatment of metal surfaces and for the deposition of metals or metal alloys on a plastics surface, and polymers composed of special components A?a, A?b and A?c.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a conversion coating composition comprising chromium (III) ions, cobalt (II) ions, and nitric acid is provided. The coating composition is substantially free of chromium (VI) ions and substantially free of an oxidizing agent. The present trivalent chromium based conversion coating provides corrosion protection equal to or greater than most hexavalent chromium conversion coatings.

Abstract: A chromium(VI)-free, chromium(III)-containing and substantially coherent conversion layer on zinc or zinc alloys presenting, even in the absence of further components such as silicate, cerium, aluminum and borate, a corrosion protection of approx. 100 to 1000 h in the salt spray test according to DIN 50021 SS or ASTM B 117-73 until first attack according to DIN 50961 Chapter 10; being clear, transparent and substantially colorless and presenting multi colored iridescence; having a layer thickness of approx. 100 nm to 1000 nm; and being hard, adhering well and being resistant to wiping.

Abstract: A metal substrate is anodized in a phosphoric acid anodizing solution. The anodized metal substrate is thereafter contacted with a hexavalent chromium free, trivalent chromium containing acid solution to coat the anodized metal substrate. The coated anodized metal substrate can be adhesively bonded to another such treated metal substrate to form a composite article. The resulting article exhibits excellent bonding and corrosion properties.

Abstract: A processing solution for forming a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant trivalent chromate conversion film on zinc or zinc alloy plating layers comprises: trivalent chromium and oxalic acid in a molar ratio ranging from 0.5/1 to 1.5/1, wherein the trivalent chromium is present in the form of a water-soluble complex with oxalic acid; and cobalt ions, which do not form a hardly soluble metal salt with oxalic acid and are stably present in the processing solution without causing any precipitation; wherein the solution reacts with zinc when bringing it into contact with the zinc or zinc alloy plating to form a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant, trivalent chromate conversion film containing zinc, chromium, cobalt, oxalic acid and silicon on the plating.

Abstract: The present invention provides a black hexavalent chromium-free plating treatment system in which the corrosion resistance of a surface of a metal part is improved by activating the surface of a zinc-plated coating of the metal part in a treatment solution in a dilute nitric acid activation treatment step, subsequently forming a black coating in an inorganic salt solution containing trivalent chromium and iron components as main ingredients in a black chromate treatment step, forming a conversion coating in a solution of inorganic salt and organic acid containing trivalent chromium and silica as main ingredients in a finish treatment step, and drying the resulting metal part. Therefore, even in a black trivalent chromate coating, sufficient corrosion resistance and sufficient strength are obtained. Moreover, a black trivalent chromate coating with heavy feeling is obtained for the first time.

Abstract: A chromium-free corrosion inhibiting coating composition, which does not utilize harmful chromium compounds and can be used for corrosion inhibition of a metal surface, comprising a slurry mixture in which coated aluminum fine powder treated with a hydrophilic coupling agent is suspended in an acidic phosphate bonding solution and which can be stored in a refrigerator, is disclosed. A titanium-coupling agent is preferable to use as the coupling agent, which treats a surface of the aluminum fine powder. In this aqueous chromium-free corrosion inhibiting coating composition, 25 to 40% by weight of the aluminum fine powder a surface of which is treated with the coupling agent is suspended in the acidic phosphate bonding solution.

Abstract: A processing solution for forming a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant trivalent chromate conversion film on zinc or zinc alloy plating layers comprises a silicon compound; trivalent chromium and oxalic acid in a molar ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.5, wherein the trivalent chromium is present in the form of a water-soluble complex with oxalic acid; and cobalt ions, which form a hardly soluble metal salt with oxalic acid and are stably present in the processing solution without causing any precipitation, wherein the solution reacts with zinc when bringing it into contact with the zinc or zinc alloy plating to form a hexavalent chromium free, corrosion resistant, trivalent chromate conversion film containing zinc, chromium, cobalt, oxalic acid and silicon on the plating. This solution can provide a corrosion resistant trivalent chromate conversion film excellent in the corrosion resistance after heating.

Abstract: The invention refers to a method for the passivation of zinc, cadmium or their alloys, in particular of zinc-nickel alloys by means of a chrome(VI) free solution containing a weak complexing agent, preferably di- or tri-carbonic acids, preferably chrome(III)-oxalate complex and Co2+, whereby the concentration of Co2+ is greater than 30 g/l.

Abstract: A surface-treated steel sheet includes a steel sheet, an Al—Zn-base alloy plating layer formed on the steel sheet, a chemical conversion film provided on the alloy plating layer, and a concentric layer of a Cr compound that is formed on the alloy plating layer of the chemical conversion film. The surface-treated steel sheet may include a steel sheet, an zinc-base plating layer formed on the steel sheet, and a film that contains chromium and calcium and that is formed on the zinc-base plating layer.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a processing method for preventing elution of lead in a lead-containing copper alloy to prevent lead from eluting from a faucet metal, etc. made of a lead-containing copper alloy, and a drinking water service fitting made of a lead-containing copper alloy in which elution of lead has been prevented. By forming a chromate film on the surface of a lead-containing copper alloy material, it is possible to reduce elution of the lead left in a limited amount on the surface. A drinking water service fitting made of a lead-containing copper alloy is immersed in an alkaline etching solution in a pre-processing step for a nickel chromium plating step to selectively remove lead on the surface of the lead-containing copper alloy material and is then activated in a solution such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A prefinished curved reflector suitable for use in recessed lighting, downlighting, head lamps, and tail lamps is made from metal sheet, preferably an aluminum alloy sheet. An outer surface of the metal sheet is either anodized, laminated, or polymer coated to provide desired appearance and performance. Surprisingly, the metal sheet retains its reflectivity and resistance to corrosion even after deformation into a curved reflector.

Abstract: A treatment method for hydrophilicity for a heat exchanger which can maintain the deodorizing property and hydrohilicity even after a long-time use, and a heat exchanger thus treated for hydrophilicity by said method are provided.

Abstract: A method of coating a substrate is provided. A metallic layer comprising at least about 8% nickel is deposited by thermal spraying on a substrate. The metallic layer has an average density greater than about 80%. A slurry layer comprising from about 10% to about 90% aluminum or alloy thereof is deposited on the metallic layer. Heating to a temperature in excess of 500° C. (932° F.) results in the formation of an intermetallic layer of NiAl. The resulting coating is particularly suited for protecting the surfaces of incinerators or other combustion chambers.

Abstract: A conversion coating process that forms a stable and corrosion-resistant oxide layer on metal or metal oxide substrates or layers. Particularly, the conversion coating process involves contacting the metal or metal oxide substrate or layer with the aqueous calcium hydroxide solutions in order to convert the surface of the substrate to a stable metal oxide layer or coating. According to the present invention, the calcium hydroxide solution is prepared by removing carbon dioxide from water or an aqueous solution before introducing the calcium hydroxide. In this manner, formation of calcium carbonate particles is avoided and the porosity of the conversion coating produced by the calcium hydroxide solution is reduced to below about 1%.

Abstract: A surface-treated sheet for fuel tanks includes a cold-rolled steel sheet with a low carbon content, a zinc or zinc-based alloy plating layer formed on the steel sheet, and a chromate film coated on the zinc or zinc-based alloy plating layer. The chromate film is formed from a chromate solution. The chromate solution includes a subject solution and an aqueous silane solution in an amount ranging from 5 to 50% by weight of the subject solution. The subject solution contains a chrome aqueous solution where the concentration of chrome is in the range of 5-50 g/l and the ratio of trivalent chrome to the chrome content is in the range of 0.4 to 0.8.

Abstract: A chromium(VI)-free, chromium(III)-containing and substantially coherent conversion layer on zinc or zinc alloys presenting, even in the absence of further components such as silicate, cerium, aluminum and borate, a corrosion protection of approx. 100 to 1000 h in the salt spray test according to DIN 50021 SS or ASTM B 117-73 until first attack according to DIN 50961 Chapter 10; being clear, transparent and substantially colorless and presenting multi-colored iridescence; having a layer thickness of approx. 100 nm to 1000 nm; and being hard, adhering well and being resistant to wiping.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a resin-coated aluminum alloy sheet for drawn and ironed cans, which coated sheet can be subsequently formed into a drawn and ironed can without its wall breaking, and having substantial strength, the can-forming process including a bending and bending back operation at a die shoulder rounded portion of small radius, and a subsequent dry ironing operation. The coated sheet is formed by homogenization heat treating an aluminum alloy ingot containing essentially 0.5 to 2.0 wt % of Mn, 0.2 to 2.0 wt % of Mg, 0.05 to 0.4 wt % of Si and not more than 0.7 wt % of Fe, wherein (Si+Fe)≦0.9 wt %, and subjecting the aluminum alloy ingot to hot rolling to obtain an aluminum alloy sheet, followed by continuous annealing, cold rolling, and surface treatment, heating the resultant sheet, and then coating both surfaces of the sheet with a thermoplastic resin at a predetermined temperature, and immediately quenching the sheet.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a resin-coated aluminum alloy sheet for drawn and ironed cans, which can be formed into a drawn and ironed can free from its wall breaking and having enough strength as a can, when it is formed through a composite forming process, the process including a bending and bending back operation at a die shoulder rounded portion of a small shoulder radius and a subsequent ironing operation, under dry condition; which comprises the steps of homogenization heat treating an aluminum alloy ingot containing essentially 0.5 to 2.0 wt % of Mn, 0.2 to 2.0 wt % of Mg, 0.05 to 0.4 wt % of Si and not more than 0.7 wt % of Fe as inevitable impurities, wherein (Si+Fe)≦0.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a flexible laminate, comprising a first flexible polymeric film; a copper layer having a microcracking prevention layer on at least one side the microcracking prevention layer sufficient to prevent microcracks in a copper layer having a thickness of up to about 18 &mgr;m during at least 50,000,000 bending cycles and/or a copper layer having a thickness of up to about 35 &mgr;m during at least 20,000,000 bending cycles of the flexible laminate; and a second flexible polymeric film.

Abstract: The invention provides an aluminum alloy sheet that has excellent formability, high coat-baking hardenability, excellent corrosion resistance, and is particularly suitable for external automobile body plates. The aluminum alloy sheet comprises: 0.9 to 1.3 wt. % of Si, 0.4 to 0.6 wt. % of Mg, 0.05 to 0.15 wt. % of Mn, 0.01 to 0.1 wt. % of Ti, with the remainder comprising Al and inevitable impurities, while limiting Fe as an impurity to 0.2 wt. % or less and Cu as an impurity to 0.1 wt. % or less. The aluminum homogenizing an aluminum ingot with the above-described composition; cooling the homogenized ingot to a temperature of 450.degree. C. or below to begin hot-rolling; finishing hot-rolling in a temperature range from 250 to 350.degree. C.; applying intermediate annealing to the hot-rolled plate; conducting cold-rolling at a draft of 70% or more; applying a solid solution treatment followed by quenching the alloy sheet and holding it at 530.degree. C. or above for 60 sec.

Abstract: A method for treating aluminum to enhance corrosion resistance of its surface. The chemical conversion coating aluminum and aluminum alloys are exposed to an aqueous PU solution to form a PU film on the surface. The aqueous PU solution comprises: (i) 5-15% weight of water dispersable polyurethane resin, (ii) 0.1-56 weight of cross-linking agent, and (iii) 80-94.9% weight of water.

Abstract: An organic rust-roof treated copper foil characterized in that it has a metallic rust-proof layer formed on the non-adhesive side of the original copper foil and has an organic rust-proof layer formed on said metallic rust-proof layer, the organic rust-proof layer comprising a mixture of at least two kinds of chemicals selected from the group consisting of benzotriazole, its derivatives, aminotriazole and its isomers and derivatives is provided with on said metallic rust-proof layer, or it further has a chromate-treated layer formed between said metallic rust-proof layer and said organic rust-proof layer.

Abstract: Substantially improved hydrophilicity can be provided to a metal substrate, particularly an aluminum alloy of the type used for heat exchanger fins, that has been previously provided with a conventional chromium oxide conversion coating, by drying into place on the surface of the chromium oxide conversion coating an aqueous liquid hydrophilicizing treatment composition containing at least one of: (i) aproduct or products of reaction between dissolved phosphoric acid and at least one of elemental metal, metal oxides, and metal hydroxides in contact therewith; (ii) tungstate ions; and (iii) at least one of sulfate or molybdate ions together with polyethyleneimine. Most preferably, a solution formed by dissolving MgO in aqueous H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 in the proper stoichiometric amount to form an aqueous solution of Mg(H.sub.2 PO.sub.4).sub.2 with a pH of 4.5-5.5 is used for the hydrophilicizing treatment.

Abstract: An aqueous liquid chromate free primary composition for forming a protective coating on metals, particularly aluminum, is made by reacting cobalt(II) cations, carboxylate anions, at least one other type of coordinate complexing agent for cobalt(III) cations, and an oxidizing agent in an aqueous solution in which the molar ratio of carboxylate anions to cobalt(II) cations is from 0.10 to 6.8 and the aqueous solution contains no more than 1% of each of ammonia, ammonium ions, and nitrite ions. The primary layer formed by this or any other composition that forms a coating containing metal atoms and oxygen atoms on a metal substrate is advantageously sealed by further treatment with an aqueous solution of sodium ammonium decavanadate, optionally after an intermediate step of immersing in water for a few minutes between the primary treatment and the sealing treatment.

Abstract: A process for making an aluminum alloy lighting sheet product having a reflective surface protected by a UV-stable polymer coating. An aluminum alloy sheet is chemically brightened in an aqueous acidic solution, conversion coated, and then coated with a UV-stable polymer. Alternatively, an aluminum alloy sheet is chemically etched in an aqueous alkaline solution, conversion coated, and then coated with a UV-stable polymer. The UV-stable polymer may be clear or it may contain about 0.5-10 wt. % amorphous silica particles and polytetrafluoroethylene particles. In another embodiment, an aluminum alloy sheet surface is cleaned, chemically conversion coated and then coated with a coating composition containing a UV-stable polymer and 0.5-10 wt. % silica particles and polytetrafluoroethylene particles, both having an average size of about 0.5-5 microns.

Abstract: Process for finishing zinc, zinc alloy or cadmium surfaces which consists in bringing the components to be treated into contact first with an acidic chromate-plating bath based on chromium, cobalt and silver salts and then with a top coat bath comprising a colloidal silica, a corrosion inhibitor, a complexing agent, a surfactant and a black dye.

Abstract: A reflective laminated strip includes an aluminum alloy strip having a cleaned and conversion coated outer surface, an adhesive layer adjacent the conversion coated outer surface, and a polymer layer joined to the adhesive layer. An exterior side of the polymer layer is coated with a reflective metal layer that is preferably stainless steel, chromium or aluminum having a thickness of less than about 5000 .ANG..

Abstract: A process for making an aluminum alloy lighting sheet product having a reflective surface protected by a UV-stable polymer coating. An aluminum alloy sheet is chemically brightened in an aqueous acidic solution, conversion coated, and then coated with a UV-stable polymer. Alternatively, an aluminum alloy sheet is chemically etched in an aqueous alkaline solution, conversion coated, and then coated with a UV-stable polymer. Preferably, the UV-stable polymer contains about 0.5-10 wt. % amorphous silica particles. In another embodiment, an aluminum alloy sheet surface is cleaned, chemically conversion coated and then coated with a coating composition containing a UV-stable polymer and 0.5-10 wt. % of about 0.5-5 microns.

Abstract: A black uniform coating with excellent adhesion, bend flexibility, and cosion resistant characteristics can be formed on metals such as aluminum and its alloys, zinc and its alloys, and copper and its alloys such as brass, with the deposition of zinc and antimony compounds through a base solution and sealed with a water base sealer. The water based sealer comprises an organic film forming resin, an organic solvent, and emulsifying agents and an alkyd resin.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an improved organic composite-plated steel plate which is obtained by applying a thermosetting resin to a chromate-coated alloy-plated steel plate and curing this, wherein, various aqueous resin compositions having the form of basic coating film formation components, such as, for example, aqueous vinyl modified epoxy ester resins, or aqueous vinyl modified epoxy ester resin/blocked isocyanate compound-types, or aqueous vinyl modified epoxy ester resin/blocked isocyanate compounds/colloidal silica-types, are used as the thermosetting resin described above.

Abstract: A hydrophilic surface-treating aqueous solution and a hydrophilic surface-treating method are provided to form a film which can maintain its hydrophilicity. The hydrophilic surface-treating aqueous solution contains as main components polyglutamic acid, basic compound, and aqueous resin if necessary. This surface-treating solution and method enable the forming of a film on the surface of aluminum series metals which are used for aluminum fins of heat exchangers, and confer the film's anticorrosion properties, superior hydrophilicity and high hydrophilic permanency, while remarkably suppressing an offensive odor.

Abstract: A process for coating a workpiece of steel with an anti-corrosive agent, comprising the steps of providing the surface of the workpiece with a chemo-mechanical layer, and chromatizing the chemo-mechanical layer, and characterized by the steps of providing the chromated layer with a further layer containing metallic components and organic binding agents, and curing the further layer by a heat treatment.

Abstract: An aluminum fluoropolymer laminate and a method for making such a laminate which includes conversion coating the aluminum and bonding the fluoropolymer onto the conversion coated aluminum is described.

Abstract: Cleaned or chemically pretreated metal surfaces are modified using aqueous solutions of amino-containing organic polymers, the metal surfaces thus modified being particularly suitable for coating by cathodic electrodeposition.

Abstract: A strip of gray reflective aluminum protected by a conversion coating and a light-permeable fluoropolymer coating which is non-adhesively interstitially mechanically bonded to the microscopic irregularities of the conversion coated surface. The highly reflective strip may be substituted for polished stainless steel and/or bi-metal and used under comparably aggressive conditions for a prolonged period without deleteriously affecting the initial D/I (distinctness of reflected image) of the shaped strip. The strip of arbitrary length may be shaped in rolling dies so that at least a portion of the strip has a radius of less than 10 mm without damaging or separating the fluoropolymer coating. The specific steps of the claimed process require starting with a bright-rolled clean strip which is conversion coated to carry a thin metal compound coating. After rinsing and drying, the reflective surface is coated with the fluoropolymer while maintaining at least 80% D/I.

Abstract: Seal coating compositions and methods of applying them to metallic surfaces, particularly aluminum or alloys thereof, beating a previously formed protective coating, particularly a conversion coating, such as a chromate or phosphate coating or a chrome-free metal oxide conversion coating, or a coating formed by anodization, provide improved corrosion resistance beyond that provided by the previously formed protective coating. The seal coating compositions preferably contain at least one of benzotriazole, nickel and/or cobalt cations and borates, or aminated polymers of vinyl styrene.

Abstract: An aluminum fluoropolymer laminate and a method for making such a laminate which includes conversion coating the aluminum and bonding the fluoropolymer onto the conversion coated aluminum is described.

Abstract: An aluminum object is manufactured by a process including chromate conversion coating of the aluminum object; sequentially applying a primer coat to the outer surface and thereafter applying a dielectric substrate basecoat; vacuum metallizing a corrosion prone metal, namely indium, on the dielectric substrate basecoat to form "islands" of the indium that are top coated with a clear resinous layer to encapsulate and insulate the islands, one from another. The indium islands are less than one thousand angstroms thick and have an average diameter of less than three thousand angstroms. The island structure is etched following the growth of the metal as it is deposited between the nucleation stage and the stage of channelization of formation of an electrically conductive film. The etchant is selected to clear channels between island structures to improve adhesion of a dielectric resinous top coat to the dielectric substrate by order of magnitude to adhesion to the islands.